Toxic Components In Exhaust Gases Research Articles

Simulation of alternative fuel combustion process in internal combustion engines

BACKGROUND: The tasks of improving fuel efficiency and environmental performance of engines are interrelated with the technical, economic, resource performance and reliability of their operation. AIM: In this regard, the aim is simulation of the alternative fuels combustion process. METHODS: To achieve this aim, the method for preparing a water-fuel emulsion mixed with diesel fuel has been developed and experimental studies have been carried out with the measurement of toxic components of exhaust gases from diesel engines. RESULTS: As a result of the research, the most optimal droplet sizes of water-fuel emulsions were revealed after 4–6 processing cycles with the smokiness reduction by 3 to 5 times, the NOx reduction by 2 to 3 times, the CO reduction by 20–30%, depending on the operating modes. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the research, it was found that the use of alternative fuels makes it possible to expand the fuel balance and to improve environmental performance.

Comparison of operational parameters and stability of performance of an automotive SI engine powered by methyl and ethyl alcohols

The article presents research results performed using automotive spark ignition engine run on methyl and ethyl alcohols as well as gasoline as reference fuel. The research was performed on automotive engine of Fiat 1100 MPI type. The subject of the performed analysis was to compare operational parameters of the engine such as: engine power output, overall efficiency, emission of toxic components of exhaust gases, as well as comparison of course of combustion process calculated on the basis of recorded and averaged indicator diagrams, and on the basis of individual combustion cycles. The averaged diagrams were used in analysis of the pressure course during combustion, in analysis of pressure growth rate and heat release rate. Diagrams of individual combustion served for assessment of operational smoothness of the engine when fueled with alcohols. As the reference, parameters measured in case of gasoline fueling were used. The experiments have confirmed stable engine operation on methyl and ethyl alcohols. Increase of engine power output with o 3.8-7.7% was confirmed for methanol and with 1.7-3.3% for ethanol, while increase of the efficiency with 1.5-7.5% was confirmed for methanol and with 1.2-2.5% for ethanol, comparing with gasoline fueling. Obtained results are pointing at possibilities of fueling of modern SI engines with alcohols only, especially including water-logged ethyl alcohol, obtained directly from distillery. This should increase share of alcohols in overall balance of consumed engine fuels.

Analysis of the noise emission generated by a drive unit powered by mixtures of diesel oil and fatty acid methyl ester

The sound generated by drive units is one of the aspects that are addressed in sustainable transport development strategies. The regulations of the European Union, which indicate the ecological aspect of the use of internal combustion engines as one of the most important, also refer to the level of sound emission generated by these engines. The use of alternative fuels to power combustion engines allows not only to reduce the toxic components of exhaust gases, but also to reduce the noise they generate during operation. The manuscript presents the study of a drive unit powered by mixtures of diesel oil and fatty acid methyl esters, in which the software regulations of the control system were modified. Studies have shown a decrease in the level of sound emission when powered by alternative fuels.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ БЕНЗИНОВОГО АВТОМОБИЛЯ С АНТИТОКСИЧНОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ

In the Russian Federation, unlike the European countries, where the Euro-6 standard is in effect and introduction of Euro-7 is expected until 2025, the Euro-5 standard has been adopted and the possibility of introducing Euro-6 is only being formed, but the production and technical infrastructure of the service is not ready for this. The article defines the main parameters characterizing the qualitative and quantitative difference of the fuel-air mixture and their effect on the output parameters of exhaust gas toxicity, examines in detail the areas of change in toxicity parameters when varying the main operating modes of the engine, analyzes the maximum and minimum values of toxicity parameters and possible areas of their displacement in case of changing the technical condition of engine systems. As a result of theoretical studies, it was revealed that concentration of toxic components of exhaust gases before entering the converter may be several times different from mode to mode. Such operation at the limit of the maximum degree of conversion of the catalytic converter accelerates its aging, leads to the loss of operational properties and, as a result, to deterioration in the environmental safety of the car.

APPLICATION OF BIO ADDITIVES IN DIESEL FUEL TO REDUCE CO, CH, SMOKE EMISSIONS IN AGRICULTURE

As part of the reduction of environmental emissions of tractors, combines and agricultural machinery when performing work in the agroindustrial complex, including in closed complexes for the cultivation of animals (livestock farms). The article presents proposals to improve the environmental characteristics of the diesel engine used in tractors of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the use of bioadditives from rapeseed oil for diesel engines is considered. The main directions of reducing emissions of toxic components of exhaust gases due to the addition of rapeseed oil to diesel fuel are indicated. The necessity of using bioadditives in diesel fuel to reduce emissions of CO, CH, and exhaust gases from diesel tractors when operating indoors is substantiated. A mixed fuel was used for the research. To get a mixed fuel, we mixed diesel fuel (DT) with rapeseed oil (RM). Based on the performed preliminary studies and these works, mixed fuel was prepared in the following proportions - 25% RM : 75% DT, 50% RM : 50 %DT, 75%RM : 25%DT. Rapeseed oil was obtained at ZAO Zelenogradskoye in the Pushkinsky district of the Moscow Region. The farm produces rapeseed seeds for the production of rapeseed oil, which is later used both for the confectionery industry and for livestock feed. Experimental studies have shown that the lowest content of CO, CH, in exhaust gases from diesel engines running on biofuels (25% RM:75% DT) and (50% RM:50% DT).

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Air Filter Pressure Drop on the Composition and Emission Changes of a Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engine

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion Diesel engine. A literature analysis of the methods of reducing the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases from SI engines was conducted. It has been shown that the air filter pressure drop, increasing during the engine operation, causes a significant decrease in power output and an increase in fuel consumption, as well as smoke emission of Diesel engines with the classical injection system with a piston (sectional) in-line injection pump. It has also been shown, on the basis of a few literature studies, that the increase in the resistance of air filter flow causes a change in the composition of car combustion engines, with the effect of the air filter pressure drop on turbocharged engines being insignificant. A programme, and conditions of tests, on a dynamometer of a modern six-cylinder engine with displacement Vss = 15.8 dm3 and power rating 226 kW were prepared, regarding the influence of air filter pressure drop on the composition of exhaust gases and the parameters of its operation. For each technical state of the air filter, in the range of rotational speed n = 1000–2100 rpm, measurements of exhaust gas composition and emission were carried out, as well as measurements and calculations of engine-operating parameters, namely that of effective power. An increase in the pressure drop in the inlet system of a modern Diesel truck engine has no significant effect on the emissions of CO, CO2, HC and NOx to the atmosphere, nor does it cause significant changes in the degree of smoke opacity of exhaust gases in relation to its permissible value. An increase in air filter pressure drop from value Δpf = 0.580 kPa to Δpf = 2.024 kPa (by 1.66 kPa) causes a decrease in the maximum filling factor value from ηυ = 2.5 to ηυ = 2.39, that is by 4.5%, and a decrease in maximum power by 8.8%.

Hydro-treated vegetable oil as a potential biofuel for self-ignition engines

Hydro-treating vegetable oils or animal fats is an alternative process to esterification for the production of biodiesel. Hydro-treated products are also called renewable diesel fuels. Hydro-treated vegetable oils (HVO) do not have the harmful effects of FAME biodiesel such as increased NOₓ emissions, deposit formation, storage stability problems, faster aging of the engine oil or poor cold performance. HVO are straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons which are free of aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen and sulphur and have a high cetane number. In the article below, the authors conduct a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the possibility of running compression-ignition engine on the hydro-treated vegetable oil, which is a second-generation biofuel. On its basis, the information on the assessment of emissions of selected toxic components of exhaust gases and pollutants of the injection system when the engine is powered with this type of fuel, was systematized. The article ends with conclusions from the conducted analyses.

Analysis of the Use of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as an Additive to Diesel Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

This study presents pro-ecological activities focused on an analysis of the use of biofuels as an environmentally friendly fuel. The research objects were different concentration mixtures of diesel fuel and fatty acid methyl esters, that is, transesterified plant oils. The tests involved an assessment of the performance parameters of a drive unit in a vehicle powered by diesel fuel for different mixtures of diesel oil and fatty acid methyl esters in the following proportions: 10%, 30%, 50% and 50% with chemical additives. The tests were comparative and were conducted for ‘pure’ diesel (ON). The study presents test results of selected performance parameters of the analyzed power unit. The object of the tests was a self-injection engine with a maximum power of 81 kW. The main tests which were most important for assessment of the mixtures, from the point of view of their effect on the analyzed performance parameters, involved measuring power and torque, and the toxic components of exhaust gases. Based on the obtained results, a statistical analysis was carried out, and a model for the evaluation of how the research object functions when fed with different fuel mixtures was developed. The research found which mixture can be considered the most optimal, and what the influence of individual fuel mixtures is on the analyzed performance parameters of the tested power unit.

ENSURING EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES WHICH USING EXHAUST GAS BYPASS SYSTEM

The mechanism of formation toxic components in exhaust gases during oxidation and combustion of fuel in marine internal combustion engines is considered. The system of ship engine by-pass exhaust gases 6L20 Wartsila has been observed. Upon experimental results it has been stated that the by-pass exhaust gases usage favor the ecological parameters of ships engine operation modes – by this at the range of exploitation load 0.55 … 0.85 % from nominal power the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases is decreased on 1.32 ... 12.97 %, but the specific effective fuel oil consumption is increasing to 4.13 %.

Multifaceted Comparison Efficiency and Emission Characteristics of Multi-Fuel Power Generator Fueled by Different Fuels and Biofuels

The negative effect of liquid and gaseous fuel combustion is toxic gases (i.e., carbon and nitrogen oxides NOx) and particulate matter (PM) formation. The content of harmful and toxic components of exhaust gases is strongly dependent on the quality and type of burnt fuel. Experimental research is required to verify the use of current technical and technological solutions for the production of electricity on farms, using various types of conventional fuels and biofuels. The aim of the current research was to comprehensively verify the use of commonly available fuels and biofuels without adapting the internal combustion engine. Gaseous fuels—propane-butane mixture (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) and biogas (BG)—were added to liquid fuels—methyl esters of higher fatty acids (RME) and diesel fuel (DF)—in six different power configurations to evaluate the effect on the emission of toxic gases: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitric dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM), and the efficiency of fuel conversion. The use of RME in various configurations with gaseous fuels increased the emission of oxides and reduced the emission of PM. Increasing the share of LPG and CNG significantly increased the level of NO emissions. The use of gaseous fuels reduced the efficiency of the generator, particularly in the case of co-firing with DF. For medium and high loads, the lowest decrease in efficiency was recorded for the RME configuration with BG. Taking into account the compromise between individual emissions and the configuration of RME with BG, the most advantageous approach is to use it in power generators.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ГАЗОДИЗЕЛЯ КАК МЕТОД УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ЕГО ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК

The paper shows some ways to improve the environmental characteristics of a diesel engine using gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and operating the engine in a gas-diesel cycle mode. Some possibilities to reduce toxic components of exhaust gases in a gas-diesel engine operating on liquefi ed propane-butane mixtures have been studied. Experiments carried out in a wide range of load from 10 to 100% and speed from 1400 to 2000 rpm showed that the gas-diesel engine provides a suffi ciently high level of diesel fuel replacement with gas hydrocarbon fuel. The authors indicate some eff ective ways to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases. The engine power should be adjusted by the simultaneous supply of fuel, gas and throttling the air charge in the intake manifold. This method enriches the fi rst combusting portions to reduce nitrogen oxides and maintains the depletion of the main charge within the fl ammability limits of the gas-air charge to reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The authors found that when the engine operates in a gas-diesel cycle mode, the power change provides a decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions of gas-diesel fuel only due to gas supply in almost the entire load range as compared to the pure diesel. At high loads (more than 80%) stable engine operation is ensured up to 90% of diesel fuel replaced by gas. Even at 10% of diesel fuel used the concentration of nitrogen oxides decreases by at least 15…20% as compared with a diesel engine in the entire load range. However, there is an increased emission of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases. Further experimental studies have shown that optimization of the gas diesel regulation can reduce the mass emission of nitrogen oxides contained in exhaust gases in 2…3 times and greatly reduce the emission of incomplete combustion products – carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ПІДЗЕМНОЇ І НАЗЕМНОЇ УРБАНІСТИКИ

Purpose. The aim of the study is to predict the potential risk of urban air pollution by toxic components of exhaust gases of vehicles in terms of the underground and terrestrial urban planning, in particular, street canyons, underground pedestrian crossings, underground parking lots, etc. Methods. The following research methodology was used in the work: on the basis of space-time field observations of the intensity, density and speed of traffic flows, as well as using mathematical modeling methods it was proved that urban air pollution (of the roadside space, adjacent territories of well-type yards, underground infrastructure, etc.) by toxicants, which are components of vehicle engine emissions, remains at a high, often environmentally hazardous level, and therefore requires urgent development and implementation of the appropriate precautionary measures. Results. The analysis of problems of ecological safety of city objects of terrestrial (high-traffic roads, adjacent territories) and underground (underground pedestrian crossings, garages, parking lots) urbanistics allowed to reveal direct and indirect negative influences on air environment from emissions of motor vehicles; using mathematical modeling methods to predict the fields of concentration of major toxicants and identify areas of local emergency pollution in different weather conditions, identify the most unfavorable directions and wind speeds and assess the level of environmental hazards to human health (residents of houses located in the well-type yards, pedestrians, owners of underground garages (parking lots), tenants of parking spaces, etc.). Scientific novelty. The study revealed direct and indirect negative effects of the motor transport complex on the air environment of urban territories (objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics), in particular, based on the use of mathematical modeling methods. The level of environmental danger to the health of urban residents has been assessed. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the design and construction of urban infrastructure, as well as to reduce the technogenic load on the environment and human health in existing objects of terrestrial and underground urbanistics and other city areas.

Nitrogen oxide formation with nonuniform fuel distribution in diesel engine

The high requirements for limiting the toxic components of exhaust gases of modern internal combustion engines require significant expenditures both for the improvement of existing engines and for the development and implementation of new types of engines. Some European organizations are raising the issue of limiting the use of diesel engines and even a possible cessation of their production in the next 5-10 years. This article reflects the results of studies on the formation of one of the most toxic components of exhaust gases - nitrogen oxides. The calculations were carried out according to the thermodynamic cycle model, which makes it possible to estimate the main characteristics of the operating cycle as the fuel-air charge burns out. Calculations are carried out with regards to a gas-diesel modification of an air-cooled engine with a dimension of 120 x 120 mm, which assumes the supply of the main gas-air charge through the inlet pipeline and a limited dose of diesel fuel injected into the cylinder to ignite the charge. The model shows the conditions for the burnout of the charge and the formation of nitrogen oxides in 10 equal in mass and successively burnout zones of the charge in the diesel cylinder. Calculations show that the formation of nitrogen oxides can be significantly reduced by 50 … 80% by adjusting the charge stratification scheme, that is, by changing the fuel concentration in the burnt-out portions, due to the mutual regulation of diesel and gas fuel supplies. The results of experimental verification of the calculations are presented below, which confirms the adequacy of the model. The effect in the total reduction of NOx emissions can be significantly improved by using partial charge throttling and using exhaust gas recirculation. The data obtained confirm the feasibility of further fine-tuning the working process of gas-diesel engine modifications and meeting the requirements of toxicity standards.

Influence of electromagnetic atomizers’ technical condition on power and ecological indicators of gasoline I.C.E. in operation

Productivity of electromagnetic atomizers (EMA) of gasoline engines has been defined. It is established that EMA productivity removed from engine with an operating time of 30-60 thousand km, as well as new atomizers after their washing by ultrasound can change both productivity growth and its decrease. It is shown that the content of PCO and CH in the exhaust gases of car GAZ-27040 V (run of 30 thousand km) at engine work (on idling turns) with washed MA is below concentration of the specified toxic components in exhaust gases of the motor completed by unwashed ultrasound EMA It is established that the difference in compared values of capacity and a torque, obtained in testing on dynamometric stand (subroutine Pmax, for the EMA engine before processing by ultrasound) is not significant. In the tests conducted in subroutine Vconst, the gain of capacity of the EMA engine washed out by ultrasound has been 0.04 MJ·km−1 (1.71 %).

Features of the use of methanol as adiesel fuel

The use of alcohols as motor fuel is very important both for saving fuel oil and for reducing the environmental burden. One of the most promising alcohol fuels for the internal combustion engine is methanol. Its production is possible from almost any raw material containing carbon, but the largest amount of methanol is produced in Russia from natural gas. There is an extensive raw material available for the production of methanol, and its cost is low compared to other alternative fuels. In addition, methanol can solve the problem of reducing the main, most toxic components of exhaust gases, nitrogen oxides and soot. Vyatka agricultural Academy continues to study the effect of alcohol consumption on diesel engines when they are fed with methanol using various methods. The article presents the features of using alcohol when it is used with the supply of an experimental portion of diesel fuel.

The effect of methanol combustion with separate feed in a diesel engine on emissions of toxic components

The results of the possibility of using methanol as an alternative fuel for tractor diesel engines are presented, as well as solving problems to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and other toxic components in exhaust gases. The most effective way to use methanol in internal combustion engines at present is to feed it directly into the cylinder of a diesel engine using a separate feed, which allows replacing up to 80% of oil fuel. The ignition of methanol in this case occurs due to the supply of a pilot portion of diesel fuel. This method, with some changes and additions to the design of a diesel engine, can be implemented on engines already in operation. Power and economic indicators, the content of toxic components in the exhaust gases when operating on diesel fuel and methanol with a separate feed, depending on the load change, were investigated and determined in detail. When replacing diesel fuel with methanol with a separate feed in a diesel engine, it is possible to achieve a 32% reduction in the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases and 86% on soot.

STUDY OF THE OPERATION OF THE DIESEL ENGINE 4H 11,012,5 ON MIXTURES OF DIESEL FUEL WITH BIOGAS

One of the main tasks in the operation of automotive vehicles is the development of measures to protect the environment from toxic components of exhaust gases (exhaust) of internal combustion engines. Biogas is one of the most environmentally friendly fuels for vehicles, as it produces minimal emissions of carbon dioxide and particulate matter. The gas engine runs quieter, vibration is reduced, which helps to improve the working conditions of drivers. The article is devoted to the development of new fuel compositions based on diesel fuel (DT) and biogas (BG) that meet the requirements of their application in diesel. The article is referred to effective performance of a diesel and the performance of its opacity and toxicity when operating on mixtures consisting of 85% diesel + 15% HD and 70% diesel + 30% BG at different values of the angle of installation of an advancing of injection of fuel. The results of bench tests of diesel when working on these fuel compositions are given. Based on the analysis of the experimental data, the optimal regulation of the fuel supply equipment was determined. According to the results of bench tests of diesel engine with mixtures of BG following conclusions: 1) When using diesel fuels with the addition of 15% HD and 30% BG optimum installation angle of an advancing of injection should be considered ?vpr angle=22?; 2) Operation diesel with additives 15% HD and 30% BG, the amount of heat, allows to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel, respectively, 15% and 30%; 3) The diesel engine works on mixed fuels with the addition of the BG is accompanied by a reduction in emissions from the exhaust gases of soot particles tend to be around the expected range of variation of the angle setting; 4) Work on mixed diesel fuels with the addition of BG in the whole considered range of variation of the angle of installation is accompanied by an increase of emissions in the EXHAUST gas of nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons.

Alternative fuel in the combustion process of combustion engines

Abstract The article analyses the impact of emulsified fuel, containing H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides and diesel engine smoke. The process of forming toxic components in exhaust gases of reciprocating engines during the engine operation, and the relationship that specifies the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process were presented. The research was carried out with the use of fuel containing 30%, 20% and 10% of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration courses of the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as the (CO) carbon monoxide concentration and (S) engine smoke courses were shown separately for the external characteristics of the engine. Finally, the importance of knowledge related to the mechanisms of generation of toxic components in exhaust gases in the reciprocating engines was emphasised.

The study of traffic flow on selected road network in Cracow

The paper describes the work involved in a large research project, the aim of which is estimated emissions in the Cracow agglomeration. The project envisages the identification of emission sources as well periodically change it during the year, the month and the time of day. The results of the research presented in this paper concern only preliminary estimation of traffic flows at selected points of road network of urban agglomeration. The research methodology has been developed to meet the requirements of the developed model, which takes into account the different types of sections of the Krakow road network, different time of day, different days of the week and, most importantly, different types of vehicles together with their emission categories. For practical reasons, a number of simplifications have been made, the more important of which are the merging of certain emission categories and the adoption of the average speed of movement of vehicles on the test section. The measurements were carried out by a group of about 150 trained specialists from the so called - ‘car’, with knowledge of the issues of vehicle identification in terms of emission of toxic components of exhaust gases. The measurement results will be inputs to the overall pollutant emission model.

Effect of emission measurement of toxic exhaust components of automotive vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines on the environment during mandatory check tests at vehicle inspection stations

The article describes aspects related to the impact of toxic components of exhaust gases from motor vehicles, which are equipped with spark-ignition engines for environmental pollution and a negative impact on human health. The paper presents aspects related to the structure of passenger cars in Poland and the European Union, which are in operation and subject to mandatory control tests. The methodology of performing mandatory periodic check-ups in diagnostic stations and on the basis of the developed research results also includes a group of vehicles that does not meet the legal requirements for the measurement of exhaust emissions. The results of passenger car tests in selected European Union countries have been presented.