Parameters Of Tractor Research Articles

ОБЩИЙ ПОДХОД К РЕШЕНИЮ ЗАДАЧИ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ РАБОТО-СПОСОБНОСТИ ТРАКТОРОВ В АПК

Agricultural production is characterized by the seasonality of mechanized work in the cultivation of crops. In addition, the amount of wear on aggregates and equipment systems is determined, on the one hand, by natural and climatic conditions and, on the other, by the nomenclature of operations performed in the planned period, organizational, production and technical conditions in a particular farm. Tractor units and systems are interconnect with each other and interdependent on each other, i.e. the amount of wear of some parts affects the wear of others. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to develop a concept for ensuring the operability of tractors in the agro-industrial complex by optimizing the resource consumption of aggregates and systems, taking into account the conditions of their operation. The most promising direction for improving the efficiency of tractor operation is the development of measures to optimize the resource consumption of their units and systems, taking into account the operating conditions of machinery in the agro-industrial complex. To predict changes in the physical parameter of a part, unit, and tractor system for the planned period of a certain amount of work, a concept is introduced - an indicator of resource consumption, which determines the amount of change in the diagnostic parameter of the unit state per unit of work performed. The assessment of the tractor condition is carry out by the level of equipment resource consumption, which makes it possible to promptly respond to the state of technical operation of equipment, the conditions of their operation and develop measures to optimize resource consumption. The resource consumption level (Urr) of the tractor, theoretically, can vary from 0 to 1. In this case, Urr=0 it is assumed that the tractor is written off from the balance sheet of the farm or is missing; with Urr=1, it is assumed that the tractor is in good condition and all tractor parameters have nominal values. With known patterns of changes in the level of resource consumption for various types of agricultural operations, it becomes possible to plan the range of work for each tractor for the planned period, taking into account the optimal resource consumption of their units and systems.

Энергетические и экономические параметры работы трактора с электроприводом колёс

The modern agro-industrial sector requires a large proportion of tractors of a small-traction class due to the rising fuel costs and environmental requirements. The authors raise questions about the prospects of using electric motors as a means to drive the tractor power unit and energy equipment, as well as consider pre-conditions for the integration of such systems in the tractor design under the current economic state of energy resources in the Russian Federation. For this purpose, the article presents a methodology for evaluating the energy and economic parameters of a tractor with an electrically driven power unit as compared with a tractor with a diesel engine. The offered indicator - specific energy cost - makes it possible to compare the parameters of tractors with a diesel engine and an electrically driven power unit. Calculations have shown that the use of a brushless DC electric motor compared with a diesel engine at medium and low loads will reduce the specific energy cost by 5 to 7 roubles/kWh, or by 30 to 50%. The study has established that the electric power potential in the Russian Federation exceeds the possible energy costs of agricultural machinery by 300 billion kWh, which makes it possible to switch to electrically driven power units. However, it is impossible to use electric motors in tractors without further development of power complexes and electric charge storage batteries.

Evaluation of energy-economic parameters of tractor with electrically driven power unit

The development of agro-industrial complex in modern conditionsneeds a large share of low traction class tractors. Manufacturers in their turn strive to fill the market with tractors with good consumer properties. The use of electric drive on tractors is a relatively new trend with many unresolved issues in various areasof this subject. In this paper the questions on prospects of using electric motors as a drive of tractor power unit are touched upon. Energy equipment and general preparedness for transition of tractors to such systems are considered. The question of comparison of basic parameters of electric and diesel engines, consisting in one power category, is considered. The methodology of estimation of energy-economic characteristics of a tractor with electric drive power unit in relation to a conventional tractor with dieselengine and argumentation of the given parameters are given. The usefulnessof the introduced index is shown, as well as the necessity of its use in order to evaluate the efficiency of engines of different types in a comparative analysis. This paper will be useful in the engineering and design field of knowledge related to the design and development of electric drive technologies for mobile machines.

Обоснование технологических параметров процесса трелевки древесины мини-трактором при проходных рубках

The paper considers the method of the mini tractor moving when skidding timber harvested during increment thinning. We analyzed the stand’s horizontal structure formed as a result of intraspecific competition, as well as the partnership relations of the trees forming microgroups, the distance between which is less than the average distance between trees in the stand. The structure and parameters of the most typical microgroups that form stands were also observed. This allows choosing a route for a mini tractor and successfully moving it between microgroups, where the distance between trees is larger than the average distance in the stand. The article shows an analysis of the mutual arrangement of the mini tractor and trees of the neighboring microgroups, in which the passage of the mini tractor with a trailed device causes significant damage risks to trees. Based on the analysis, the maneuvering algorithm for this transport system is designed and the restrictions on its entry into the target between the trees are formulated. It is shown that the entry of a mini-tractor into the target between the trees at a right angle provides the best conditions for crossing this area. The minimum turning radius of the transport system, comprising a mini-tractor with a trailed device, when moving under the stand canopy should be less than the radius of the majority of the microgroups that form the stand. The calculation of the strip width required for the passage of a mini-tractor with a trailed device when skidding logs with length 2–6 m in the case of increment thinning in stands of the Ia, I, II and III quality classes with thinning up to the relative density of 0.7. The paper shows the possibility of substantiating the length of logs when carrying out an increment thinning depending on the quality class and age of the stand. It is found that the mini tractor parameters and the logs length correspond to the formed stand density, ensuring the smooth maneuvering of the mini tractor with a trailed device when moving under the stand canopy. Guidelines for correcting the route when the width of the required strip is larger than the average distance between trees in the resulting stand are given. Acknowledgments: The article is based on the results of work on the topic “Ecological Aspects of Sustainable Nature Management” (state registration No. FEUG-2020-0013). For citation: Gerts E.F., Mekhrentsev A.V., Terinov N.N., Urazova A.F. Substantiation of the Technological Process Parameters of Wood Skidding with a Mini Tractor in Increment Thinning. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2022, no. 6, pp. 126–138. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-6-126-138

Research on the Influence of Tractor Parameters on Shift Quality, Based on Uniform Design

This paper mainly studies the influence of tractor parameters on shift quality. The kinetic theoretical model of the powertrain system was deduced, and then the simulation model was established by using AMESim simulation software. The acceptable jerk and shift time were selected as the evaluation indexes of shift quality. The influence of engine speed, the tractive resistance of the tractor, the clutch oil pressure and the orifice diameter on the above evaluation indexes were quantitatively studied. The simulation test, under the influence of a single parameter, was carried out using the parameter analysis method. After this, the uniform design experimentation method was used to carry out the simulation test, under the influence of combined parameters. The results showed that in order to improve the shift quality, it is necessary to focus on the selection of clutch oil pressure and orifice diameter.

Lateral Stability Performance of Articulated Narrow-Track Tractors

A tractor losing lateral stability starts to rollover. It is a matter of fact that tractor lateral rollover accidents are one of the most frequent causes of death and injuries for farmers. Consequently, tractors are fitted with a specific protective structure to minimize the consequences for the driver during the rollover (ROPS). The narrow-track tractor, designed to operate in vineyards and orchards, is a tractor category with a very narrow track width and the risk of rollover is higher. The aim of the study was to evaluate the compact narrow-track tractor types commercially available, designed to mount a cantilever engine in the forward position with effects on the Center of Gravity (CoG) because more than 50% of the tractor weight is loaded on the front axle, and, specifically, the articulated narrow-track tractors where the stability is affected by the pivot point connecting the two tractor bodies. As a consequence of the typical tractor design of articulated tractors, during the steering action the line passing through the front and rear tire contact points on the ground changes, influencing the tractor’s stability. The approach of the research was based on reproducing the lateral stability tractor condition by developing a kinematic model, with the goal to virtually simulate the tractor behavior and to calculate the lateral stability angle for articulated tractors. The innovative contribution of this paper was the tractor articulation joint modeling, assuming a virtual pivot point to reproduce two relatives’ rotations between the front and rear bodies of the tractor: vertical (yaw angle) and longitudinal (roll angle) rotations. The lowest value of the stability angle was 39.3°, measured at −35° yaw angle. The model at the tractor design stage will allow adjusting of the tractor parameters to improve the lateral stability performance.

Modelling of An Electric Tractor Powertrain using MATLAB/Simulink

Lithium-ion battery pack technology is the current trend in the automotive industry. For this study, the authors have selected NMC 18650 lithium-ion cells to design a battery pack for electric tractors and simulating the electric tractor powertrain model to gauge and size the battery pack configuration parameters. The tractor parameters have been selected by comparing with some Indian and Japanese electric tractors. The simulation has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink under a custom made drive cycle. The Simulink model has been divided into five parts i.e. Wheel, Transmission, Motor, Motor Controller and Battery pack. The principle commitment of this work lies in the similar investigation of these frameworks, to choose a particular setup for the utilization of small commercial electric tractors. This study shall help anyone interested in designing and simulating Lithium-ion battery pack for their projects and wants to understand various factors which affect the selection procedure depending upon the application of the user.

Estimation of Axle Torque for an Agricultural Tractor Using an Artificial Neural Network.

The objective of this study was to develop a model to estimate the axle torque (AT) of a tractor using an artificial neural network (ANN) based on a relatively low-cost sensor. ANN has proven to be useful in the case of nonlinear analysis, and it can be applied to consider nonlinear variables such as soil characteristics, unlike studies that only consider tractor major parameters, thus model performance and its implementation can be extended to a wider range. In this study, ANN-based models were compared with multiple linear regression (MLR)-based models for performance verification. The main input data were tractor engine parameters, major tractor parameters, and soil physical properties. Data of soil physical properties (i.e., soil moisture content and cone index) and major tractor parameters (i.e., engine torque, engine speed, specific fuel consumption, travel speed, tillage depth, and slip ratio) were collected during a tractor field experiment in four Korean paddy fields. The collected soil physical properties and major tractor parameter data were used to estimate the AT of the tractor by the MLR- and ANN-based models: 250 data points were used for developing and training the model were used, the 50 remaining data points were used to test the model estimation. The AT estimated with the developed MLR- and ANN-based models showed agreement with actual measured AT, with the R2 value ranging from 0.825 to 0.851 and from 0.857 to 0.904, respectively. These results suggest that the developed models are reliable in estimating tractor AT, while the ANN-based model showed better performance than the MLR-based model. This study can provide useful results as a simple method using ANNs based on relatively inexpensive sensors that can replace the existing complex tractor AT measurement method is emphasized.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ТРАКТОРА И СОСТАВА ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕГО АГРЕГАТА С УЧЕТОМ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПРИРОДНО-ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ФАКТОРОВ

The research goal was to substantiate the model and the algorithm of forming the parameters of a wheeled trac-tor and the configurationof a tillage unit taking into account the natural and production conditions. To evaluate the in-fluence of natural and production conditions on the param-eters of the tractor and the unit configuration, three groups of factors were considered: the class of run length which determined the optimal value of the net productivity of the unit at a particular operation withminimal operating costs; characteristics of the draught resistance of the working machine which formed the optimal speed mode of unit op-eration; the indices of the drawbar pull and coupling prop-erties of the tractor which determined the conditions for effective functioning in the working mode. We substantiat-ed a computational model representing the response of a multidimensional dynamic system to external disturbances, setting and controlling actions which performed the trans-formation according to the input-output type. The interrela-tion of the input actions of different groups and the output parameters of the system were determined using the rea-sonable indices and optimization criteria. The adaptation to operating tillage technologies is determined by the nominal values of the working speed set according to the criterion of minimum energy consumption per unit of net productivity taking into account the restrictions on the drawbar pull and coupling properties of the tractor ensuring operation in the zone of maximum pulling efficiency. The adapters to the production conditions are specific ones referred to the unit of net productivity at nominal speed, the working width of the unit, the operating weight and the required power of the tractor. The product of specific indices by the optimum for a given run length and type of operation, the value of net productivity determines the parameters of the tractor and the unit configuration taking into account the influence of natural and production factors. The algorithm for optimizing parameters was developed; four rational standard sizes of wheeled tractors with an operating power of 135 to 310 kW with adjustable weight and unit configuration for technical support of tillage technologies in the main natural and cli-matic zones of operation were substantiated with an adap-tation coefficient of 0.978-0.987.

Energy Justification of the Number of Tractors for Agricultural Operations

The relevance of the problem under study is due to the need to substantiate the sufficient number of tractors used for various technological operations, depending on the volume of works performed, and taking into account their influence on the crop yield. The purpose is to develop the mathematical model of machine and tractor units used in technological operations by formalizing the vague concept of optimal agrotechnical timing of technological operations and calculating the optimal number of tractors to perform works by the total energy costs. The main research method is mathematical modeling of operations performed by machine-tractor units based on the system analysis and computational experiments and using the energy mathematical model. The article describes a criterion for optimizing the tractor parameters, dependences of the energy mathematical model of the unit. The results of computational experiments showed that for each operation there is an optimal number of tractors and tractor units minimizing the minimum total energy costs. Calculations were carried out when treating 1000 hectares with various tractors. It was revealed that the total energy consumption differs by 2 or more times. The required number of tractors depends on their main parameters, propeller parameters and other factors. It was revealed that with an increase in the volume of works, the required optimal number of tractors increases. The method for substantiating the required optimal number of tractors in technological operations will improve operations of tractors used by large agricultural producers, reduce the total energy costs for cultivating up to 12–16 thousand MJ/ha.

Justification of the optimal annual load on the tractor providing for its parameters stress on the formed crop

The article presents the results of a study to identify the optimal value of the annual load on one tractor using direct sowing technology. The optimal annual load on one tractor is directly associated with the power provision to agriculture and, indirectly, with its productivity. The article analyzes the dependence of the annual tractor load in ploughland per ha on various factors of the tractor-operator-instrument-fieldsoil-crop system: on tractor parameters; unit; environment and it is concluded that the optimal annual load on one tractor depends on them. The method of choosing various agricultural enterprises power supply should be connected with the natural and climatic conditions of their production activities, accepted technologies for cultivating crops, soil types, field sizes, etc. It was revealed that in Russia the optimal energy supply of agriculture with the power of tractor engines, using the zero tillage technology, is in the range from 2.4 to 2.8 hp/ha.

Drawbar Parameters of Tractor with Prototypes of Driving Wheels and Standard Tyres

Abstract The paper presents the main drawbar parameters of tractor (drawbar pull, drawbar power and wheels slip) operating in a grass plot and evaluates the utilization of specially modified tyres with spikes. These prototypes of driving wheels were designed at the Department of Transport and Handling of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The designed mechanism with spikes is mounted on standard tractor tyres, in which grooves were made. Spikes are hidden in grooves during transportation on a route. On the grassy landscape or soil, the spikes are ejected in order to improve the drawbar parameters. During operation, the drawbar pull and the rotation speeds of wheels were measured, whereupon the wheel slip was calculated. Results show the highest increase in tractor speed at the second gear and high load in utilized prototypes of the driving wheels (1.89 km·h-1) in comparison to standard tyres (1.10 km·h-1). Measurements also demonstrate the highest improvement of drawbar power under the aforementioned conditions in case of tractor with prototypes of driving wheels (1,719.87 W) in comparison with tractor using the standard tyres (1,061.57 W).

Ballasting of tractors

Recently, the ballasting of tractors has become widespread. Ballast is necessary to compensate for the decrease in the material consumption and excessive increase in the energy saturation of modern tractors, which arose due to the evolutionary development of their technical level. By using ballast, an artificial in-crease in weight and a decrease in the energy saturation of a new generation tractor are achieved to the level of its reference value inherent to cargo tractor. The article analyzes the application of ballast in the volume of the entire standard-sized row of tractors, the world's leading tractor-building companies. The evaluation of the main parameters of the tractor and the level of its ballasting is carried out using the con-cept of the reference energy saturation of the tractor and its specific value. The analysis showed that bal-last application is disorderly, chaotic. This is explained, on the one hand, by a large spread of energy satu-ration of tractors, on the other hand, by the lack of a unified approach to the goal of ballasting and the choice of ballast weight. Currently in the technical literature there are no generally accepted recommendations on these issues. In these conditions, the abundance in the market of varied offers makes it difficult to make the right choice when different ballast is offered to different models of tractors, identical or close to each other in terms of basic parameters. The chaotic nature of ballasting can adversely affect the economic exploitation of the potential opportunities inherent in the construction of a new generation tractor. There is an urgent need to carry out developments in the theory of engineering and the theory of technological operation of the tractor. Based on the results of the studies performed, the following recommendation is proposed. When choosing a tractor as an object of purchase, it is advisable to follow the rules: tractor with full ballast should have a reference energy saturation of 1,5 ... 1,6 kW / kN; The weight of the ballast must be equal to 25, 50 and 75 kN, so that when using it, an increase in tractive power of the tractor by 10, 20 or 30 kN, respectively (depending on the tractor traction class) is obtained. This recommendation is also valid for a set of ballast weights and tractor parameters at the stage of its creation.

Результаты многофакторного эксперимента по определению зависимости максимального давления колес трактора на почву от параметров трактора и физико-механических свойств почвы. Анализ уравнений

During statistical processing of proceeding of several variants of experiments the equation of maximum pressure of tractor wheels on the soil were obtained, depending on the tractor parameters and physical and mechanical properties of the soil. This paper analyzes the influence of the main factors on the maximum amount of wheels pressure on the ground. We revealed performance of equations beyond the experimental values of the factors. With an increase in the width of the wheel profile, its diameter, the speed of the tractor, the maximum pressure of wheel on the ground is reduced, and with increasing tractor’s weight on one wheel, the soil hardness, the pressure in wheel tire the maximum pressure of wheel on ground increases. Comparison with the data, available in the domestic and foreign journals, showed that the most stable prediction results of maximum pressure value of tractor wheels on the ground are obtained by using the first equation in the article. The prediction error of wheels maximum pressure values is in the range of 3 to 15%, depending on the brand of tractor and its working conditions.

Результаты многофакторного эксперимента по определению зависимости максимального давления колес трактора на почву от параметров трактора и физико-механических свойств почвы. Статистический анализ

A similarity criteria were reveled to determine the dependence of maximum pressure of the tractor wheel on the soil on the basis of the use of similarity theory. Each similarity criterion includes several parameters, characterizing the tractor, its propeller and physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The similarity criteria is taken as factors in the multivariate experiment. Multifactorial experimental studies were planned and carried out. We used Statistics Toolbox subsystem of Matlab computer mathematics system for processing the results of experiments. As a result of statistical processing of the experimental data by the equation we obtained a dependence of maximum pressure of the tractor wheel on the soil from tractor parameters, and physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Statistical data on the equations, such as - multiple correlation coefficient, Fisher’s criterion, Student’s criterion, indicate the significance of equations of the experiments variants, as well as the significance of the coefficients of the regression equations.

Experimental study of comparative indicators of agricultural tractors caterpillar drive

Rubber reinforced caterpillars are becoming more common in agricultural tractors, harvesters and military tracked vehicles. The use of rubber reinforced caterpillars comparing to metal tracks allow: to reduce on 25-30% the sealing effect on soil; ensure the movement of vehicle on the roads with asphalt pavement without its damage; to increase vehicle road speed to 40 ... 50 km / h; to reduce noise and to improve working conditions for tractor driver; to increase reliability. Nowadays there are no comparative results of experimental evaluation on the application of rubber reinforced caterpillars and metal tracks on tractors. Traction tests of tractors with rubber reinforced caterpillars abroad are conducted on a specially prepared supporting surface in the form of a rubber blanket, where tractors with metal caterpillar tracks could not be tested. In this case the obtained tractor traction characteristics differ significantly from the actual operation. The paper presents the results of comparative tests of VK-150 tractor manufactured at Volgograd tractor plant on stubble of winter wheat with rubber reinforced and metal tracks with open metal joints. It was found that the developed domestic machines and manufacturing technologies of rubber reinforced caterpillars for agricultural tractors provide equal traction parameters of tractor with series metal and rubber reinforced tracks in zone in the area of nominal traction forces for tractors of class 3. By set of technical characteristics chassis with rubber reinforced caterpillars perform better than chassis with metal caterpillars with open joints (in terms of vibration loading, noise and flotation).

Determination of reactions of bearing surface on the wheels of tractor with frame stabilization

The aim of the paper is to establish the functional relationship between the parameters of a wheeled tractor with frame stabilization, suspended on front and rear axles, the characteristics of bearing surface and the normal reactions acting on the wheels of tractor driving axle. The novelty lies in the fact that the paper determines normal reactions on the wheels of a hillside tractor, taking into account the most significant parameters of the tractor and of bearing surface: stabilized tractor mass (frame); unstabilized tractor mass (axle); mass that is reduced to rear axle of frame; gauge and base of tractor; radius of wheels; coordinates of centers of stabilized and unstabilized mass of tractor; transverse slope angle of bearing surface; transverse and radial deformations of wheels; angle of inclination of axis of driving axle. The normal reactions acting on the wheels of tractor will depend on the mode of motion along the slope: linear one; curvilinear one on cone; curvilinear one on superelevation; linear one with turning down; linear one with turning up; curvilinear one on cone with turning down; curvilinear one on cone with turning up; curvilinear one on superelevation with turning down; curvilinear one on superelevation with turning up. The functional dependencies, obtained in the paper for the first three main modes of motion, can be used for the design of system algorithm for the stabilization of tractor frame suspended on front and rear axles. Direct measurement of the bearing reactions on tractor wheels is almost impossible, therefore the only possible solution of the problem of automatic stabilization, based on the normal reactions on wheels, is their analytical determination, which is sufficiently reliable.

Effects of configuration parameters on lateral dynamics of tractor–two trailer combinations

The optimum configuration parameters of tractor–trailer combinations for lateral stability performance are proposed by adjusting the length of dolly and the second trailer’s center of gravity. A linear yaw plane model of vehicle combinations is adopted for dynamic analysis, and the model is calibrated by TruckSim. According to the yaw rate rearward amplification ratio of lateral response index, and combining the simulation results of MATLAB/Simulink, dolly and the second trailer are the dominate factors for lateral stability of vehicle combinations. Simulation results show that the distance between articulation joints of dolly is 1.6 m; simultaneously, the rate of distance between front hitch and center of gravity of the second trailer to its front and rear wheelbase is 0.41 and may gain the best lateral performance. Compared with configuration parameters of the original vehicle combinations, the results also illustrate that the one derived from adjustment approach reduces high-speed rearward amplification ratio by 11.4%. The proposed approach might be used for identifying desired design variables of the tractor–two trailer combinations and provided theoretical basis for stability tests.

Метод расчета энергии урожая, потерянного из-за негативного воздействия движителей трактора на почву

The article highlighted the necessity to determine the dependence of maximum pressure of wheel propellers on the parameters of tractor, wheel and the soil characteristics, for calculation the crop energy, which was lost due to the negative impact of the tractor wheels on the soil. Using the theory of similarity, the criteria of similarity was defined and several options of dependence of maximum pressure of tractor wheels on the soil were identified, taking into account various factors. The use of the similarity theory helped to reduce the number of factors for the design of experiments while maintaining the informative value of the title of the regression equation.

Development and validation of automatically deployable ROPS based on airbag inflator technology

Narrow-track tractors are generally provided with foldable ROPS (roll-over protective structure). Most deaths on narrow tractor rollover occur because of inadequate use of foldable height ROPS. In this research, three automatically deployable ROPS (AD-ROPS) were designed, constructed, and tested to select the best option for installing airbag inflators and deploying time. The best and most reliable option has been found to be SHI2-30V612 inflators in each of the inclined beams of the AD-ROPS. They were tested according to OECD Code 6 Standard and the results obtained were used to assess the ability of the designed AD-ROPS to achieve a positive result in these tests. A 3D graphic computer program was used to predict the test results when mounting the AD-ROPS on a given tractor model and to change these results by varying one or more of the tractor parameters affecting them. For a given tractor model equipped with one of the tested AD-ROPS, it was possible to determine the locus of the AD-ROPS attachment points ensuring both a positive result in the tests and a match to the field of vision requirements. A laboratory-based rollover test of a quad-bike equipped with an AD-ROPS showed that it could effectively protect the driver in the event of a side overturn if the driver remains in his/her seat with the safety belt fastened and with his/her head in a tucked position.