Trabzon Province Research Articles

*ABA in Romeyka Verbal Paradigms

In this work, we analyze present-tense and past-tense paradigms in Romeyka, an understudied Indo-European language belonging to the Hellenic sub-branch, spoken mainly in the Trabzon province in Turkey. We argue for decomposing the endings in the plural forms based on the regularities across present and past tense paradigms. While the proposed decomposition is empirically motivated, it leads to a theoretical challenge known in the literature as *ABA pattern, which has been extensively argued to be non-existent in morphology (e.g., Caha, 2009; Bobaljik, 2012; Middleton, 2020). We demonstrate this challenge for Nanosyntax (Starke, 2009), which predicts that syncretism will only be possible for structurally contiguous features. In an attempt to address this puzzle, we develop an account which relies on the idea that languages may differ in whether they single out the Speaker or the Addressee features in building first and second-person structures. Accordingly, the *ABA in Romeyka dissolves into a predicted pattern where the syncretism is the non-offending AAB pattern.

Teacher Opinions on the Problems Encountered in Teaching History Subjects in Social Studies Courses

The first impression of history acquired by students who encounter history subjects for the first time in the "Culture and Heritage" learning area of the social studies course in schools is a critical point for their view of history for the rest of their educational life. The aim of the research, which is designed with this motivation, is to reveal the problems experienced in the teaching of history subjects in primary social studies courses from the perspective of teachers. The study group of the study consists of 27 social studies teachers working in 21 different secondary schools in Adana, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Hatay and Trabzon provinces of Turkey. The study is designed in the case study pattern from qualitative research methods. In the study, the semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool through Google Forms. The data obtained in the study were subjected to descriptive analysis; QDA Miner 5 qualitative data analysis program was used for this. According to the findings of the research, social studies teachers face problems such as the fact that the curriculum is very intense, the course hours are insufficient, the students do not show interest in the course, the history subjects are boring and irrelevant to the present, the students cannot perceive abstract subjects and concepts and the physical facilities of the schools are insufficient. In the solution of such problems, teachers and students, as well as especially the program makers who develop the curriculum, have a great responsibility.

The Effect of Working from Home on Work-Life Balance of Female Employees During Covid-19: A Study on Trabzon Province

Kadının işgücü piyasasına katılımıyla birlikte sahip olduğu rollere çalışan rolünün de eklenmesi iş ve aile yaşamındaki sorumluluklarını yerine getirme açısından bir dengenin kurulması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Aile ve iş yaşamını birlikte sürdürmeye çalışan kadınlar için evden çalışma alternatif bir çalışma biçimi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak beklenildiği gibi iş-yaşam dengesini kolaylaştıracağı mı yahut tam aksine zorlaştıracağı mı yönündeki tartışmalar da beraberinde gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, evden çalışmanın kadınların iş-yaşam dengesini nasıl etkilediğini salgın deneyiminden hareketle Trabzon ili örneğinde ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada evden çalışmanın sunduğu zaman ve mekân esnekliği ile kadının sahip olduğu temel rollerden olan anne ve ev kadınlığının, iş-yaşam dengesiyle ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği çalışmada, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmış; akademisyen, bankacı, öğretmen, çağrı merkezi çalışanı toplam 28 kadınla görüşülmüştür. Nihayetinde evden çalışmanın kadınların iş-yaşam dengesini olumsuz etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bununla birlikte evden çalışmada kadının sahip olduğu geleneksel rollerin olumsuz etkilenme boyutunu daha da artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir.

Investigations of Spatial and Temporal Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Trabzon Province (1990-2018) Using CORINE Maps and Landscape Metrics

In this study; it is aimed to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in land use/land cover of Trabzon province with the population increase in the 28-year period between 1990-2018 by analyzing it with CORINE maps and landscape metrics. Within the scope of the study, temporal variation analysis was carried out using CORINE maps of the years 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. In Trabzon, according to the CORINE classification system, a total of 4 main groups have been identified at the first level, and at the third level, 19 land use/land cover classes have been identified for 1990, 20 for 2000, 24 for 2006, and 26 for 2012 and 2018. It was observed that the most differentiation occurred in the agricultural areas class in the 28-year period. In addition, the metrics of class area (CA), number of patches (NumP), mean patch size (MPS), edge density (ED), total edge (TE) and mean shape index (MSI) were calculated through ARCGIS's Patch Analyst plugin in the study. The changes that have occurred have been examined. Accordingly, there has been a decrease in the size of forest and seminatural areas and agricultural areas with the increase in the size of the artificial surfaces due to the increase in human activities and population over the past 28 years. In addition, due to the continuous increase in the number of patches in the agricultural areas over time and the decrease in the average size of the patches, the fragmentation of the agricultural areas has been more common. The least change was in the water bodies. In line with the findings obtained, sustainable planning and land use suggestions for land use were presented.

Struggling with Detrimental Publications in the Ottoman Empire in the Case of Trabzon Province

Basın ve yayın faaliyetlerinde gerçekleşen gelişim ve dönüşüm uygarlık tarihine pek çok açıdan katkı sağlamıştır. Özellikle matbaanın yaygınlaşmasının ardından kâğıda dökülen bilgi ve düşünceler çok sayıda insan tarafından kolaylıkla ulaşılabilir hale gelmiştir. Ancak bu durum iktidarları endişelendirmiştir. Devleti yönetenler, düşüncelerine ve menfaatlerine ters düşen yayınlara karşı bazı önlemler geliştirmişlerdir. Buna bağlı olarak yöneten sınıf tarafından onaylanmayan yayınlara karşı sansür uygulanması yaygınlaşmıştır. Sakıncalı görülen eserleri tespit etmek, kontrol altına almak ve yayılmasını önlemek için çeşitli kurumlar oluşturmuş, farklı uygulamalar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nin muzır olarak nitelendirdiği yayınlara karşı vermiş olduğu mücadele Trabzon Vilayeti örneğinde ele alınmıştır. Muzır yayınlara karşı devletin bakış açısı, muzır neşriyatın hangi yollarla Osmanlı ülkesine sokulduğu ve bu kapsamda devlet tarafından alınan önlemler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Human-Induced Forest Fragmentation in Trabzon, Eastern Black Sea Region, Türkiye: A Case Study

Due to the geographical structure of the Eastern Black Sea Region, agricultural activities are carried out in high-sloped areas that should ideally be used solely for forestry purposes. The region is characterized by an intricate intertwining of forested areas, agricultural fields, pasture lands, and residential areas, giving rise to a distinct and unique way of life. Within this framework, forest resources have been constantly under pressure and fragmented. This study, therefore, aims to determine the fragmentation status of forests, particularly due to various anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural activities, using the example of Trabzon Province in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a comprehensive “forest fragmentation map” was meticulously crafted, drawing upon the land-use plans and cadastral maps specific to the study area. Spatial land metrics were calculated using patch analysis. In the study area, there is a total of 31,153.2 hectares of registered state forests. These forests consist of 423 separate and independent fragments. The average forest fragment size in the area is 73.6 hectares. The smallest fragment measures 0.01 hectares (100 square meters), while the largest one covers an area of 18,002 hectares. The area-weighted average figure index of the forest fragments is 9.4. This study quantified fragmented forests, providing evidence of forest fragmentation due to various anthropogenic activities, primarily agricultural activities. This study also proposed an integrated planning approach for the management of fragmented forests.

Rpex lacteus: A New Record for the Turkish Mycota

Basidiomata of Irpex lacteuscollected from Sevinç neighbourhood of Maçka district in Trabzon province represent a new record for the Turkish mycota. New record is characterized by cream-colored, whitish, slightly yellowish semi-pileate or pileate, tomentose and zoned basidiomata; smooth, cylindrical, ellipsoid, hyaline and 4.5−7 × 2−3 µm basidiospores

The Effect of Occupational Health and Safety Education on Hazelnut Agriculture Workers' Knowledge Levels Related to Physical and Ergonomic Hazards

Objective: The study aimed at identifying dangers and risks encountered by hazelnut farm workers and exploring the effect of occupational health and safety training about hazelnut farming upon the workers’ knowledge level. 
 Materials and Methods: In this research, which was conducted as an intervention study, the pre-test post-test single-group research pattern was used. Training and brochures were given to 60 hazelnut agriculture employees selected using a random sampling method after the pretest. The change in the current knowledge score was examined statistically with the last test application two weeks later.
 Results: 53.3% of the participants were male and their average age was 43.0±14.4 years. 60.0% of the participants stated that they had accidents while they were engaged in hazelnut farming and 71.7% of them did not have any training about occupational health and safety previously. Participants’ score of knowledge about physical dangers and risks as to occupational health and safety was 62.7±17.8 before the training while it significantly increased to 79.3±16.3 after the training. It was seen that after the training held; having a previous training, having high educational status, having no accidents previously and being at a young age affected post-test scores significantly. 
 Conclusion: In the study, it was explored that hazelnut farming workers in Trabzon Province lacked knowledge about physical and ergonomic risks in relation to occupational health and safety. For the trainings of the workers; universities, provincial and district directorates of agriculture and agriculture cooperatives can be used.

Monitoring mass movements using Network-RTK measurement technique and producing potential rockfall scenarios in a paleo-landslide area

Abstract Mass movements resulting from landslides cause significant losses in terms of lives and property. Periodic observations of these movements using geodetic measurement techniques help to prevent these losses. Network-RTK measurement technique produces real-time location with centimeter accuracy, based on phase observations using a network of reference stations. In this study, the paleo-landslide area in the Işıklar location of Trabzon province, Esiroğlu district, Turkey, was chosen as the application area. This study aims to measure the application area between 2019 and 2021, using the Network-RTK technique to determine the mass movements. Additionally, there is a rock block in an area with a steep slope. The possible movement of this rock block is a threat to infrastructure facilities, residential areas, agricultural areas, and life safety if the mass movement continues. Within this scope, the potential movement scenarios of the block were produced using RocPro3D software and UAV photogrammetry. Scenarios following an ongoing mass movements in the region triggering another mass movement are discussed. In the light of the results obtained, mass movements in the vertical direction of up to 28 cm were detected in the area where the rock block is located in the last 2 years. The periodic continuation of mass movements in the study area, declared a disaster-prone area, confirms the importance of the rock block in the region. In another phase of the study, possible movement scenarios of the rock block were examined using a rockfall analysis. In this context, with the help of an unmanned aerial vehicle, a digital elevation model and orthophoto map of the region where the rock block is likely to move was produced and a base map to be used in rockfall analysis was obtained. As a result of the rockfall analysis, maps showing the speed, energy, spread, possible impacts, and stopping points were produced. With the examination of these maps, it has been determined that residential areas, agricultural areas, and infrastructure facilities in the study area may be significantly damaged.

Relationship between Middle School Students’ Innovative Thinking Tendencies and Entrepreneurial Skills

This study aims to determine the relationship between middle school students’ innovative thinking tendencies and entrepreneurial skills and to identify the variables that predict entrepreneurial skill. To this end, the study used the correlational survey method. The study group consists of 274 5th-, 6th-, and 7th-graders studying in 3 middle schools in the central district of Trabzon Province, Turkey, in the 2021-2022 academic year. The study data were collected using the “Innovative Thinking Tendency Scale for Middle School Students” (ITTSMSS) and the “Entrepreneurship Scale for Secondary School Students” (ESSSS). They were subjected to correlation and regression analyses via SPSS 22 statistical analysis program. Through the analysis, the study found a high relationship between middle school students’ innovative self-efficacy and self-awareness. It was also determined that innovative self-efficacy, openness to innovation, innovative problem solving, innovative perseverance, and innovative group leadership predicted the middle school students’ entrepreneurial skill levels at significant, positive, and moderate levels. Based on the results, it is recommended to create teaching content and organize teaching activities in which entrepreneurial skill and innovative thinking skill are covered together and aimed to be developed.

Effect of Altitude and Location on Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Laurel Cherry (Prunus Laurocerasus L.)

The compositional and antioxidant properties of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruit, which grow in two different locations (Trabzon and Rize) and altitudes, were investigated. The results were subjected to principal component analysis to better describe the relations between investigated properties and growing conditions. The results indicated that antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, citric acid, sugars and phenolic compounds were affected by location and altitude. While fruits of Trabzon province have higher composition content than those of Rize province, fruits collected at low altitudes in both regions were found to have superior properties. Total phenolic content in fruits from Trabzon and Rize provinces increased from 21.90 to 23.32 and from 16.84 to 18.91 mg gallic acid equivalent / 100 g dry weight (DW), β-carotene increased from 5.19 to 6.75 and from 4.16 to 5.61 mg / kg DW, and total sugar increased from 81.68 to 131.99 and from 86.44 to 99.58 mg / g DW when altitude decrease from 351 to 49 m and 316 to 14 m, respectively. Chlorogenic acid (1404.46-7358.63 mg / kg DW) and rutin hydrate (1491.05-2712.91 mg / kg DW) were major phenolic compounds in all samples.

Özel Eğitim Öğretmenlerinin Sorunlarının Analizi

This research aims to reveal the opinions of special education teachers about the problems experienced in special education and the solutions for these problems. The research was conducted using a qualitative research design. The study group consists of the teachers of the Trabzon Province Sürmene Special Education Practice School in the 2022-2023 academic year. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. According to the findings, teachers working in special education schools experience problems arising from the education system, parents, school management, teachers and students. In addition, they stated that educational environments do not meet the needs of special education students and that the tools provided are insufficient. Teachers working in special education schools, graduated from different fields, consider the wages they receive to be insufficient. In the appointment of field experts and special education graduates as teachers to special education schools, it is expected that it is necessary and important to have competencies such as patience, understanding, compassion, effective communication and motivation within the scope of personal and professional competencies.

Pseudoboletus parasiticus (Bull.) Šutara, a New Record for Turkish Mycobiota

The boletoid species, Pseudoboletus parasiticus, is reported as a new record for Türkiye, based on the identification of the sample collected from Trabzon province. This species is the first member of the genus Pseudoboletus in Türkiye. A brief description of the species is provided together with the suggested Turkish name, and the photographs, related to the macroscopy and microscopy.

Investigation of Aquaculture Farms in Trabzon Province in Terms of Mechanization

Çalışmada Trabzon ilinde bulunan su ürünleri yetiştiricilik tesislerinin yapısal özellikleri ve mekanizasyon kullanımı araştırılmıştır. Çalışma açık deniz kafes ve karatabanlı işletmeler olmak üzere 2 farklı alanda faaliyet gösteren işletmede altyapı, yönetim ve mekanizasyona dair hazırlanan anket yoluyla yapılmıştır. Açık deniz ağ kafes işletmelerinde yaygın kullanılan ekipmanların vinç ve yemleme makinesi (tekneden pnömatik yemleme), ağ yıkama makinesi, buz yapım makinesi ve balık boylama makinesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Karatabanlı işletmelerde ise daha basit yapıda olan cıvalı termometre, kuluçka dolabı ve boylama makinesinin yaygın olarak kullanılmakta olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
 Çalışma sonunda denizde ağ kafeslerde balık yetiştiriciliğinde barç sistemlerinden hiç yararlanılmadığı, dijital gözlem cihazlarının ise sınırlı ölçekte kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Karatabanlı işletmelerde ise otomatik yemleme, yem silosu sistemlerinden hiç yararlanılmadığı, su kalitesi takibinde ise oldukça eksik kalındığı görülmüştür. Hem karatabanlı, hem de deniz ağ kafes işletmelerinde makro ve mikro gözlem amaçlı laboratuvar yapılaşmasına rastlanmamıştır. 
 Mekanizasyonun işletmenin sürdürülebilirliğinin ve karlılığının artırılmasına katkı sağlayacağı açıktır. Bunun yanı sıra işletmelerin izlenebilirliğinin kolaylaşması konusunda bilgilendirme ve eğitim çalışmalarının, sektörel fuar ve akademik toplantılara katılımın sektör gelişimine katkı sunacağı açıkça görülmüştür.

Determination of Properties And Productivity of Soils Under Different Land Use in Beşikdüzü District of Trabzon Province

Amaç: Arazi kullanım alanlarının topoğrafya özellikleri dikkate alınarak incelenmesi doğal kaynakların korunması, tarımda izlenebilirlik ve sürdürülebilirlik sağlanması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Trabzon İli Beşikdüzü İlçesi’nde farklı rakımda ve farklı arazi kullanımı altındaki toprakların fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve verimlilik durumu araştırılmıştır.
 Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu amaçla araştırma sahasında, iki farklı arazi kullanım alanından (fındık ve orman), sahil-orta kolda (12 fındık alanı), yüksek kolda (8 fındık-orman alanı) toprak örneklemesi yapılmıştır. İki farklı derinlikten (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm) alınan toprak örneklerinde, bünye, hacim ağırlığı, nem sabiteleri, havalanma yüzdesi, makro ve mikro por yüzdesi, hidrolik iletkenlik gibi fiziksel özellikler, pH, organik madde, kireç, elektriksel iletkenlik gibi kimyasal özellikler belirlenmiştir. Araştırma alanının verimlilik durumunu ortaya koymak için toplam azot, bitkiye yarayışlı fosfor, alınabilir potasyum ve toplam demir, mangan ve çinko besin elementi analizleri yapılmıştır.
 Araştırma Bulguları: Sahil ve orta kolda yer alan fındık arazileri tın, kil tın ve kumlu tın, yüksek kolda bulunan orman alanlarında kumlu killi tın ve kumlu tın bünye hakimdir. Farklı arazi kullanımına bağlı olarak rakım arttıkça orman arazilerinde toprağın hacim ağırlığı artmıştır. Her iki arazi için tüm rakımlarda topraklar hafif asit reaksiyonlu, kireçsiz ve tuzluluk sorunu taşımamaktadır. Organik madde miktarı fındık arazilerinde orman alanlarına göre daha düşük, genel olarak orta ve yüksek olarak sınıflanmıştır. Toplam azot içeriği fındık arazilerinde yeterli, orman alanlarında daha düşük olmakla birlikte, %59’ u fazla-çok fazla sınıfındadır. Toprakların %32’sinin fosfor içeriği çok fazla, %64’ünün potasyum içeriği çok yüksek sınıfındadır. Toprakların tümünde demir miktarı yeterli, %82’sinde çinko miktarı iyi, %43’ünde mangan kapsamı yeter sınıfında bulunmuştur. Toprakların verimlilik durumları sahilden yüksek rakıma doğru gittikçe artış gösterirken, toprak derinliğine bağlı olarak da azaldığı belirlenmiştir.
 Sonuç: Topraklarının fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve besin durumunun arazi kullanımı, rakım ve derinliğe bağlı olarak değiştiği, genel olarak önemli düzeylerde noksanlık sorunu taşımadığı görülmüştür. Beşikdüzü ilçesi için bir toprak veri tabanı oluşturulmasına önemli bir bilimsel katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

An Application of Consistency Testing for Spatial Plans: Case of Trabzon, Türkiye

The starting point of this study is the problematic perspective of focusing only on the final product in spatial planning, while ignoring the planning process, and a lack of certain standards/criteria of the evaluation stage for the internal and external consistencies of spatial plans. Although it has recently attracted significant interest in the field, the methodological use of evaluation is not widespread in planning practice. Evaluation, which is considered to be a simple checking duty in the Turkish planning system (TPS), is not considered in the related literature and legislation. Focusing on the “evaluation stage” of spatial planning, this paper aims to demonstrate the contribution of the previously developed Guideline for Evaluation of Spatial Plans (GESP) in testing and ensuring the consistency of different scale and types of plans prior to their approval. The first phase of the study focuses on the concept of evaluation, reviews a series of related literature for the evaluation of plans, and discusses the evaluation stage in the TPS. In the second phase, the consistency of the selected case area plansafter addition of new resources that comply with the input of the previously developed evaluation framework GESPis examined. This guideline, which is an analytical method proposal, is applied over the selected cases, involving the upper-scale plans that cover Trabzon province and lower-scale plans for some settlements that were selected from within this province. Consistencies of all the plan components (plan sheets, plan report, plan notes, plan legend) of plans with different scales for the case area were tested in terms of the criteria of the developed guideline. Most of these plans were found to be inconsistent, both internally and externally. In the study, it was determined that the plans in fact contained many inconsistencies on their approval without being subjected to such evaluation. Although the study did not focus on the frequency of evaluation of spatial plans, the parties that will make those evaluations, and how to use their output, it provides basis for future studies. The “evaluation stage”, an important theoretical issue in the international literature, is exemplified for both how it would be handled and tested in practice. Identifying the needs, processes, and problems related to the evaluation stage, mainly for its ex-ante stage, will allow the TPS to intervene in the preparation of plans before their approval. This may have a positive impact on the production of final plans that are more comprehensive, and do not require continuous changes during the planning process. The introduced use of the guideline will contribute to the limited number of studies, concerning the evaluation stage of the spatial plans in Türkiye, besides guiding the related possible legal regulations regarding the TP.

Mincane Fındık Çeşidinde Klon Seleksiyonu: Fiziksel Özellikler

This study was conducted to identify Mincane cv clones with superior physical traits in the Trabzon province, Maçka district, Esiroğlu region between 2014 and 2019. Selection research in the study area based on the study objective revealed 14 Mincane clones with superior traits. In these selected clones, yield, number of nuts per cluster, nut characteristics, kernel characteristics, nut weight, shell thickness, kernel weight, kernel percentage, shriveled kernel, kernel cavity, blank kernel, split suture, black-tipped kernel, picola nut, lemoning, sour lemon taste, tumor ratio, good kernel, defective kernel, fibrousness, bleaching ability, perforated nut traits, and sensory and color properties were investigated. Physical traits varied greatly within the Mincane cv, and this difference was statistically significant (P˂0.001). It was concluded that the G1, G6, G4, and G11 clones were promising and that it would be useful to closely monitor the G13 clone.

Development of Specific Learning Disability Screening Scale

It is known that students with Specific Learning Disability (SLD) are noticed because of the difficulties they experience in academic lessons, especially in primary school years. Especially the difficulties they experience in reading, spelling mistakes, problems in arithmetic skills, attention problems, inability in taking responsibility and communication skills attract attention. The scale, which was developed in Turkey in order to identify students suspected of having SLD during the primary school years and between the ages of 8-11, by their teachers, is a five-points Likert type, 7-factors and 39-items measurement tool. The study was carried out with teachers working with students with Special Learning Disability in Ministry of Education and Special Education and Rehabilitation Centers in the 2019-2020 academic year. A total of 401 classroom teachers and special education teachers from Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Çorum, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Isparta, İzmir, İstanbul, Kayseri, Konya, Sivas and Trabzon provinces participated in the study. In data analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed and a seven-factors structure was found. It was determined that seven-factors explained 73,224% of the total variance. The factors were as follows: writing process, communication skills, literacy skill, taking responsibility, attention skills, arithmetic skills and skill of recognition the numbers. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.963 and the RMSEA value was 0,063.

A TOWN IN HUDÛD-I HÂKANÎ: HOPA PRISON AND PUBLIC ORDER IN THE LAST PERIOD OF THE OTTOMAN STATE

Tanzimat Fermanı’nın ilanını takip eden süreçte Osmanlı Devleti merkezî yönetimi güçlendirme anlayışı ile birlikte sosyal ve ekonomik alanda pek çok ıslahata tanıklık etmiştir. Ceza hukuku ve hapishaneler konusu hukuk alanındaki ıslahat çalışmalarından biri olmuştur. Bu ıslahatlar devletin içerden gelen ihtiyaçlarıyla ilgili olduğu kadar Batılıların talep ve baskılarıyla da ilgilidir. 19. yüzyıl boyunca olumsuz hapishane koşullarının iyileştirilmesi için çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Malî sorunlar ve yetişmiş insan eksiliğinin yarattığı imkânsızlıklar diğer alanlarda yapılmak istenen ıslahatlarda olduğu gibi hapishaneler konusundaki ilerlemeyi de olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu olumsuzluklar taşra hapishanelerinde daha fazla ve daha uzun süre kendini hissettirmiştir. Trabzon vilayetinin doğusunda yer alan ve 1878 Berlin Anlaşması’ndan sonra Rusya ile Osmanlı arasında bir sınır kasabası haline gelen Hopa kazası güvenlik konusunda hassasiyet kazanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin merkeziyetçiliğin güçlendirilmesi ve hapishaneler konusundaki ıslahatlarının bir sınır kasabası olan Hopa’daki yansımaları bu çalışmada ele alınmıştır.

Sera Gölü Tabiat Parkı’nın kullanıcı memnuniyeti açısından değerlendirilmesi

Günümüz kentlerinin yapılaşma ve artan nüfus nedenleri ile yeşil alanlara olan ihtiyacı günden güne artmaktadır. Özellikle kentlilerin rekreasyon ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması ve doğal alanlarla iç içe olabilme isteği, kent içi ve yakın çevrelerindeki kent ormanlarını, mesire alanlarını ve tabiat parklarını en çok ilgi gören doğal alanlar içine almaktadır. Tabiat parkları, doğal alanların korunmasını sağlayarak, kentlilerin bu parklardan dinlenme, izleme, okuma, piknik yapma, fotoğraf çekme, spor yapma gibi farklı biçimlerde yaralanmasına olanak sunan alanlardır. Doğal güzellikler, rekreatif çeşitlilik ve sunulan hizmetler tabiat parklarının kullanım tercihlerinde oldukça etkili parametrelerdir. Çalışmada Trabzon ili Akçaabat ilçesinin Yıldızlı mahallesinde yer alan Sera Gölü Tabiat Parkı’nda kullanıcı memnuniyetinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 1950 yılında meydana gelen heyelan neticesinde oluşan Göl’ün bitkisel dokusu ve doğal manzara güzelliği oldukça etkili peyzajlar sunmaktadır. 100 kişilik bir kullanıcı grubu ile anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak kullanıcıların Sera Gölü Tabiat Parkından gelen anlamda memnuniyet duydukları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca alanda bulunan Göl’den sadece görsel olarak yararlanabildikleri, kıyı dışında alanın yeşil dokusu içerisinde yürüyüş yolları ve seyir teraslarının yapılması isteğinin öne çıktığı belirlenmiştir.