Total Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effect of germination and roasting on oil profile of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina seeds

Roasting and germination effect on fatty acids, tocopherols and triacylglycerols of Moringa oleifera and by Moringa peregrina seeds oils were investigated. Significant differences were indicated between both species. Oil content and oleic acid were higher in Moringa peregrina (51.22 and 70.76%) than Moringa oleifera (36.90 and 65.78%), while Moringa oleifera had higher tocopherols content than Moringa peregrina (28.8 and 11.45 mg/100 g), respectively. Triolein was the most abundant triacylglycerol in Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina seeds oils accounting for 38.28 and 34.32%, respectively. An increase had occurred in total unsaturated fatty acids and oil content, while total saturated fatty acids decreased in both species after germination. Triolein increased and α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols amounts decreased after germination in Moringa oleifera seed oil, while in Moringa peregrina seed oil no significant differences were reported. Roasting led to an increase in behenic, stearic and arachidic, while palmitic acid decreased in both species. The best treatment in roasting was 150 oC for 20 min which reported the highest amount of oleic acid (66.92 and 72.54%) and the lowest content of elaidic acid (0.10 and 0.13%) in Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina seeds oils, respectively.

Chemometric methods for fatty acid compositions of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds at different maturity stages

This study was conducted to determine the effects of seed maturity stages depending on different harvest dates on fatty acid compositions of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) with the aid of chemometric methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) analysis were used to assess and compare fatty acid compositions of fenugreek and black cumin seeds. Experiments for fenugreek and black cumin plants were separately conducted side-by side. For both plant species, 9 different harvest dates at 3 seed maturity stages (immature, premature, and full mature) were experimented. Following the harvests, plant height, single plant weight, crude oil content and fatty acid compositions were determined. Plant heights varied between 45.10-63.37 cm for fenugreek and between 34.57-43.67 cm for black cumin; crude oil contents varied between 4.01-4.95% for fenugreek and between 18.42-40.35% black cumin. Present findings revealed that immature stage had positive effects on crude oil content of fenugreek seeds and premature stage on crude oil contents of black cumin seeds. Also, 9 fatty acid components were identified in fenugreek and 7 in black cumin seeds. In both plant species, linoleic acid (C18:2) was the major component. With the greatest UFA (total unsaturated fatty acids) and the lowest SFA (total saturated fatty acids) ratios, F8 (19 July 2019) harvest date could be recommended for fenugreek plants and B4 (17 July 2019) for black cumin plants. PCA and AHC analysis revealed that with regard to fatty acid composition, F3 (08 July 2019) harvest date was different from the others in fenugreek and B1 (10 July 2019) in black cumin plants. It was concluded based on present findings that seed maturity stages had significant effects on fatty acid composition of fenugreek and black cumin seeds.

Characterisation of Formaggella della Valle di Scalve Cheese Produced from Cows Reared in Valley Floor Stall or in Mountain Pasture: Fatty Acids Profile and Sensory Properties

An important problem in mountain areas is the abandonment of pasture. This trend can be combated by the valorisation of typical dairy products, such as “Formaggella della Valle di Scalve”, a semi-cooked traditional cheese made from whole milk in a mountain area in Italy. The aim of the present research was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile and the sensory properties of this cheese as manufactured under different conditions: i) from the milk of cows grazing on mountain or valley pasture or fed indoors; ii) from the milk of cows fed hay or fed silage. In the first case, five cheesemaking trials were conducted during two years for each of the following situations: mountain pasture (A); pasture at the bottom of the valley (P) (about 1000m asl); stall (S). In the second case, three cheesemaking trials were conducted for each of the following situations: cows fed silage (I); cows fed hay (F). S cheese was richer in medium-chain FAs, while long-chain FAs were higher in P and A cheeses. On the other hand, long chain fatty acids (LCFA) were more abundant in P and A cheeses than in S. In general, MUFA, PUFA and, consequently, total unsaturated FA (UFA), were significantly higher in the P and A cheeses than S (UFA: 36.55 and 38.34, respectively, vs. 31.13; p < 0.001), while SFA showed higher values in S (68.85 vs. 63.41 and 61.68 in P and A, respectively; p < 0.001). Conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) were more represented in the P and A samples (1.86 in P and 1.52 in A, vs. 0.80 in S; p < 0.001); Omega 3 fatty acids, and in particular α-linolenic acid, were more abundant in P than in S cheese. In winter, the I sample (silage) presented higher percentages of myristic (C14), myristoleic (C14:1) and omega 6 acids, whereas F cheese (hay) contained higher concentrations of CLA. The triangular test of sensory analysis showed that, in general, F cheeses were judged as “sweeter” than I, with aromatic profiles characterized by higher content of 2- butanol and ethyl capronate.

Physical-Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Sensory Attributes of Meat of Lambs Fed With Saccharine Sorghum Silage

The objective of this work was to evaluate the qualitative and sensory characteristics and the fatty acid profiles of the meat of lambs fed with silages of two saccharine sorghum varieties and compare them with forage sorghum and maize silages. Twenty non-castrated male Suffolk lambs were arranged in a completely randomised block design, and the treatments consisted of the following silages: forage sorghum (FORSOR), saccharine sorghum (‘BRS506’), saccharine sorghum (‘BRS511’) and maize (MAIZE). The animals were slaughtered after 70 days in the feedlot. The carcasses were cooled at 4 °C for 24 h. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was removed for analysis. No differences (p &gt; 0.05) between treatments were found for chemical composition and qualitative and sensory characteristics of the evaluated meat. Lambs fed with ‘BRS506’ presented muscles with higher total unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and with higher percentages of oleic acid. The BRS506 saccharin sorghum silage increased the meat total unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, which are beneficial to human health; thus, this silage can replace maize silage in the feed for finishing lambs.

Genetic parameters for milk fatty acid composition of Holstein in Korea.

ObjectiveMilk fatty acid (FA) is a main nutritional component that markedly effects human health. Intentional modification of the FA profile has the potential to improve milk quality. This study aimed at the factors affecting elevated FA levels and the estimation of the genetic parameters for milk FAs in the Korean Holstein population.MethodsTotal 885,249 repeated test-day milk records including, milk yield, saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA), fat and protein percentages were analyzed using CombiFoss FT+ system (Foss Analytical A/S, Denmark). Genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood procedure based on the repeatability model using the Wombat program.ResultsThe FA profile varies along with the lactation and the energy balance (EB). With the negative EB in early lactation, mobilization of body fat reserves elevates the desirable FA levels. As a result of that, milk quality is increased by means of nutritionally and usability aspects during the early lactation. Moreover, heritability estimates for SFA, MUFA, PUFA, TUFA were 0.33, 0.42, 0.37, 0.41 respectively. According to the parity wise heritability analysis, first parity cows had relatively lower heritability for SFAs (0.19) than later parities (0.28).ConclusionGenetic parameters indicated that FAs were under stronger genetic control. Therefore, we suggest implementing animal breeding programs towards improving the milk FA profile.

Decomposition of Tocopherol Homologs and Their Effects on the Decomposition of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in 10 Commercial Oils During Deep Frying

The decomposition of tocopherol homologs and their influences upon the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids were explored by studying the reduction in tocopherol homologs and fatty acid contents in 10 commercial edible oils during deep frying at 180 °C. The results showed that the decomposition of total tocopherols was faster than for the total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA). With the decomposition of TUFA, the decomposition rates of tocopherol homologs were in the order γ-tocopherol > α-tocopherol > δ-tocopherol in 10 oils, regardless of the initial content and composition of tocopherol and fatty acids. It was also found that higher oil unsaturation led to slower tocopherol decomposition during frying, with more tocopherol remaining after the procedure. The result of multiple regression analysis (ΔTUFA t = 0.049 Δα t + 0.044 Δγ t + 0.052 Δδ t + 0.733) revealed that the effects of tocopherol homologs on the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acid in 10 oils during frying were in the same order, that is, γ-tocopherol > α-tocopherol > δ-tocopherol.

The nutritional composition and fatty acid profile of African locust bean (Parkia Biglobosa) seed and seed oil

The physicochemical properties of the seed and the fatty acid profile of the seed oil of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) have been determined using standard methods of the AOAC. The seed had a moisture content of 9.70% and a dry matter of 90.31%. The crude protein, crude oil, crude fibre and ash contents were 39.74%, 23.70%, 3.55% and 2.77% respectively, while the carbohydrate content was 20.56%. The most abundant fatty acids in the order of abundance were oleic (32.49%), palmitic (24.89%), linoleic (14.42%), stearic (8.16%) and myristic (6.84%). The total unsaturated fatty acids (55.03%) predominated the total saturated (44.97%), while the percentage total poly-unsaturated (37.58%) was greater than that of total mono-unsaturated (17.45%). The significant level of essential fatty acids in the fruit oil is an advantage, bearing in mind that they cannot be produced in the body, but must be supplied from the food consumed for the necessary functions for which they are needed in the body. The linoleic/linolenic ratio of 5.301 butresses the nutritional importance of the seed oil as it fell within the ratio of 5.1 and 10.1 recommended by the WHO/FAO. The good total unsaturated/saturated (or PS) ratio makes the fruit oil nutritionally very useful to be adopted for domestic purposes.

Characteristic of Fatty Acids Biotransform from Hermetia Illucens Prepupae Fed with Various Organic Wastes Before Conversion to Methyl Ester Form

Farming of Black solder fly (Hermetia illucens) had received great research interest by scientist to investigate the application of this insect’s larvae as a means of organic waste biotransformation, feed for aquaculture and husbandry as well as for biodiesel feedstock. The compositions of this insect’s larvae is well known to have high content of lipid and protein, this has demonstrates its potential use as animal feed and alternative energy. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the ultimate investigation on the characteristic of the pre-pupae fatty acids than that of the feeds before conversion to methyl ester for biodiesel production. The study also investigates the impact of different feeds on fatty acid profile of Hermetia illucens. The farming and breeding of Hermetia illucens fly lifecycle was set up and the populations were maintained at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar campus. The newly hatched neonates were fed on fruit waste and food waste, respectively. Continuous feeding was dispensed to the neonates until it became pre-pupae. At this stage, cessations of feeding and self-harvesting by the pre-pupae were observed. The harvesting of the pre-pupae was done at this instar. Thereafter, the harvested live pre-pupae were cleaned and processed into dried pre-pupae. The dried pre-pupae were kept in an air tight container for further use. The characteristic of the feed and the dried pre-pupae were determined in a series of analysis such as crude lipid extraction, free fatty acid, acid value and fatty acid methyl ester analysis. All the analysis was done in accordance to AOAC methods and each analysis was repeated in triplicates. The results from the study shows that, Hermetia illucens pre-pupae crude lipids content as well as fatty acid profile was influenced by types of feeds as their diet. The lipid content found in the larvae biomass were profound regardless the types of feed. Comparatively, the amount of crude lipid obtained from Hermetia illucens pre-pupae was found to be higher than that of all feeds. The amount of crude lipids extracted from feeds of fruit waste and food waste were approximately 1.24 ± 0.06 and 3.27 ± 0.28 wt%, respectively. The amount of pre-pupae’s crude lipid derived from fruit waste and food waste were higher by 35.85 and 11.48 times, respectively. It is noteworthy that, increase in the lipid accumulation in larvae biomass indicates that the larvae are able to assimilate and bio-convert the feed composition into their own biomass. Consequently, the nutrient composition contains in the types of feed, ingested and digested by the larvae strongly affect the overall lipid accumulation. Moreover, the fatty acid extracted from the Hermetia illucens biomass showed approximately 1.77 times higher in saturated fatty acid (SFA) than that of fruit waste and food waste. Lauric acid is the predominant saturated fatty acid found in the prepupae. The SFA attained by the pre-pupae derived from fruit waste and food wastes were 84.7 and 81.5 wt%, respectively. While the total unsaturated fatty acids were found to be higher in the feeds than that of the pre-pupae. Meanwhile, the total amount of unsaturated fatty acid from fruit waste and fruit waste were attained at 50.9 and 53.7 wt%, respectively. In conclusion, the next stage of this study will be carried out to evaluate the biodiesel quality of the converted fatty acid methyl ester derived from Hermetia illucens fatty acid.

Effects of Cold Pressed Moringa Seed Oil on Nutrition and Health

Some physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Moringa seed oil was analyzed. The seed oil was obtained by cold press. Moringa seed contains 4.92% moisture, 42.15% fat, 35.54% protein, 2.98% ash, 8.44% dietary fiber and 14.41% carbohydrate in the dry matter. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (74.29%) and it was followed by behenic acid (6.09%), palmitic acid (5.83%), stearic acid (4.67%), arachidic acid (3.32%) and gadoleic acid (2.37%), respectively. Moringa oil had a total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of about 21.39% and a total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) content of about 78.58%. Total antioxidant and total phenolic substance amounts were 22.28 mM Trolox/ml and 455.33 mg gallic acid/g, respectively. The moringa seed has very high fat and protein contents and the fatty acid composition indicates that the seed oil of Moringa oleifera is included in high-oleic oils category, and has a high MUFA/SFA ratio. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; oil; free fatty acid; oleic acid; behenic acid DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-01-03

Faba bean-rapeseed silage as substitute for Italian ryegrass silage: effects on performance and milk quality of grazing dairy cows

Three trials were conducted to study the effect of including in the ration of dairy cows the intercrop faba bean-rapeseed or Italian ryegrass silages on feed intake, milk quality and enteric methane emissions. Ten lactating Holstein cows, randomly allocated in two groups, were used in each trial in a crossover design. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily for each data period. Milk was sampled for analyses three times per period. Enteric methane emission was estimated applying a model that includes bodyweight, dry matter intake, nutritional values of feeds and milk composition. Concentrate and grass intake did not differ between treatments, while total mixed ration intake was higher with Italian ryegrass silage. Milk yield and protein concentration also increased with the Italian ryegrass treatment. The milk urea concentration was higher with the faba bean and rapeseed diet. Fatty acid profiles were affected by feeding strategy. Thereby, t11 18:1, c9 18:1 and total unsaturated fatty acid were higher when the intercrop silage was fed. As consequence, atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index were lower under that treatment. Estimated enteric methane emissions did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, faba bean-rapeseed intercrop can be an alternative to Italian ryegrass to feed dairy cows. The rations formulated with the intercrop silage have potential to improve the milk fatty acid content, and show healthier profiles for consumers. However, it would be useful to study the protein content of these crops to avoid possible excess urea in milk and to maintain sustainable milk yield and milk protein content.

The nutritional composition and fatty acid profile of African locust bean (Parkia Biglobosa) seed and seed oil

The physicochemical properties of the seed and the fatty acid profile of the seed oil of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) have been determined using standard methods of the AOAC. The seed had a moisture content of 9.70% and a dry matter of 90.31%. The crude protein, crude oil, crude fibre and ash contents were 39.74%, 23.70%, 3.55% and 2.77% respectively, while the carbohydrate content was 20.56%. The most abundant fatty acids in the order of abundance were oleic (32.49%), palmitic (24.89%), linoleic (14.42%), stearic (8.16%) and myristic (6.84%). The total unsaturated fatty acids (55.03%) predominated the total saturated (44.97%), while the percentage total poly-unsaturated (37.58%) was greater than that of total mono-unsaturated (17.45%). The significant level of essential fatty acids in the fruit oil is an advantage, bearing in mind that they cannot be produced in the body, but must be supplied from the food consumed for the necessary functions for which they are needed in the body. The linoleic/linolenic ratio of 5.301 butresses the nutritional importance of the seed oil as it fell within the ratio of 5.1 and 10.1 recommended by the WHO/FAO. The good total unsaturated/saturated (or PS) ratio makes the fruit oil nutritionally very useful to be adopted for domestic purposes.

Dietary supplementation with L-arginine and combinations of different oil sources beneficially regulates body fat deposition, lipogenic gene expression, growth performance and carcass yield in broiler chickens

Context Broiler meat with excessive of fat and saturated fatty acids content has serious health implication for consumers. The accumulation of abdominal fats in broiler chickens constitutes a loss of dietary energy and also reduces carcass yield. Oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and l-arginine are effective for reducing fat deposition and improve meat quality. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the effects of supplementation of l-arginine (l-Arg) with four combinations of palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO) on growth performance, carcass yield, fat deposition, lipogenic gene expression and blood lipid profile in broiler chickens. Methods A total of 180 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments as: T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 6% PO + 0.25% l-Arg; T3, 4% PO + 2% SO + 0.25% l-Arg; T4, 2% PO + 4% SO + 0.25% l-Arg; and T5, 6% SO + 0.25% l-Arg. Key results Birds fed l-Arg and combinations of PO and SO had higher weight gain at starter and finisher period compared with the control. The carcass yield increased, and relative abdominal fat reduced in broiler fed with combinations of l-Arg and increased level of SO in the diet. The concentration of oleic, palmitoleic and total monounsaturated fatty acids in liver tissue decreased by addition of l-Arg in broiler diet. The palmitic and total saturated fatty acid decreased, and total unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in liver tissue when PO replaced progressively by SO supplemented with l-Arg in the diet. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase , stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid synthetase gene expression tended to decrease by supplementation of l-Arg with an increased level of SO compared with control. Conclusion Supplementation with l-Arg and combination of PO and SO at the ratio of 4:2 could inhibit lipogenesis and subsequent lower abdominal fat deposition and enhance growth performance and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Implications Ratio of PO and SO, 4:2 with l-Arg supplementation in the dietary of broiler chickens can contribute to a better growth performance, lesser fat deposition and greater carcass yield.

Comparative Study of Fatty acids profile in some Mediterranean Virgin Olive Oils using Gas Chromatography

Virgin olive oil represents the main fat source of the diet in the Mediterranean countries where the production of olive oil is concentrated. It has an important role in cardiovascular disease protection, because of its high bioactive components. The healthful effects are attributed to olive oil's high unsaturated fatty acids content which greatly varies in quantity according to the impact of geographic origin. This research aims to characterize local Syrian olive oils by determining their fatty acid composition, and compare the results with fatty acid composition in olive oil samples obtained from some exterior regions of the Mediterranean basin which are famous for olive cultivation. Twelve olive oil samples produced in four agricultural areas (coastal region, northern region, interior region, and southern region), available in local Syrian market were analyzed for its fatty acid composition by GC-MS, and the results were compared with fatty acid composition of six samples from several exterior regions (Lebanon, Spain, and Greece). All the values of the fatty acid compositions are in compliance with the regulations of the International Olive Oil Council (IOC) and Codex Alimentarius. Among the evaluated oils the highest percentages of total saturated fatty acids were found in the Spanish samples and the southern Syrian oil samples that showed above of (18%) of saturated fatty acids, The highest percentage of MUFA and MUFA/PUFA index were found in the Greek oil sample up to(82%) and (29.09) respectively. Also, the results showed that the highest percentage of Linoleic acid (omega 6) was found in the southern Syrian oil samples up to (14%). In addition, the northern Syrian samples, in the same way the Greek oil samples showed the highest total unsaturated fatty acids percentages up to(85%), the highest Oleic acid percentages up to (80%), which makes them the most suitable for consumption.

First report on fatty acids composition, total phenolics and antioxidant activity in seeds oil of four fig cultivars (Ficus carica L.) grown in Morocco

With the progresses of oilseed industry, an important interest is currently being focused on exploiting novel and underutilized sources for vegetable oils. Being so far the less studied part in fig fruits, seeds separated from four fig cultivars were assessed for their oil content, fatty acids identification, total phenolics and invitro antioxidant analysis. A one-way Anova yielded statistically significant differences for all parameters, with the exception of pentadecylic, margaric and arachidic acids besides the total saturated fatty acids. Fig seeds presented a yellow colored oil, of which the content ranged from 21.54 ± 1.71 to 28.52 ± 0.62%. Gas liquid chromatography analysis of the seed oil showed high percentages of linolenic acid in the four cultivars ranging from 38.43 ± 0.01 to 43.57 ± 0.04, followed by linoleic acid (28.9 ± 0.06–34.5 ± 0.04%). Palmitic acid and stearic acid were the dominating saturated fatty acids in all samples, where the amounts were in the range from 8.54 ± 0.04 to 9.05 ± 0.06% and from 2.59 ± 0.13 to 3.3% respectively. The efficiency of the desaturation from oleic acid to linoleic acid estimated within desaturation pathway, was higher among all cultivars than the efficiency of the desaturation from linoleic acid to linolenic acid. This explains the large increase of 18:3 concentration in all samples. The local cultivar ‘C11A21’ exhibited the highest total unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest level of saturated fatty acids, while the cultivar ‘White Adriatic’ combined the most relevant phenolics content, antioxidant activity and half maximum inhibitory concentration. All sampled oil possessed an important phenolics content that displayed variable levels of antioxidant activity. The objective of this study is to bring new data on the biochemical attributes of fig seeds as a new source oil that can be used for nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes.

Antioxidant Activity of Two Edible Korean Seaweed Oil Obtained from SC-CO2 and Solvent Extraction

Seaweed is consumed as nutritive food materials in many Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and China. In the present study, we analyzed proximate composition of two Korean seaweeds Sargassum horneri and Ecklonia cava. Crude protein content of S. horneri and E. cava were 8.57% and 9.11%, whereas 1.03% and 1.40% of total lipid was found from S. horneri and E. cava. We used supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with ethanol, methanol, acetone and hexane for the extraction process. The highest extraction yield was obtained from E. cava by SC-CO2 with ethanol and the value was 1.52 g/100 g DW. Further, fatty acid composition of S. horneri and E. cava by SC-CO2 with ethanol were analyzed. The total unsaturated fatty acid of S. horneri and E. cava samples were 59.95% and 17.79%, respectively. Important PUFA such as EPA and DHA were present in both samples. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity were found in both seaweed extracts with the highest concentration obtained from E. cava extracted by SC-CO2 with ethanol.

Effects of sublethal doses of gossypol on haematological properties and biochemical metabolites of male rabbit

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two sublethal doses of gossypol (GOS) (4 and 20 mg/kg of body weight), administered every other day, on some haematological, biochemical, enzymatic and electrolytic properties and amino and fatty acids in male rabbit blood plasma. The experiment lasted for 16 wk and included two phases: 1) administration period; rabbits were given the experimental doses of GOS for 8 wk; and 2) recovery period; rabbits were allowed 8 wk for complete withdrawal of drugs from the plasma. Results showed that low levels of gossypol increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and white blood cells compared to control. Plasma total protein was increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) by the low GOS dose in both experimental phases. Likewise, glucose concentration was increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) by the high GOS dose during the recovery period. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes were increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) by the high dose of GOS treatment only. Low GOS dose increased (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) blood plasma Na+ concentration in the recovery period only. Results revealed that total essential amino acids (EAA), and EAA/non-EAA ratio were not affected in a dose-dependent manner during the treatment phase expect for plasma proline, which was increased along with non-EAA (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.01) by high GOS dose. Additionally, GOS administration did not affect total unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and SFA/USFA ratio in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, Gossypol treatment affected rabbit haematological parameters and biochemical properties of blood plasma in a dose-dependent manner.

Comparison of fat composition and chemical properties of fat extracts between fish fillets of selected warm-water and cold-water fish

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare fat composition and chemical properties of fish fillets of selected warm-water fish obtained from Straits of Malacca. A cold water fish, namely salmon was used for comparison. Moisture content, crude fat, fatty acids composition and chemical characteristics of fish fillets of Yellowstripe scad, Japanese threadfin bream and salmon were determined. Japanese threadfin bream fillet had highest moisture and crude fat contents, followed by fillets of Yellowstripe scad and salmon. A significantly strong and negative correlation was found between moisture and crude fat contents of these fish fillets. Fillets of Japanese threadfin bream and Yellowstripe scad also had higher total saturated fatty acids than total unsaturated fatty acids. Although salmon fillet had lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids, it had highest monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the two warm-water fish. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major fatty acids in the fish fillets. Chemical properties of the oils extracted from the warm-water fish fillets were varied compared to salmon. The selected warm-water fish fillets offer favorable fatty acids composition and chemical properties, which can potentially be used as good sources of PUFA.

Influence of dietary supplementation of irradiated or non-irradiated olive pulp on biochemical profile, antioxidant status and immune response of Japanese quails

ABSTRACT Olive pulp (OP) has been found to be a highly nutritious, low-cost feeding source and potential alternative feed ingredients in poultry nutrition. Gamma irradiation (GI) can be used to breakdown the lignocellulose and hemicellulose contents of OP in order to reduce its high fiber content. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of GI (20 kGy) on nutrient composition, digestibility, fatty acids (FA) and total phenols content (TPC) of OP as well as the impact of feeding OP (0, 50 and 100 g.Kg−1 diet), either irradiated or not, on quail growth performance, blood indices and immune response. To achieve these objectives, 720 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks were allotted randomly to six experimental groups (8 replications of 15 chicks each). Results reveal that GI increased TPC of OP and decreased crude fiber (CF) content, while, trivial increase in total saturated FA (ΣSFAs) and decrease in total unsaturated FA (ΣUFAs) and UFAs/SFAs ratio were observed in IOP. The incorporation of 5% of OP or IOP recorded the highest values of LBW and DBWG and the lowest values of DFI and FCR followed by 10% OP. None of the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE were affected by feeding OP or IOP except CF, which appears lower in birds fed both levels of OP and higher as influenced by GI. No alternations were observed in serum levels of total protein, albumin, liver enzymes, uric acid, creatinine and lipid constituents of birds fed diet containing OP or IOP except low-density lipoprotein which was lowered. Serum malondialdehyde was decreased in birds fed OP and IOP, while, serum glutathione reduced and glutathione reductase were insignificantly affected. A significant effect on the humoral immune response was found in treated quails where antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes was elevated. In conclusion, OP or IOP could be used in quail diets up to 10% to improve growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response without any deleterious effects on liver and renal function as well as nutrient digestibility.

Corn oil supplementation enhances hydrogen use for biohydrogenation, inhibits methanogenesis, and alters fermentation pathways and the microbial community in the rumen of goats

Enteric methane (CH4) emissions are not only an important source of greenhouse gases but also a loss of dietary energy in livestock. Corn oil (CO) is rich in unsaturated fatty acid with >50% PUFA, which may enhance ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids, leading to changes in ruminal H2 metabolism and methanogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CO supplementation of a diet on CH4 emissions, nutrient digestibility, ruminal dissolved gases, fermentation, and microbiota in goats. Six female goats were used in a crossover design with two dietary treatments, which included control and CO supplementation (30 g/kg DM basis). CO supplementation did not alter total-tract organic matter digestibility or populations of predominant ruminal fibrolytic microorganisms (protozoa, fungi, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes), but reduced enteric CH4 emissions (g/kg DMI, -15.1%, P = 0.003). CO supplementation decreased ruminal dissolved hydrogen (dH2, P < 0.001) and dissolved CH4 (P < 0.001) concentrations, proportions of total unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001) and propionate (P = 0.015), and increased proportions of total SFAs (P < 0.001) and acetate (P < 0.001), and acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0.038) in rumen fluid. CO supplementation decreased relative abundance of family Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group (P = 0.032), increased relative abundance of family Rikenellaceae (P = 0.021) and Lachnospiraceae (P = 0.025), and tended to increase relative abundance of genus Butyrivibrio_2 (P = 0.06). Relative abundance (P = 0.09) and 16S rRNA gene copies (P = 0.043) of order Methanomicrobiales, and relative abundance of genus Methanomicrobium (P = 0.09) also decreased with CO supplementation, but relative abundance (P = 0.012) and 16S rRNA gene copies (P = 0.08) of genus Methanobrevibacter increased. In summary, CO supplementation increased rumen biohydrogenatation by facilitating growth of biohydrogenating bacteria of family Lachnospiraceae and genus Butyrivibrio_2 and may have enhanced reductive acetogenesis by facilitating growth of family Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CO led to a shift of fermentation pathways that enhanced acetate production and decreased rumen dH2 concentration and CH4 emissions.

Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Artemisia pallens Wall. Seed Oil

The physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacities of Artemisia pallens seed oil were determined in this study. The moisture, oil content, fatty acid, iodine, peroxide, saponification values, specific gravity and refractive index were 4.13 %, 25.53 %, 1.84 % (as oleic acid), 138.14 (mg/ l00 g), 10.20 (meqO2/kg oil), 194.21 (mg KOH/g oil) 0.92 and 1.47, respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2, 79.963 %), oleic acid (C18:1, 9.40 %) and palmitic acid (C16:0, 7.89 %) were the major fatty acids. High amount of total unsaturated fatty acids (89.74 %) make it highly desirable as a source of nutrition. The antioxidant capacities of the seed oil showed that it can be a source for natural antioxidants and functional food. The results of the present study showed that the A. pallens is a promising seed oil crop and can be used for making of soaps, shampoos and alkyd resins. Further, the high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid i.e. linoleic acid makes it desirable in terms of nutrition.