Tourism Ecosystem Research Articles

Global Tourism and COVID-19

The world is facing an unprecedented situation with COVID-19. The normal functioning of economies has been completely interrupted with the lockdowns in place. The consequences of pandemic have been deeply felt across the entire global tourism ecosystem. Travel restrictions that were put in place to reduce the outbreak of coronavirus, affected various sectors of every economy. Since recovery of tourism is crucial for the turnaround of any economy, this study aims to provide an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on global tourism and highlighted the ways that can lead the path of revival of the sector. To make this assessment, the paper studied three associated industries of tourism viz. airlines; hospitality with special focus on the hotel segment; and the MSMEs involved directly in tourism related business. Region-wise analysis reveals that the Asia-Pacific zone has been the worst affected followed by the Middle East. As countries are opening up their borders and encouraging tourism, the sector is facing the challenge of rebuilding the consumer confidence in order to promote future tourism. Hence, the paper also provides an overview of policy decisions taken worldwide which will be crucial for sustenance of the global tourism sector.

Survey Kriteria Standar Usaha 7 Lokasi Wisata di Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Tahun 2019

As one of the leading destinations, Labuan Bajo offers several natural tourist attractions that are no less interesting. However, some destinations do not yet have a tourism ecosystem management that can balance ethics, aesthetics, economy, and locality to create excellence in quality tourist destinations. The University of Flores' research team has conducted a survey of standard facilities or standard criteria in 7 tourist sites in the West Manggarai district. The seven locations include Tado Village, Melo Traditional Village, Padar Island, Komodo Island, Rangko Cave, Batu Cermin Cave, Senanggoang Lake. The survey conducted aims to capture tourist destinations from three aspects, namely product, service, and management. Based on the results of the survey that has been conducted, it can be said that: several standard facilities in 7 tourist destinations have not been met. Suggestions are given to the Regency Government and managers of tourist destinations in West Manggarai Regency to work together to procure existing facilities and facilities so that tourism objects in the 7 locations become more organized and advanced.

Monitoring of the tourism village of the mount merapi slope area through the global sustainable tourism council (gstc) snapshoot assessment system

The Indonesian government through the Ministry of Tourism has a big agenda related to the development of sustainable tourism destinations, namely Indonesia must be a benchmarking of sustainable tourism in Southeast Asia. The program began in 2015 with the signing of a memorandum of understanding with 20 Districts / Cities as a form of local government commitment to encourage sustainable tourism development. This study is to find out how the monitoring system is carried out in tourism ecosystems, consists of: destinations, local governments and local universities running and in accordance with predetermine Ed standards. The monitoring system in this study focused more on the standards determined by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC), namely on the management standards of tourism destinations and environmental management. A monitoring system focused on how tourism destinations attempt to reduce disaster risk. The study location took samples in the southern slopes of Merapi, namely in the Turi sub-district, which is the area that has the most tourist villages among the other sub-districts in Sleman Regency. This study method was carried out through snapshoot assessment and observation through sustainable tourism development indicators consisting of 4 standards, 42 criteria and 102 indicators. Assessment is based on the results of self-assessment. Assessment is given for each element in each standard, where each standard will be given a Likert scale value from 1-7. The criteria used are standard environmental management criteria that are in accordance with the provisions of the determined GSTC, which includes further monitoring with standard D, namely maximizing the benefits for the environment and minimizing negative impacts which consist of: D1 Environmental Risk, D2 Sensitive Environmental Protection, D4 Greenhouse Gas Emission, D11 Light and Sound Pollution, D12 Environmentally Friendly Transportation. Research results indicate that tourism destinations already have standards in destination management and environmental management, but have not carried out overall practices within the framework of sustainable tourism development, especially in standard D.

The Implementation of Halal Tourism Ecosystem Model in Borobudur Temple as Tourism Area

Borobudur as one of the top wonderful destinations in the world is challenged to become one of halal tourism destinations in Indonesia. The purposes of this research are to find out and to launch the implementation of halaltourism ecosystem model in Borobudur Temple as tourism area in Indonesia. This research used a descriptive method. The researcher investigated the implementation of halal tourism ecosystem model in the Borobudur temple as tourism area by examining the variables of halal tourism ecosystems. It consisted of four dimensions. They are destination products, government support, human resources, and infrastructure. The main data is collected by using interviews and addressing of Borobudur Temple Tourism Park management, Tourism Business People that concerned with halal certification, LPPT (Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory) University of Gajah Mada, Indonesian Ulama chapter Jogjakarta, Culture and Tourism Region of Jogjakarta. The tools of data collection are the checklist and literature study to grab the secondary data. The result shows that Halal Tourism destination product, including the availability of halal attraction, facility, accessibility, program, and the package are not available completely. However, the support aspect from the government is not optimal in supporting Borobudur as halal tourism destination. Based on human resources aspect, there is founded that in some aspects such as the availability of human resources that understand of tourism is very poor or almost none. Besides, based on infrastructure aspect, there is founded that research and development aspects have not been carried out optimally.

Modeling the development of the tourism industry in the smart age of globalization through transnational cooperation and capacity building

The relevance of the chosen topic is related to the growing interest of researchers in technologies and mechanisms of growth of new touristic opportunities in the smart era of society, features of its impact on national policies in order to achieve strategic socio-economic goals of the countries both for domestic territories and along the path of development of geoeconomic strategies in the global space. In addition the relevance of the research direction is enhanced by the fact that tourism is one of the sectors of the world economy that has suffered the most from restrictions on movement during the pandemic crisis. The European Commission has recently presented a series of proposals setting out the foundations of the EU economy and society suitable for the digital age, outlining the development of a genuine European data space and offering a European approach to new technologies. The new industrial strategy and the SME strategy (adopted on March 10, 2020) identify the path to digital transformation to empower industry and small and medium-sized enterprises. The latest strategic communication of the European Commission “Tourism and Transport for 2020 and beyond” emphasizes the role of digital transformation and sustainability. This involves investing in digital skills and promoting digital innovation, as well as linking the tourism business and businesses to existing data spaces, technology providers, and community actors at the local and regional levels. To determine the possibilities of further evelopment of the industry, ithe article proposes a factor model of the total revenue from tourism activities, taking into account regional changes in tourist flow, provide recommendations for the effective development of the industry with account of future trands of tourism industry and ecosystem development. These issues are equally pertinent both for tourism, given the advantages innovative, new technologies can bring to tourism destinations and for businesses, local communities and travellers. They can facilitate tourism management both at destination and business level, contributing to balanced and sustainable growth of tourism in post Pandemic time. New smart technologies can help businesses provide more personalised services and therefore enhance the tourism experience.

윤리적 관광을 통한 관광생태계의 공진화에 관한 연구: 관광객과 목적지간의 관계를 중심으로

This study explores whether the co-evolution of the tourism ecosystem could be realized through ethical tourism. For this purpose, 286 ecotourists were surveyed. Employing a Structural Equation Model, the structural relationship between ethical tourism, personal development and regional development was verified. The analysis results are as follows. First, the more concrete the tourists were aware of ethical tourism, the more positive it was for personal development. Second, the more tourists perceive personal development, the more positive it has had for regional development. Finally, ideological ethics tourism, perceived by tourists, was significant between ecological sustainability and meaningless to economic sustainability. In summing up the results, it was confirmed that the reciprocal altruism propensity is manifested when tourism actors practice ethical values. This suggests that ethical tourism is a variable that can lead tourists and tourist destinations to co-evolution. In addition, as personal development shows a strong positive relationship for regional development, tourists and community groups can see that among the types of co-evolution, it is cooperative and altruistic co-evolution.

지역 스마트관광 생태계 구축을 위한 정책 우선순위 분석

The purpose of this study was to derive the factors for establishing regional smart tourism ecosystems through AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and to evaluate its importance and priority. The AHP hierarchical structure consisted of 4 main determinants with 19 attributes. The data were collected from 33 smart tourism experts (private companies, public sector, academia) in the Busan area. As a result of AHP analysis, the priority of each high-level factor in the hierarchical structure was in the order of smart tourism support policy, smart tourism ICT development, smart tourism service strategy, and smart tourism governance. The result shows that support policy is the most important in establishing regional smart tourism ecosystems. Top-level and low-level factors for each high-level factor were legal innovation, platform development, convenience, and sustainable management. This study is meaningful in that it has systematized existing smart tourism ecosystems research and presented the criteria for objective judgment in decision-making for regional smart tourism policies and establishing strategic projects.

Has tourism the resources and answers to a more inclusive society?

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the various papers in this issue and explain the pertinence of the strategic question. Design/methodology/approach A brief context for the strategic question is provided, as well as the issue alignment and a content analysis of the papers selected. Findings From the analysis of the papers selected for this theme issue, it becomes clear that destinations should reflect and work in a new model of tourism – more sustainable, innovative, responsible and supportive – adding value to the tourism ecosystem. Originality/value From various angles of analysis, the papers selected for this issue shed light on a relevant problem: the importance of tourist destinations in adopting a more inclusive approach. All tourist agents need to maintain their commitment to work together to promote universal accessibility and inclusiveness.

Tourism – ten possible solutions for a more inclusive society

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically review the contributions made by the writing team for this theme issue and to present the main ideas, lines of action and implications for a model of inclusive tourism. Design/methodology/approach A content analysis of the papers selected for this issue was performed so as to identify the most relevant contributions made by the authors. Findings From the analysis of the papers in this theme issue, it is clear that destinations need to reflect on and work towards a new model of tourism – more sustainable, innovative, responsible and supportive – adding value to the tourism ecosystem. Originality/value The papers in this theme issue shed light on the importance for tourist destinations of adopting a more inclusive approach. All tourist actors need to maintain their commitment to work together to promote universal accessibility and inclusiveness and this can be characterized via a new model of positive tourism.

The creative and cultural tourism ecosystem: A conceptual model

The creative and cultural tourism ecosystem: A conceptual model

A Sustainable Management Model for Cultural Creative Tourism Ecosystems

This article proposes a novel management model for cultural, creative, and historic tourism cities. The creation of the model is based on previous literature and in the study of Barrio de las Letras, in Madrid, to identify the key components to successfully develop creative tourism ecosystems. The model integrates the literature on city center management and, unlike previous studies, incorporates missing elements, such as the role of small businesses associations and collaboration networks among diverse stakeholders to develop a cultural–historic tourism ecosystem. This model represents a proposal that supports the coexistence of the private and public sector and sustainable governance models that integrate the inhabitants of city centers with the economic activity generated by urban tourism. The model was developed by an analysis of secondary sources, interviews with key informants, and questionnaires of entrepreneurs located in a recently invigorated cultural and historic neighborhood. The contribution of knowledge offered by this paper is the proposition of a management model that can aid town centers to create competitive cultural/creative/historic tourism ecosystems while still preserving the sustainability of their social/commercial fabric. Therefore, the collaboration of cultural organizations, hospitality industry and retail can promote cultural, creative, and sustainable management model of historic urban centers.

Information Technology Infrastructure for Smart Tourism in Da Nang City

A smart tourism system has an important role in using information and communication technology to form an intelligent tourism ecosystem, build a high-quality tourism industry to serve tourists, contributing to sustainable economic development. An integrated database is an important platform that provides information for destinations in smart tourism development. In line with current tourism development needs, a database should be built in the direction of integrating the largest information possible. The information contained in it should cover many aspects of the visitors' requirements including location and spatial relations as well as object specification features. In order to have a truly smart tourism environment, certain investments in database development are really necessary for localities that want to develop this trend. The database is built for smart tourism based on GIS (geographic information systems). It is a new direction with the development of IT infrastructure, not outside of building smart cities.

Effect of Knowledge Sharing and Digital Management to Performance on Ecotourism in Ranong Province, Thailand

Ecotourism is the combination of ecosystem and tourism. Ecosystem tourism includes travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Present study wants to establish the link between knowledge sharing, information and communication technology (ICT) and ecotourism performance with mediation of tourist attraction and digital management system among employees of ecotourism provider companies in Ranong province of Thailand. Data is collected through questionnaire survey method and via dropdown technique. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used in this study for data analysis. Results indicate that knowledge sharing related to ecotourism and ICT has positive significant impact on ecotourism performance and on tourist attraction and digital management system respectively. Tourist attraction has positive significant impact on ecotourism performance but not mediate the relation. Digital management system mediates the relation and also has the positive significant impact on ecotourism performance. Practitioners should focus on knowledge sharing variable, ICT and digital management system for increasing the ecotourism performance among ecotourism provider companies in Ranong province of Thailand.

Interorganizational learning in the tourism industry: conceptualizing a multi-level typology

PurposeWhile the importance of interorganizational learning (IOL) as a resource for strategic renewal has been acknowledged in research, limited attention has been placed on exploring IOL in complex networks or ecosystems. This paper aims to bridge this gap in literature through conceptualizing IOL in the tourism industry at the micro, meso and macro levels of the ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies a narrative literature review to explore the tourism industry and IOL. Through insights which evolved from literature, exploratory typologies and propositions were developed forming the basis of the multi-level typology of interorganizational learning in the tourism industry.FindingsBased on the multi-level typology of interorganizational learning in the tourism industry, market actors may develop in isolation, in clusters or networks, with the aggregate output of these formations constituting the basis of the tourism ecosystem. Within the multi-layers of the tourism ecosystem, IOL may be subdivided into seven distinct typologies, with learning ranging from active, passive, interactive to asymmetric. Each typology of IOL is subsequently influenced by relational ties, which may range from collaborative to competitive, and power distribution, which may lead to symmetric or asymmetric relationships.Originality/valueThe novelty of this paper lies in an ecosystem perspective of IOL in the tourism industry, outlining the multi-level nature of IOL in a destination.

Destination branding and co-creation: a service ecosystem perspective

PurposeDrawing on the service-dominant logic and the institutional theory, this paper aims to explore the value-creating mechanisms of branding in the destination context and the brand co-creation process at and between different levels of a service ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory research design was used to generate qualitative data from 18 in-depth interviews with important stakeholders and investigate how and why brand co-creation is fostered in the service ecosystem.FindingsThe study proposes a stepwise process of strategic imperatives for brand co-creation in the destination context. It presents the multi-directional flows of the brand meaning across levels of the tourism ecosystem and thereby interprets stakeholders’ efforts to co-create sustainable brands that gain prominence in the global tourism arena.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research might validate the framework in a quantitative research setting. The extended analysis of the value-creating ecosystem could investigate the role of institutions and brand value propositions across levels.Practical implicationsAcknowledging their limited control over the brand co-creation process, tourism practitioners are offered step-by-step guidance to help shape a destination brand that may retain relevance in the tourists’ minds. Critical insights are provided into resource sharing between actors and subsequent responsibilities for a sustainable destination branding strategy.Originality/valueThe paper considers the significance of the various levels in the ecosystem and the underlying mechanisms of brand co-creation in a somewhat neglected branding domain.

Effect of Knowledge Sharing and Digital Management to Performance on Ecotourism in Ranong Province, Thailand

Ecotourism is the combination of ecosystem and tourism. Ecosystem tourism includes travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Present study wants to establish the link between knowledge sharing, information and communication technology (ICT) and ecotourism performance with mediation of tourist attraction and digital management system among employees of ecotourism provider companies in Ranong province of Thailand. Data is collected through questionnaire survey method and via dropdown technique. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used in this study for data analysis. Results indicate that knowledge sharing related to ecotourism and ICT has positive significant impact on ecotourism performance and on tourist attraction and digital management system respectively. Tourist attraction has positive significant impact on ecotourism performance but not mediate the relation. Digital management system mediates the relation and also has the positive significant impact on ecotourism performance. Practitioners should focus on knowledge sharing variable, ICT and digital management system for increasing the ecotourism performance among ecotourism provider companies in Ranong province of Thailand.

A Study on the Role of Web 4.0 and 5.0 in the Sustainable Tourism Ecosystem of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

This research discusses the role of Web 4.0 and 5.0 devices on the commercial sustainability for tourism in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. The study adopts a tourist perspective regarding the future implementation of Web 4.0 and 5.0 devices, focusing on the service quality of various tourism-associated services and assessing, in return, the extent to which the overall satisfaction and long-term patronage of tourists is affected. Usually, researchers conduct this test in various popular establishments where devices are intended for experimental use and tourists are supposed to have previous exposure to them, so that their perceptual thinking regarding the service quality of these devices can be studied. The tourists act as respondents for various establishments. We also asked subjective questions in a short interview to 10 professionals working in these establishments, which helped us in the quantitative survey process. As a mixed method study, it has covered both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the items and provided a holistic result. The results indicated that Web 4.0 and 5.0, along with the service quality offered by personnel working in the establishments, showed significant variance in holistic service evaluation for tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Very few service quality factors had a distinct variance in the output. After using a regression analysis for Web 4.0 and 5.0 devices and service quality, we found that Web 4.0 and 5.0 showed insignificant negative results. This study contributes to the incremental research on Web 1.0 to 5.0, specifically detailing how it affects tourists’ satisfaction and patronage. Moreover, from a management point of view, this study can help solve the financial riddle of various establishments in HCMCs tourism ecosystem for optimum fund management and better productivity.

Visitor environmental impact on protected natural areas: An evaluation of the Huaytapallana Regional Conservation Area in Peru

Protected natural areas, especially regional conservation areas, are important for preserving biodiversity, ecosystem services and recreation. The Huaytapallana Regional Conservation Area in the Junín region of Peru is a mountain ecosystem providing hydrological, cultural, and tourism ecosystem services to the population. This study evaluated the environmental impact of visitors on two tourist trails (one vehicular and one pedestrian) and two ritual zones in this area using a Leopold matrix. Sample plots were previously installed of 20 × 25 m (subdivided into five sub-plots) systematically distributed. Organic and inorganic waste was quantified. The overall environmental impact of visitors in the natural environment was negative (−-532) with soil, air, and wild fauna the most affected; on the other hand, socioeconomic factors were positive overall (504).

A New Framework to Build a Touristic Strategy in Global Destination Management

Globalization age led to creation of new markets and to unveil new scenarios. This contingency highlighted the existence of a broader range of tourist offerings; a factor which, frequently, has undermined the most traditionally established destinations. The model of new destinations must not ignore the peculiarities of territories on they insist creating a unique amalgam and differentiating it from other neighboring or similar destinations. Due to this proliferation of factors that destabilize the governance of tourism management models in the public and private sector, it is necessary to start an analysis of government indicators that consider peculiar aspects of destination management in the era of globalization. For these reasons we conducted an analysis of the business-economic literature about the themes of tourism and governance in tourist destinations and we selected a set of indicators to describe, assess and control extended, slow and sustainable destinations. In this work, we want to illustrate a heuristic approach to build glocal destination based on the pillars of extended, slow and sustainable tourism. From the results of the literature analysis it will be possible to create a framework to build a tourist strategy in glocal destination management, useful to implementation of territorial tourism strategies for both institutional, public and private actors. The use of the key factors of the model could favor the insertion of new tourist routes respecting the cornerstones of the tourism ecosystem of sustainability.

Inventarisasi Konsep Ekosistem Pariwisata Dalam Pengembangan Destinasi Wisata Berkelanjutan: Kasus Waduk Walahar, Kabupaten Karawang

Development in tourism supposed to be development of tourism destinations. There are three main components of tourism destinations that play an important role in the development, which are: tourists, local people (hosts), and the destination itself. This study was designed to record the components of the tourism ecosystem in the Walahar Tourism Destination, Karawang Regency. Walahar is known as a culinary destination in Karawang Regency. This research is expected to produce a model for developing sustainable culinary tourism destinations. The research was compiled with a preliminary stage compiling a profile of all tourism potentials, attractions, and gastronomic tourism products, and the level of readiness of the local community, in the study area. The expected research result is the inventory of the ecosystem components involved in the Walahar culinary destination. The identification of the tourism subsystem in Walahar Village shows that only one of the twelve subsystems qualifies as a tourism destination. Therefore the development of Walahar as a tourism destination requires government’s effort. The development of Walahar as a destination also seems to be a solution to improve the quality of the environment by improving sanitation and environmental hygiene.