Total Waste Volume Research Articles

Analysis of the state of the solid municipal waste management system in St. Petersburg over the past 25 years

The article examines the state of the waste management system in St. Petersburg over the past 25 years. It is shown that over 25 years, the environmental damage to the waste management system in St. Petersburg has increased 2.22 times, which indicates that the system has not been practically improved over the past years. Throughout the 25 years under consideration, the bulk of the solid municipal waste generated in St. Petersburg has been exported to the landfill, which is approximately 88 % of their total amount. The remaining 12 % is processed into compost at waste recycling plants. At the moment, in St. Petersburg there is a system for collecting hazardous waste from the population, which includes: hazardous waste collection points "Ecopoints", mobile hazardous waste collection points "Ecomobiles", metal terminals for receiving hazardous waste "Ecoterminals", as well as those designed to receive spent batteries, i.e. batteries "Ecoboxes" installed in specially selected places convenient for citizens. The work of the city's hazardous waste collection system from the population has been carried out since 2010, it is being improved, and is aimed at extracting hazardous waste generated by residents of St. Petersburg from the total volume of solid municipal waste generated by them. In conclusion, it is concluded that in the future in St. Petersburg it is necessary to develop directions for reducing the amount of waste exported to landfills by separating organic fraction from the main stream of municipal solid waste coming for processing, separating hazardous waste from them, as well as using high-quality sorting and deep processing of incoming solid streams municipal waste with the extraction of useful fractions from them, which can be used as secondary raw materials and for energy production

Quantification of waste in schools: A case study in Danang City, Vietnam

BACKGROUND AND AIM Waste is a major problem that can affect the environment and health; especially in developing countries where there is often a lack of an appropriate system for waste treatment. Understanding the current situation of waste, its common type and amount are important to develop appropriate strategies for waste control, especially in a school-based setting. This study has been conducted to identify common types of waste that are disposed in schools and quantify such waste. METHODS This study used an audit method to identify the common types of waste and quantify such waste in Da Nang city in 2021. RESULTS There were four schools with a total number of 3064 students were participated in this study. The average total volume of waste that schools discharge in a day is 460kg (accounting for 7542 litres of storage volume); in which, organic waste has the largest volume of 261kg (57% of total volume) accounting for 2262 litres (30% of total volume); non-recyclable waste weights 175kg (38% of the total volume) with a maximum volume of 4524 litres (60% of the total volume); recyclable waste has a weight of only 22kg (5% of total volume) accounting for 719 litres (10% of total volume); The remaining types of waste are insignificant. This study also showed the presence of a large number of plastic bags (2128 pieces), multi-layer packaging (2036 pieces), milk cartons (1047 boxes), straws (772 pieces), plastic bottles (670 bottles), foam boxes (531 pieces), plastic spoons (400 pieces), polypropylene plastic cups (327 pieces) in the total waste produced in one day in these schools. CONCLUSIONS Schools are emitting a large amount of waste, significantly plastic waste. Intervention programs in the school-based setting are needed to reduce the amount of waste toward ensuring health for children and protecting the environment.

Improvement of Environmental Sustainability and Circular Economy through Construction Waste Management for Material Reuse

The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industries are allocated 40–60% of the worldwide raw material extraction. Construction waste accounts for a significant share of the total waste volume. Therefore, careless handling reduces natural resources and waste deposits (landfills). Furthermore, material reuse and recycling can reduce resource and energy consumption and environmental emissions in some cases. Waste management concepts in the fields of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction are increasingly in the European Union and worldwide focus. A circular economy can be seen as a system in which resource input, waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised due to closed material loops. Therefore, implementing a consistent Circular Economic requires a holistic approach in which material, emissions, and energy are put into context. This paper aims to analyse dismantling, recovery, and recycling processes and link relevant parameters to assess material sustainability. The technical effort must be made, and the associated costs are compared with the influence of eco-indicators. Furthermore, the data required can be used for the following three areas: Facilitating demolition planning and on-site waste management; resource management at the local/regional/state level; and governmental tax mechanisms.

Оценка уровня развития циркулярной экономики в регионах России

Currently, the solution of a whole range of priority tasks of social and economic development of Russia is possible in the conceptual and instrumental framework of the circular economy. In accordance with this concept, the article reveals the content of the circular economy and justifies the importance of its assessment. According to the opinion of the authors, the recognition of the potentially high efficiency and priority of development of a circular economy does not imply its automatic implementation in real economic systems. In practice, the transition to a circular economy requires the development of special mechanisms at different levels of economic hierarchy. The creation of such mechanisms, the definition of their content, instrumental core and resource provision is largely due to the current level of economic circularization, which determines the importance of the development and application of methods for circular economy measurement. The article analyzes the existing Russian and foreign methods of circular economy measurement. China’s considerable experience in the development of the system of indicators for circular economy assessment at the macro-, meso- and microlevels is shown. The paper proves that the indicators characterizing the development of the circular economy are mainly focused on the formation and use of waste, energy intensity and water capacity of the gross regional product, as well as investments in “green” initiatives, the values of which give an idea of the development of the circular economy in various territories. Taking into account this fact, assessment expediency of the circular economy which uses official statistical data at the level of Russian regions is justified. To solve this goal, clustering of the regions of the Russian Federation was carried out according to the indicators of energy intensity of GRP, share of used and neutralized waste in the total volume of waste generated during production and consumption, water capacity of GRP, amount (mass) of generated production and consumption waste per capita, volume of municipal solid waste exported per capita over the year. This assessment made possible to determine the specifics and develop recommendations for the development of the circular economy in the regions of the country.

COMBINING EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR) AND DEPOSIT REFUND SYSTEM (DRS) POLICY FOR HIGHER RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF PLASTIC BOTTLES AND SACHET WATER WASTE: APPLICATION OF VENDING MACHINE AND DESIGNATED RETURN DEPOT CENTRE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

Waste management (Plastic, PET Bottle, Can, and Glass Bottle, mostly from drink and beverage packages) is an important issue in today's world, as the volume of waste increases daily. This is especially important in developing countries like Nigeria, where there are no strong institutionalized frameworks for waste management, and as a result, increasing waste poses a threat to human well-being. Given the increase in population in these countries, it is necessary to adopt sustainable and practical solutions. Especially in Lagos, where the environmental problem of plastic waste is on the rise. Although the government is making commendable efforts to reduce the increasing volume of plastic waste in the state, they are insufficient, as it has been reported that plastic waste accounts for 15% of total waste volume according to the Lagos state waste characterization index. However, with the rise in various environmental problems caused by plastic waste, this paper proposed combining the extended producer responsibility (EPR) and deposit refund system (DRS) to achieve a high rate of recovery and recycling of waste plastic bottles and sachets. The innovative approach used green technology (vending machine) as well as indigenous knowledge are practical solutions in Lagos state. The paper is also significant because it intends to implement the developed solution in a dense urban and rural setting in Lagos, which can be replicated in other states in Nigeria. Furthermore, the components discussed in this paper are elements that allow the proposed concept to function effectively and efficiently. The proposed concept will serve as a link between Lagos and Nigeria's current linear economy and the future circular economy of plastic production and management.

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON GLASS WASTE

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BASED ON GLASS WASTE

Analysis of Correlation between Waste Accumulation and Countries Welfare Level

The article considers the results of countries analysis by progressiveness degree of waste management based on the correlation between changes in the volume of waste accumulation and indicators of wealth. The author’s novelty is systematization of quantitative and qualitative criteria for analysis and grouping of countries by the effectiveness of waste handling system. As a result of the comparative analysis, three groups of countries are presented: “Green” - European countries with a small population and high level of welfare, with an effective waste management system and a positive decoupling effect, but there is a problem of increasing the volume of waste per capita (Denmark, Sweden and Belgium). “Yellow” group consist of large European countries and Japan, where there is less waste per capita, a responsible approach to recycling and limiting plastic, but there is a problem of proportional growth in welfare and waste. “Red” group includes countries with a large population and problem of increasing the total waste volume, inefficient waste management and low level of recycling (China, USA and Russia). The study showed that the introduction of effective waste management (collection, recycling, waste culture) can be reduced the change index of personal waste and at the same time increase the change index of gross domestic product (per capita).

Проблемы переработки строительных отходов при строительстве и реконструкции жилых зданий

At present, only 10-15% of the total volume of construction waste is recycled in Russia. Most of the waste has to be buried in special landfills, the capacity of which is almost exhausted. The reasons of low volumes are the following: slow re-equipment process of recycling enterprises; imperfection of legislative base for regulation of relations in the field of operation; lack of state support and economic incentives in the field of construction waste recycling. These problems could be solved by means of providing tax benefits, loans with reduced rates, subsidies from the budgets of different levels so as to implement resource- and energy-saving projects in the field of recycling construction waste and its use as raw material in the production of construction materials with low cost and improved quality characteristics, in order to use it in civil, industrial and road construction, within the mechanism of public-private partnership based on concession.

Analysis of changes in waste generation and management in Poland against the background of EU waste management objectives

One of the environmental problems of the current generation is the increase in volume of waste generated, which has a negative impact on the environment and human health. Therefore, it is important to reduce the amount of waste generated and to manage it rationally. Waste management is one of the areas of environmental protection. The article examines the changes in the amount and structure of waste generated in Poland in the period 2017-2020. An analysis of the size and structure of funding sources of the main forms of waste management was also carried out. The aim of the article was to present, compare and evaluate the changes occurring in waste management and its sources of financing. The research considered the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the volume of waste generated and on waste management. The analysis shows that the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic affected the decrease in the volume of total waste generated and the increase in the volume of municipal waste. There was also some variation in the area of generated waste and its management in individual provinces.

Оценка энергетического потенциала свалочного газа

The purpose of the work was to compare the potential of biogas generation at MSW landfills, determined by the most commonly used methods, and to determine the energy potential of landfill gas in the country's energy system, provided that it is fully used to generate electricity. Based on the equation of the chemical reaction of biogas formation, equations are proposed for calculating the specific yield of biogas components from 1 kg of waste and their shares in volume percent. Calculations according to the proposed formulas showed that the yield of biogas from a ton of waste for Russian MSW, the composition of which is accepted from different sources, varies significantly, from 312 to 433 m3. The composition of biogas changes little, and the theoretical content of methane in it ranges from 53% to 57%. The yield and composition of biogas was estimated using the Tabasaran-Rettenberger equation, LandGEM, DOD (IPCC), CLEEN models and Russian regulatory methods. The average total biogas yield was 195 m3/t waste with a variation coefficient of 38%, the average methane yield was 95 m3/t waste with a variation coefficient of 46%, and the average calorific value of biogas, related to 1 ton of waste from which it was formed, was 3 400 MJ/t of waste with a coefficient of variation of 44%. With a conversion efficiency of 39%, landfill gas from 1 ton of waste can generate 368 kWh of electricity. The total volume of municipal solid waste in Russia, subject to the full collection and use of biogas, makes it possible to generate 22.1 billion kWh of electricity, which is about 2% of the total energy consumption in the country. For a number of countries, the energy potential of landfill gas ranged from 0.05% (China) to 4.5% (Spain). Thus, landfill gas is a significant source of electricity in the overall energy balance.

Use of Administrative Data for Waste Statistics in the Czech Republic

The Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) changed the calculation of the total volume of waste and also changed the definition of municipal waste compared to the previous methodology. This was made possible by the wider use of the existing administrative data source, the Integrated Environmental Reporting System (ISPOP). The change in the definition of municipal waste was a response to recent Eurostat activities, which led to a more precise definition. The original method no longer meets this definition.

Analysis of the Waste Volume and CO2-Equivalent Caused by the Use of Selected Patch Pumps.

The use of tube-free insulin pumps is increasing. To protect the environment, the use of resources and the amount of emissions into the environment should be kept as low as possible when designing these systems. In addition to basic waste avoidance, the composition of the waste produced must be considered. To compare current tube-free pumps from an ecological standpoint, a tube-free insulin pump with a modular design and two non-modular tube-free pumps were subjected to manual separation, manual sorting, characterization, and mass determination. The annual waste volume of a user was measured, and the recyclability was assessed. The global warming potential (GWP) resulting from extraction of raw materials, energetic utilization of waste, and landfill of the incineration residues was balanced. For the modular tube-free pump, a total waste volume of 5.5 kg/a (recycling percentage 44.3%) was determined. The non-modular systems generated 4.9 kg/a (recycling percentage 14.6%) and 5.1 kg/a (recycling percentage 16.0%) waste. The product-specific GWP of the modular system was approximately 50% lower than that of the non-modular systems; the packaging-specific GWP was 2.5 times higher. In total, a GWP of 13.6 kg CO2-equivalent per year could be determined for the modular system and a GWP of 15.5 kg CO2-equivalent per year for the non-modular systems. Although the modular micropump has a higher total waste volume, a greater ecological potential can be attributed to it. This is based on the recyclability of the system due to its modularity and the possible reduction of packaging waste.

Zeolite-fiber membrane enabling low-temperature combustion and high reduction of liquid wastes

Adsorbent-containing kapok fiber membranes with high burning rates were developed to remove radionuclides and toxicants from liquid wastes and reduce the total waste volume. The zeolite-fiber membranes were made from natural kapok fibers without allowing the formation of physical or chemical bonds with the zeolite powder. The desorption rate of the adsorbent powder was measured to be within 5% in the aqueous solution for four types of adsorbents with various micro sizes. The adsorption rate of non-radioactive cesium ions with and without the fiber membrane was measured to confirm the effect of the fiber membrane on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. Finally, the adsorbent-containing membranes were burned with a volume reduction of 82 wt% without volatilizing the adsorbed cesium at 300 °C.

Estimating Households that Handle Their Domestic Waste in Not Eco-Friendly Ways in Indonesia: An Application of Small Area Estimation Technique

Waste still becomes a big problem for Indonesia up to now. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry stated that the total volume of waste nationally is 175,000 tons per day or equivalent with 64 million tons per year if using the assumption of waste produced by each person per day is 0.7 kg. According to the 2010 population census, Indonesia’s population is 237 million and this figure is projected to reach around 318 million people in 2045. With a population that continues to grow it will certainly increase the amount of waste generation. Some policy interventions have been set up by the Indonesian government such as the Indonesian President Regulation Number 97/2017 which aims to reduce 30 percent of the country’s waste and to process and manage for at least 70 percent of the country’s waste in order to avoid it from being accumulated in the landfill. Households waste poses a threat to public health and the environment if they are not stored, collected and disposed properly. Data from the 2017 National Socio Economic Survey-Social Resilience Module (SSN17.HANSOS) shows that 68.3 percent of households in Indonesia handle their domestic waste in not eco-friendly ways. Due to lack of availability of reliable data on household waste management at district/city level in Indonesia, this study aims to derive model-based district level estimates of households that handle their domestic waste in not eco-friendly ways by utilizing Small Areas Estimation (SAE) technique.

Trends in the rational use of municipal solid waste

Is not yet possible to create a full-fledged municipal solid waste management industry in Russia, as private investors currently do not consider this area promising for investment, even if there is a positive domestic experience. Since the механизмыfree market mechanisms in this industry have not worked, it is the state that has the main task of forming all the infrastructure necessary for MSW management, so the purpose of this article is to consider the main directions of MSW use in accordance with global trends and the possibility of using the experience of other countries that have achieved high results in this area. Today, Russia generates about 70 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) per year. According to the figures laid down in the national project “Ecology”, by 2024, 60% of garbage should be processed, that is, sorted, and then sent for recycling, 36% of the total volume of waste should be recycled. To do this, it is necessary to additionally build capacities capable of sorting 37.1 million tons of MSW. At the same time, enterprises operating in this segment, have a shortage of financial resources - half of the approximately two hundred operators in the country have cash gaps, accounts payable and receivables are growing, and operations are becoming unprofitable. In these circumstances, it is very important to consider the mechanisms that can increase the attractiveness of the industry for business and ensure its profitability.

Low-level radioactive waste management using microwave technology

Low-level radioactive waste is the inevitable outcome of many industrial, medical applications and nuclear power plants. This type of low-level waste is, however, also very hazardous, and its proper disposal is necessary as it may leak and contaminate soil and water, leading to both the environment and human health issues. The disposition and storage of the radioactive waste in its original form is very much critical and expensive, hence the pre-processing, including the proper procedure for the storage allocation is necessary for effective handling of this waste disposal. Most common approaches of preprocessing are “replace,” “reduce,” “reuse,” and “recycle.” The “reduce” approach is explored in this study using the novel microwave technology to handle the low-level radioactive waste. This approach has never been used before for this purpose. The applicability of the proposed method is validated using medical waste such as tissue papers, plastic carry bags, etc., and industrial waste such as Teflon tubing, concrete, glass, wood, etc., as test objects. These test objects (waste materials) are first categorized here based on their dielectric loss in order to explore the possibility of heating them using either the microwave or the conventional heating process. The heating process can effectively reduce total waste volume in a short span of time. The categorization of these materials is carried out by placing them into the prototype concealed environment to avoid any radioactive leakage. Finally, microwave technology is actually applied for the first time to monitor the online reduction in the volume of waste during the treatment processes.

Removal of Cs+ in water by dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether tethered on mesoporous SBA-15 as a reusable and efficient adsorbent

Inadvertent release of radioactive Cs+ to the environment poses a grave threat as it may cause severe health problems to the exposed population. One of the practical solutions is to use effective regenerable Cs+ adsorbents to minimize total waste volume. In this study, a mesoporous adsorbent for Cs+ capture was prepared by tethering a Cs+-selective ligand monoamino-dibenzo-18-crown-6 (MA-DB18C6) ether on chloro-functionalized SBA-15 (Cl-SBA) support. The dispersible adsorbent (DB18C6-SBA) registered a maximum adsorption capacity of 94.54 mg g−1 from non-linear Hill isotherm fitting. The model suggests near Langmuir-type of Cs+ capture as Hill coefficient nH→1. This indicates nearly independent monolayer Cs+ binding with the tethered DB18C6 with no adsorbate interaction. Kinetic study reveals a pseudo-second order of Cs+ uptake rate while thermodynamic analyses show the spontaneity and endothermicity of the process. Compared with conventional ligand impregnation technique, covalently tethered DB18C6 occupy smaller surface space of SBA-15 resulting in higher ligand loading and higher adsorption capacity. DB18C6-SBA is regenerable in mild acid and exhibits consistent adsorption capacity after several reuse cycles. It can selectively capture Cs+ from simulated high level liquid waste, but more effectively from Cs+-contaminated surface water with KD ∼ 1578 mL g−1 and concentration factor CF ∼ 2267 in the presence of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Cycled batch adsorption shows that DB18C6-SBA can be reused with consistent uptake performance while lab-scale sequential adsorption-nanofiltration system with Cs+ stripping further demonstrates its potential long-term use as Cs+ adsorbent for the treatment of contaminated water.

Limbah Penebangan Kayu di Perusahaan PT. Dwimajaya Utama

This study aims to determine the volume of wood waste (in units of m3 and %) in IUPHHK-HA PT. Dwimajaya Utama. The research was carried out in cutting plots K-18 (RKT 2015) and felling plots J-21 (RKT 2016). As many as 8 units of sample plots measuring of 100 m x 100 m were purposively selected and then the waste resulted from 56 trees that had been felled were observed. The results showed that the woods potential on the cutting plot K-18 were 229.32 m3 while on plot J-21 were 200.03 m3, total volume of waste from the two cutting plots were 429.35 m3. Second, the reali-zation of logs production on the felling plot K-18 were 165.29 m3 (72.07%) and on plot J-21 were 145.73 m3 (72.86%) and the total from the two cutting plots were 311.02 m3 (72.44%). Thirdly, the mount of felling waste on felling plot K-18 were 64.05 m3 (27.93%) and on plot J-21 were 54.28 m3 (27.14%); resulting the total waste from both felling plots were 118.33 m3 ( 27.56%). Percentage of waste to production on felling plot K-18 were 38.75%, and on plot J-21 were 37.25%, and the mean from the two cutting plots were 38.00%. Forest potential structure for the two logging plots, namely timber potential around 429.35 m3, realized logs production of 311.02 m3 (72.44%) and resulted waste around 118.33 m3 (27.56%). The relatively low percentage of felling waste indicates that the application of RIL (Reduce Impact Logging) in logging activities is relatively successful.

Optimization of methane production parameters during anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and garden waste

Anaerobic digestion is an alternative process to organic waste treatment, which enables energy production from biogas. Additionally, the volume of total waste that goes to landfills decreases, resulting in an increase in landfills lifespan. When considering different organic waste sources, food waste is highly important as it is generated and usually disposed of in large amounts. In this context, the goal of this research was to evaluate to which extent the addition of lignocellulosic waste (also known as garden waste – GW) influences the performance of food waste (FW) anaerobic digestion, focusing on process optimization as a function of the quantity and quality of the produced biogas. The experiment was conducted in two pilot-scale reactors. They were operated at the same time and contained a volume of 500 L each. Both reactors were adapted with agitators (30 rpm) and temperature controllers (36 °C). The reactor’s feeding was performed in a semi-continuous process with a gradual increase in the Organic Loading Rate (OLR), from 0.24 to 0.54 kg VS m−3d−1. Operational control parameters, such as pH, alkalinity, VFA, and process performance, characterized by volatile solids, biogas production, and methane content, were carried out to monitor the anaerobic co-digestion. The results showed that a substitution of 20% of the food waste OLR to the lignocellulosic substrate improved both the biogas production and specific methane yield. Also, the organic material conversion efficiency, related to volatile solids (VS), reached 83%. These results indicate that the FW and GW co-digestion can be used as an alternative to organic waste treatment. The process also assists in the control of the monitoring parameters, such as pH, alkalinity and volatile fatty acids, during anaerobic digestion.

The influence of variability models for selected geological parameters on the resource base and economic efficiency measures - Example of coking coal deposit

In the research we examined the influence of a few geostatistical models (interpolators and kriging models) on the resource base and economic efficiency measures, on the example of coking coal deposits. The research was carried out in scenario-based mode, with 4 alternative analytic models prepared.The assessment criteria for fitted variability models based on deviations of selected technical and economic indicators and parameters, such as: volume of reserves, price of coking coal, production cost, EBITDA, NPV, IRR, mining height, coal yield, total waste volume, mine lifetime were examined. The variability of seam structural parameters and coking coal quality parameters was modelled with use of interpolators based on finite element method (FEM), inverse distance weighting method (Inverse), as well as triangulation coupled with extrapolation (Planar). Also model C was built separately, where ordinary kriging was used to assess empirical variograms and theoretical models of quality and quantity parameters. A dedicated discount model was used for generating the resultant economic and financial indicators. Monte Carlo simulation (bootstrap method) was applied with empirical copulas as binding functions.It was demonstrated in the course of the research that the selection of geostatistical model is of significant importance for the assessment of geological, technical and economic potential of the analysed deposit. It was shown that for the mean size of resource base, in the order of 44.6 million Mg (Ref. Model), the differences in estimated volume of reserves may reach 18%. For relatively insignificant differences in operating costs and coal price distributions, the highest differences in totalled EBITDA amounted to some 2.054 billion PLN (18%). NPV differences were calculated at maximum of 16%, whereas the IRR deviations reached 9%. Depending on the interpolator used, the mining height may differ relatively by maximum of 18%, mean waste volume by 17%, mean coal yield by 7%, while mine lifetime by maximum of 10%. Relative differences may reach a few dozen percent (in certain cases of other technical and economic parameters). Based on this data, we formed the conclusion that these differences are significant.Also the assessment of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients may provide insufficient information about correlation structure, what had been verified with use of empirical copulas.