Tourist Accommodation Research Articles

Rehabilitation of the Monastery of São João de Cabanas, Afife, Viana do Castelo

The former Monastery of São João de Cabanas stands on the south bank of the river Cabanas in the parish of Afife, municipality of Viana do Castelo (Portugal). It was founded in the Middle Ages, although the current building is the product of a reconstruction a fundamentis begun in 1725. Following the dissolution of the Portuguese monasteries it became private property and in the twentieth century it was the home of the poet and ethnographer Pedro Homem de Mello. It was classified as a Public Interest Building in 1997. The aim of the rehabilitation project was to restore the site with a view to its adaptation to a program of tourist accommodation linked to gastronomy and catering, and as a venue for events. The restoration design and works were guided by a historical study and an architectural and constructional characterization of the building along with archaeological studies and a thorough analysis of the building pathology. A knowledge of the building’s characteristics was vital to a project that was intended to be informed and holistic, with the use of traditional building details, materials and techniques, assuring the maintenance of the site’s distinctive qualities and heritage values.

Efforts to Develop Tourism Village Programs in an Effort to Improve Original Village Income in Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village, Mejono Village Plemahan District, Kediri Regency

Gronjong Wariti is a village tourism that has the characteristic of providing a tourist village as an entertainment object for tourists. The development of Gronjog Wariti Tourism Village has been attempted to develop to face a number of obstacles, including the many informal tourism managers. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The subjects are the Head of Mejono Village, the Head of the Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village Management Board, community leaders and residents of Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village. Interviews and observations are used in data collection. In this study, data analysis was carried out by collecting data, reducing data and presenting data to draw conclusions. The findings of this study explain that efforts to develop Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village can be seen from the aspects of tourist objects and attractions, tourism infrastructure, tourism facilities, and management/infrastructure management, the community. In terms of tourist objects and destinations, the village government has coordinated with the people to clean and rearrange tourist objects so that they can be visited by tourists. In terms of tourism infrastructure, the management of Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village works together with the community to provide places of worship, parking lots, toilets, food stalls, souvenir shops, and others. In terms of tourism facilities, the management of Gronjong Wariti Tourism Village has collaborated with the community to provide home accommodation and transportation services for tourists. In terms of management/infrastructure, the village government has developed a regulatory system to manage and develop tourism villages. In terms of the village community, the village government has made socialization to the community and tourism managers.

Protected areas shape the distribution of tourism across rural Europe

Abstract Protected areas (PAs) have expanded rapidly in recent decades to help mitigate the ongoing biodiversity crisis but are under increasing human pressures that jeopardize their conservation effectiveness. Tourism in PAs may galvanize efforts towards biodiversity conservation, but it can also be a major source of threats, leading to multiple adverse social and ecological impacts. Considering the recent Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which aims to protect at least 30% of terrestrial ecosystems by 2030, understanding and assessing how and which PAs shape the spatial distribution of tourism is of great importance to biodiversity management and policy. In this study, we used a geospatial data set that describes the location and capacity of tourism accommodation in 81,185 local administrative units (LAUs) covering over 28 countries across rural Europe. After estimating the number of nights spent per LAU, we modelled the influence of PAs on the distribution of tourism throughout Europe while controlling for other social, economic and environmental covariates, but also for spatial autocorrelation. We reveal a positive link between highly protected PAs and the number of nights spent by tourists in LAUs. The attractiveness of these PAs for tourists may pose a conservation paradox, that is, highly protected PAs, which aim to safeguard nature tend to attract a disproportionate number of tourists, which may lead to nature degradation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Tourist Behavior and Accommodation Preferences: Analyzing Expenditure and Stay Motives in Goa.

Tourist Behavior and Accommodation Preferences: Analyzing Expenditure and Stay Motives in Goa.

Modeling the occupancy rate and nights spent at tourism accommodations of Spain using autoregressive deep learning networks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to autoregressively model the net occupancy rate of beds and bedrooms in hotels and similar accommodations and the nights spent at these accommodations of Spain for the period of 1990–2023 using monthly data. Design/methodology/approach The monthly occupancy rate of hotels and the total number of hotel nights data of Spain for the 1990M01–2023M09 range is considered. An autoregressive deep learning network is developed for the modeling of both metrics. Moreover, the results of the proposed autoregressive deep learning method are compared to those of a classical artificial neural network. Findings The actual occupancy rate, total night data and the deep learning model results are compared showing the accuracy of the developed model. Moreover, the R2, mean absolute error, root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error of the models are calculated further demonstrating the high performance of the developed model. The R2 values higher than 0.9 are achieved for both occupancy rate and total number of hotel nights data. Practical implications The modeling results given in this paper demonstrate that the previous values of the net occupancy rate and the total number of nights can be used as inputs of a deep learning network model by which accurate forecasts can be made for the future values of the occupancy rate and the total number of hotel nights. This modeling approach possesses importance from the practical viewpoint considering that the accurate planning and forecast of the net occupancy rate and the total number of nights affect the tourism income. Originality/value This study differs from existing literature by attempting to model the occupancy rate and the total number of hotel nights data autoregressively using deep learning networks.

The Sustainable Management of Ecohotels for the Support of Ecotourism—A Case Study

Ecotourism represents a modern form of tourism that accepts the principles of sustainable development and the adequacy of the conditions of tourist destinations. The environmental awareness of all parties participating in tourism, objects, and subjects of tourism determines the development of ecotourism. Ecohotels, or “green hotels”, as an integral part of ecotourism, represent tourist accommodation facilities that have the “The Flower” certificate, their business activities minimize the impact on environmental quality. The management of ecohotels therefore implements programs and measures determining sustainable competitiveness at the local, regional, and supra-regional levels in the business in interaction with reducing the carbon footprint, water consumption, energy consumption, and waste production. They also support the use of recyclable materials and bio-products and the introduction of environmental management respecting the principles of green management in all areas of the tourism business. The competitiveness of ecohotels is in interaction with the willingness of tourists to use their pro-environmental services. The presented study is focused on the willingness of tourists to use the services of ecohotels, with an emphasis on identifying an effective strategy for supporting the development of ecotourism in the Slovak Republic. The study concentrates on the willingness of tourists to use ecohotels as part of their tourist activities based on a questionnaire survey. The study identifies the factors of strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of the use of ecohotels by tourists in supporting the development of ecotourism. Through the exact quantification of the weights of individual factors in terms of Saaty’s matrix and a SWOT analysis, an effective strategy for the use of ecohotels in supporting the development of ecotourism is defined. In recent years, the stimulation and use of tourists’ interest in environmental quality, with an emphasis on reducing negative impacts on the environment, has resonated; thus, a model of effective marketing strategy is presented.

A configurational impact assessment of pet tourism destination visit intention: application of TPB, servicescapes, and loss-aversion under prospect theory

ABSTRACT As the number of pet lovers is increasing, the tourism industry has become keenly interested in pet-friendly business environments. This study aimed to explain pet owners’ intentions to visit a pet tourism destination using diverse determinants, which were applied in three theoretical frameworks. Data were collected from a sample of 349 pet owners. Among the meaningful results, pet owners chose pet tourism destinations that offered physical environment attributes. Their intentions were salient to overcoming perceived behavioural control issues or perceived risks. Overall, pet owners revealed a strong intention to visit pet tourism accommodation if the destination provided suitable facilities or services. The results of this study are of academic and industrial significance because they relate to a new niche market: pet lovers and pet-friendly tourism businesses.

Protecting Consumer Rights in the Sharing Economy - Practice through the Airbnb Tourist Accommodation Sharing Model

The sharing economy (sharing economy) is known as a new business model compared to Vietnam and brings many benefits to the economy and society. The Vietnamese Government has initially recognized this business model and officially approved the "Project Proposal for Sharing Economic Model" which covers many fields. Besides the field of transportation, brands that can be easily known as Grab, Goviet, Be, in the field of accommodation services, there is the AirBnB model, housing sharing with the participation of many hotels and establishments. storage facility. These two areas are also the content that the topic provides the sharing economics subject to approach. AirBnB's business model in Vietnam has brought many benefits to both renters and renters. However, it also poses less public risk to users, and the issue of guardians using services in the shared economy is a matter of concern. This study analyzes the practice of AirBnB's business model from a legal perspective with the goal of clarifying the relationships and responsibilities of the entities participating in the model, especially the responsibility to protect human rights. Consumers then come up with publishing topics that are proposed to relevant parties.

INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ŁÓDŹ AND ŁÓDŹ VOIVODESHIP IN 2004–2021

The main aim of the article is to present an assessment of the dynamics and determine the trends in the tourism development in Łódź and Łódź Voivodeship in 2004-2021, as well as to compare them. Comparison of the tourism development in Łódź and Łódź Voivodeship was carried out on the calculation and analysis of integral indicators. The integral indicator was calculated based on 14 indicators grouped into three groups: 1) tourist accommodation establishments (9 indicators); 2) museums, including branches (3 indicators); 3) organization of mass events (2 indicators). Data collection by groups of indicators was carried out by the statistical observation method. As an information base, it is advisable to use official sources of information, namely data from the official website of Central Statistical Office of Poland and Regional Statistical Office in Łódź. To bring a significant number of different-quality and different-sized analytical indicators of tourism development, which were used to calculate the integral indicator, into a comparable form, they were normalized. Determination of weighting coefficients was carried out by an expert method (ranking method). The analysis allows come to conclusion about presence of common upward trend in the tourism development in Łódź and Łódź Voivodeship with elements of fluctuation in the period of 2004-2019 as well as general dramatic decline in 2020. However, compound annual growth rate of the tourism development in Łódź and Łódź Voivodeship for the analyzed period differs and equals 9,04% and 7,18% respectively. With continued investment in infrastructure, cultural and tourist projects, the region is likely to continue to grow as a popular tourist destination in the coming years. The development of tourism in Łódź and Łódź Voivodeship has been driven by a combination of the following factors: converting a rich history and cultural heritage into cultural and entertainment centers both for tourists and for the locals; significant investment in tourism infrastructure; investing in marketing, advertising and destination management; development of the entertainment industry, etc.

Law on environmental protection in tourist villages in the context of sustainable development of the tourism industry: A qualitative case study in Vietnam

After the Covid-19 pandemic, Vietnam's tourism industry welcomed 1.37 million international visitors. For the whole year 2023, the total number of international visitors will reach 12.6 million, nearly 3.5 times higher than in 2022, exceeding 57% of the original target (8 million) and reaching the adjusted target (12 -13 million views). In Vietnam, which a country which is undergoing economic development, this is a good sign for many workers and businesses, but it can create great pressure on environmental protection in many localities with tourist destinations. For example, as a destination attracting foreign tourists in Hoi A City, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam, the average amount of waste per day is nearly 100 tons; of which single-use plastic waste accounts for 15 - 23% (Thu Huong 2022). In order to prevent and minimize environmental pollution in tourist villages, the Goverment of Vietnam has issued many different documents such as: Decree No. 08/2022/ND-CP orienting no circulation after 2025 and using single-use plastic products and non-biodegradable plastic packaging in tourist areas and destinations; Decision No. 1316/QD-TTg Project to strengthen plastic waste management in Vietnam also points out that by 2025, 100% of tourist resorts and accommodation establishments will not use single-use plastic products and plastic bags which are so hard to decompose. In addition, the Government has also issued a set of criteria guiding environmental protection for tourism establishments and services in tourist areas and destinations, with instructions on minimizing plastic waste...However, around the issue of environmental protection in tourist villages in Vietnam, there are still problems that need to be solved. Through qualitative analysis method, the authors will analyze and propose solutions to remove regulations related to environmental protection mechanisms in tourist villages, aiming at sustainable development of the tourism industry towards a circular economy in the current period.

Simulation of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic for Tourist Accommodation Villa as a Mean to Promote Green Tourism in Bali – Indonesia

Abstract Indonesian government renewable energy mix can be accelerated if tourism industry also contributes to the generation of green electricity such as rooftop solar PV, especially for Bali Province as the world tourist destination with thousands of accommodations spread across the Bali island. In this research, the feasibility analysis to implement rooftop solar PV in Sanctoo Suite and Villa located in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province was carried out using Helioscope software simulation. The design was aimed to maximizing the benefit of free rooftop space with financial investment cost of installation. It was determined to reduce electricity bill of 345 kVA load capacity of the villa operation. Based on the simulation, the rooftop solar capacity of 69.3 kWp was available. Furthermore, the energy output generated by the rooftop solar PV annually was around 106.4 MWh. From financial analysis, the monthly electricity bill saving achieved was on average around 12 %. Further calculation on NPV and IRR shows positive value for feasible investment. It was estimated that the payback period for the investment will be around 18 years. These results showed that installation of rooftop solar PV for tourist accommodation is feasible and will promote green tourism for the industry in Bali.

Penal heritage hotels as sites of conscience?: Exploring the use and management of penal heritage through adaptive reuse

Decommissioned penal buildings have become a nascent form of heritage hotels. However, they remain under-researched within tourism and hospitality research despite the growing literature concerning prison tourism. While current discourse remains conflicted over the use of penal heritage for tourist experiences, this research note applies adaptive reuse theory to explore the use and management of penal heritage for tourist accommodation. In doing so, this study responds to calls for further research into heritage hotels, and specifically penal heritage buildings used in non-museum functions. Site visits and interviews informed the study's findings, which revealed a range of influences for how penal heritage is used and managed through adaptive reuse, thereby demonstrating the potential of penal heritage hotels to serve as sites of conscience.

The COVID 19 Pandemic and the Tourism Accommodation Subsector: Impacts, Suggesstions and Experiences

The COVID 19 Pandemic and the Tourism Accommodation Subsector: Impacts, Suggesstions and Experiences

Embracing Business Sustainability: The Case of Small and Micro Tourist Accommodation In The Upper East Region

Purpose: This study holds significant importance as it delves into the degree to which small and micro tourist businesses (SMTBs), particularly small lodging businesses in the Upper East Region of Ghana, have adopted the concept of sustainability. This investigation is crucial for understanding the current state of sustainability in the tourism industry. Design/Methodology/ Approach: This study employed a purposive sampling technique and conducted a comprehensive survey of 196 lodging facility owner-managers. The responses of 144 participants were meticulously examined to gauge the level of sustainability embraced by their companies. A 5-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much so), was used to measure the responses. The statistical techniques of ANOVA and frequency analysis were employed to investigate and test the means of the variables and their significance across business categories. Findings: The findings revealed that, depending on the type of business, there are notable variations in the following areas: 1) attitude toward accepting sustainability; 2) application of sustainability for their enterprises; and 3) understanding of the obstacles to applying sustainability among owner-managers of lodging houses. Research Limitation/Implication: This study was only exploratory due to some practical constraints and methodological limitations that prevented the inclusion of a wide range of sectors. It also focused on SMTBs in only the Upper East Region of Ghana. Practical Implication: A policy foundation is necessary for small businesses to respond dynamically to changing business and social environment trends. For example, environmental marks in the manufacturing industry, environmental tourism management practices, and environmental tourism consumption experiences should be introduced and rewarded, and related promotion measures should be specified. Social Implication: The study recommends policy options for improving SMTB sustainability and how their establishments can impact the environment and society. Originality/Value: The study's originality is how SMBTs respond to environmental sustainability concerning their business characteristics at the local level. Secondly, the Upper East Region of Ghana has many tourism businesses; hence, there is a need to understand the concept of sustainable tourism specifically applied to business activities.

Survival Probability of Tourist Accommodation Establishments in Romania in Relation to the Action of Some Relevant Factors

The units with tourist functions in Romania have a variable duration of activity resulting from the actions of different factors, but which can be analysed mathematically through survival analysis models. The number of establishments offering accommodation for tourism purposes in Romania exceeds 22,000, and the data indicated by the Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism on the companies that manage them are the inputs of the study. These allowed for the creation of a statistical database showing the total operating time from establishment to the present or to the cessation of activity. Grouping was carried out according to the type of establishment, the location of the companies in rural or urban areas, their belonging to a geographical region of Romania and classification according to the comfort category. The drawing up of evolution curves describing the probability of survival of the establishments, distinctly for the groups mentioned, and the statistical analysis to establish the significance of the differences between the groups provide information that allows for determining and understanding how certain factors influence the chances of survival of the tourist establishment. The type of accommodation unit, the region of development in which the unit is located and the category of comfort are the factors that have a statistically significant influence on the probability of survival of these units. The location of tourism units in rural or urban areas is not a relevant factor. Knowledge of the actions of these factors allows for optimising the measures taken at the start of an activity in the tourism industry. These can result in improving the survivability of tourism. Sustainable tourism involves developing and supporting different forms of tourism by implementing activity management at both the accommodation unit level and at the locality, regional or whole tourist area level. The survival and continuity of the tourism business on the market and, at the same time, respect for the natural, social and economic integrity of the environment can ensure the rational exploitation of natural and cultural resources for future generations.

Analysis of current state and development trends of the tourism sector in the regions of the North Caucasus, Russia

The territory of the south of Russia, within which the North Caucasus Federal District is located, is a most suitable zone for the development of tourism and recreation due to its natural, climatic and geographical components. In this regard, identifying the potential of the tourism sector in the North Caucasian Federal District as one of the promising areas is an urgent task under modern geopolitical conditions.To analyze the level of saturation of the tourist infrastructure of accommodation and the demand for its services in the North Caucasus Federal District, the following indices were calculated: the number of places for tourist accommodation per 1000 permanent residents; number of tourists staying in accommodation facilities per 1 sq. km of territory; number of tourists staying in accommodation facilities per 1000 permanent residents; number of places to accommodate tourists per 1 sq. km. territories.Based on the analysis of the state and development of the tourism sector, as well as the calculated values of tourism infrastructure indices, the main trends in the development of the tourism sector and the problems of its functioning have been identified, which will make it possible to more effectively manage the existing unique tourist, recreational and ethnocultural potential of the territory.The positive dynamics of the main indicators in recent years indicates an increase in the attractiveness and competitiveness of the North Caucasian Federal District as a tourist destination. The analysis of statistical data allows us to draw conclusions about the reorientation of tourist flows from the central regions of Russia to the regions of the North Caucasus.

The impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on accommodation preferences in Italy: a temporal and geographical analysis (2018-2022)

The spread of the Coronavirus has triggered a global crisis, significantly altering global geopolitical balance. The pandemic has profoundly disrupted the performance of the global economy, causing disruption and losses in all sectors. Once the lockdown period was over, economic production and the labor market began a delicate process of adaptation to new conditions. The tourism sector, due to the restrictions imposed to reduce national and international flows, has suffered a significant impact and has been forced to reinvent itself through new travel methods. This study aims to analyze the adaptation of the tourism sector, with attention to preferences relating to accommodation facilities. The analysis focuses on the partial replacement, during the holiday organization phase, of traditional hotel establishments with more open-space solutions, such as campsites and tourist villages. The data provided by ISTAT as part of the Occupancy in tourist accommodation establishment, relating to the period 2018-2022, is used. This time frame includes the years before the pandemic, the years characterized by the spread of the virus and the subsequent recovery period. At first, the situation at national level during the years considered is examined. Subsequently, the analysis is deepened at a regional level, in order to understand the trend in the four Italian geographical macro-areas: Northern Italy, Central Italy, Southern Italy and Insular Italy. This subdivision allows us to precisely identify the regions that follow a trend in line with the national one and those that deviate from it. The main objective of the study is to analyze consumers' choices during the pandemic, investigating whether the latter has actually permanently changed their preferences, or whether we are witnessing a return to habits prior to the health crisis. Through this analysis, we intend to provide a detailed and articulated vision of the impact of the pandemic on Italian tourism dynamics, contributing to the understanding of the changes taking place in the sector and future prospects.

Optimizing Tourism Accommodation Offers by Integrating Language Models and Knowledge Graph Technologies

Online platforms have become the primary means for travellers to search, compare, and book accommodations for their trips. Consequently, online platforms and revenue managers must acquire a comprehensive comprehension of these dynamics to formulate a competitive and appealing offerings. Recent advancements in natural language processing, specifically through the development of large language models, have demonstrated significant progress in capturing the intricate nuances of human language. On the other hand, knowledge graphs have emerged as potent instruments for representing and organizing structured information. Nevertheless, effectively integrating these two powerful technologies remains an ongoing challenge. This paper presents an innovative deep learning methodology that combines large language models with domain-specific knowledge graphs for classification of tourism offers. The main objective of our system is to assist revenue managers in the following two fundamental dimensions: (i) comprehending the market positioning of their accommodation offerings, taking into consideration factors such as accommodation price and availability, together with user reviews and demand, and (ii) optimizing presentations and characteristics of the offerings themselves, with the intention of improving their overall appeal. For this purpose, we developed a domain knowledge graph covering a variety of information about accommodations and implemented targeted feature engineering techniques to enhance the information representation within a large language model. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted a comparative analysis against alternative methods on four datasets about accommodation offers in London. The proposed solution obtained excellent results, significantly outperforming alternative methods.

Construction of the tourist sentiment dictionary for hotels to mining tourist demands: Based on Macao’s hotel reviews from Agoda

<p><span lang="AZ-LATIN">Tourist hotels (or tourist accommodations) are located near tourist attractions, primarily serving tourists. In recent years, with the gradual improvement of people’s living standards around the globe, tourists’ demands and standards for tourist hotel construction have been rising accordingly. In the context of technologization and informatization, various hotel booking platforms (Agoda, Booking, Trip, etc.) cover a large amount of review data in evaluating systems to reflect tourists’ demands. Meanwhile, identifying demand-oriented reviews and extracting core consumer demands from them is crucial for optimizing hotel services and enhancing tourist satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the demands of tourists in tourist hotels from the perspective of text sentiment analysis and takes Macao, a famous tourist destination, as an example, based on reviews of tourist hotels on the Agoda site platform. Specifics are as follows: (1) Based on pointwise mutual information (PMI) and information entropy (IE), it realizes the identification of sentiment words in the field of tourist hotels and constructs a sentiment dictionary to address the problem of poor relevance between word segmentation results; (2) It summarizes the five types of reviews containing tourist demands (positive, negative, suggestion, demand, and comparison) and their characteristics to solve the ambiguity of texts and further accurately reveal the main demands of tourists; (3) It classifies tourist demands and group similar tourist demands into the same categories to address the problem of multiple expressions for the same demand. The present study provides empirical experiences from Macao’s hotels and contributes to the literature on text sentiment analysis in tourist hotels. Furthermore, the study results could enhance the mining accuracy and provide a detailed summarization of consumer demands and directions for the sustainable optimization improvement of tourist services.</span></p>

Residents’ preferences for tourism development in a protected area: a choice experiment

Purpose This study aims to reveal residents’ individual perceptions of nature-based destination development and preferences for infrastructure and tourism superstructure development among communities that rely heavily on wildlife tourism. Design/methodology/approach A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was used among the Maasai community based in the villages and towns near the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. The attributes included type of tourism accommodation, location of tourism accommodations, types of access roads (tarmac or marram), tourist numbers and desired land-use options (between tourism development, livestock grazing and agriculture). A DCE analysis with hierarchical Bayes estimation was performed. Findings It revealed that the introduction to land-use restrictions and the location of tourism accommodations were the most important attributes for the respondents, with average importance values of 30.36% and 24.02%, respectively. A significant less important attribute was the types of access roads with an average importance of just 8.38%. Cluster analysis revealed widespread heterogeneity in preferences. Research limitations/implications The survey-based DCE was conducted in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and therefore may not be relevant in other contexts. The focus was also only on the residents’ preferences. The findings broaden the knowledge on tourism developments and residents’ support for development and management of protected areas. Practical implications For policymakers, conservation practitioners and tourism businesses, this study provides a source of reference for understanding the development preferences of the Maasai community. In general, the study contributes to a better understanding of local communities in relations to tourism development and residents’ support for developments and management of protected areas (PAs). Originality/value This study fills the gap in the literature on tourism development and residents’ support for developments in PAs by presenting some limits of acceptable and desirable use of PAs among a community that has a complex coexistence with a wildlife tourism destination. It provides an alternative perspective for future research by examining residents’ choice towards destination development and preferences for infrastructure and tourism superstructure development using an experimental approach.