Total Thermal Conductivity Research Articles

Optimizing Room-Temperature Thermoelectric Performance of n-Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3.

Bi2Te3-based compounds are exclusive commercial thermoelectric materials around room temperature. For n-type compounds, optimal thermoelectric properties are normally obtained at temperatures higher than room temperature to suppress the bipolar effect through increased carrier concentration. We find that doping with trace amounts of Cd and the addition of excess Bi are effective ways to optimize carrier concentration and achieve enhanced room-temperature thermoelectric performance for the Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 alloy in this work. For the Cd-doped samples, the replacement of Cd with Bi leads to not only a significant decrease in electron concentration but also apparently reduces the total thermal conductivity. The addition of excess Bi in the samples creates a Bi-rich synthetic atmosphere during the synthesis process, leading to increased BiTe antisite defects, decreased electron concentration, and reduced total thermal conductivity. Doping a small amount of Cd or adding excess Bi causes optimal thermoelectric performance of the n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 sample shifts obviously toward low temperatures, and the samples with 0.4 atom % Cd and 0.8 atom % excess Bi achieve maximum zT of ∼0.97 at 448 K and ∼0.88 at 348 K, respectively.

Enhancing thermoelectric performance of Bi2O2Se by W-doping with the shear exfoliation- restacking process

In this study, W-doping with the shear exfoliation- restacking process was used to optimize the thermoelectric properties of Bi2O2Se. It is noted that W-doping with the shear exfoliation- restacking process can synergistically improve carrier concentration and mobility, thus a higher electrical conductivity was obtained. In addition, total thermal conductivity of Bi1.98W0.02O2Se was restricted to 0.6 Wm−1 K−1 at 770 K. Consequently, a maximum ZT value of Bi1.98W0.02O2Se is raised to 0.62 at 773 K. The results show that the thermoelectric properties of Bi2O2Se can be further optimized by W-doping with the shear exfoliation-restacking process.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR-DRIVEN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE COUPLED TO A GEOTHERMAL FIELD

The objective of this work is to investigate a solar-driven Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for power production with a geothermal well as the heat sink for the ORC condenser. The examined unit combines the exploitation of two renewable energy sources. Solar irradiation is exploited by using solar dish concentrators with spiral absorbers, while the geothermal field includes vertical boreholes with U-tubes. The system is investigated parametrically with a developed model in Engineering Equation Solver, and the examined parameters are the solar beam irradiation level, the total thermal conductivity of the ORC condenser, the borehole length, the number of the boreholes and the mean ground temperature. For the default scenario, it is found that system electrical efficiency is 21.45%, the ORC’s thermodynamic efficiency is 35.99%, and the solar field efficiency is 61.30%. Moreover, it is found that the examined system is 5.7% more efficient than a conventional air-cooled condenser system.

The challenge of tuning the ratio of lattice/total thermal conductivity toward conversion efficiency vs power density

Minimizing the lattice thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials is essential for preserving the temperature difference during the operation of thermoelectric devices incorporating these materials. During the past two decades, there has been substantial improvement in the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) due to reduced lattice thermal conductivity. Employing alloying effects in solid-solution compounds is the most common and practical approach for inhibiting lattice thermal conductivity. This Perspective takes the n-type Mg3Sb2−xBix thermoelectric alloys as examples, addressing their lattice thermal conductivity and corresponding zT as functions of their Bi concentration. Additionally, we seek to understand the effect of the lattice contribution to total thermal conductivity for most thermoelectric materials currently being researched. The lattice/total thermal conductivity ratio at the temperature corresponding to the peak zT shows weak material dependence, widely ranging from 0.5 to 0.75, which implies that the lattice thermal conductivity of most thermoelectric materials can be decreased further to improve thermoelectric performance. On the other hand, thermoelectric materials with relatively low ratios exhibit high power factors in their operating temperature ranges, which is ascribed to their excellent electrical performance. These observations provide guidelines to tune transport properties for future applications in thermoelectric power generation.

Effect of heat treatment on the galvanomagnetic properties of bulk nanostructured samples of Bi85Sb15 solid solution

Extruded bulk nanostructured samples of Bi85Sb15 solid solution from particles with average sizes ∼ 2.105; 950; 650; 380; 30 and 15 nm were obtained and investigated their galvanomagnetic properties in the range of ∼ 77-300 K. Were investigated samples that have not passed heat treatment, and the same samples that have passed heat treatment. It was found that the electrical and thermal properties of Bi85Sb15 solid solution samples significantly depend on the size of nanoparticles and post-extrusion heat treatment. Heat treatment leads to a decrease in the concentration of current carriers and to an increase in the mobility of current carriers and the total thermal conductivity of the samples under study, which is mainly due to the electronic component of thermal conductivity. The change in thermal parameters is satisfactorily explained by changes in occurring in the structure of samples during extrusion and heat treatment and correlates well with changes in the electrical parameters of these processes.

Effect of spark plasma sintering temperature on microstructure and thermoelectric properties of the cermet composites consisting of Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 matrix and Co@CoTe2 inclusions

Novel cermet Bi2Te2.1Se0.9+0.33 ​wt% Co composite has been prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS) the starting Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 and Co powders at different SPS-temperatures (TS ​= ​598, 623, 648 and 673 ​K). During the sintering, initial Co inclusions transform into final filler Co@CoTe2 (“core”-“shell”) inclusions, randomly distributed inside textured grained Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 matrix. Forming these inclusions is originated from high-temperature chemical interaction between Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 and Co. Main features in microstructure and thermoelectric properties of the cermet composite found with increasing TS are: (i) a texturing degree of grained Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 matrix gradually decreases that is attributed to reducing in ability of initial nanometer Co particles to act as lubricant; (ii) a fraction of the Co core decreases, and a fraction of the CoTe2 shell increases that is related to acceleration of Co→CoTe2 reaction at higher temperatures; (iii) the specific electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient reduce, whereas the total thermal conductivity increases that can be originated from growth of electron concentration due to local Co doping. Highest value of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit equal to ∼0.8 was observed for the composite, SPS-treated at 673 ​K.

Multiple Effects Promoting the Thermoelectric Performance of SnTe by Alloying with CuSbTe2 and CuBiTe2.

In a SnTe-based thermoelectric material, the naturally high hole concentration caused by cation vacancies and high total thermal conductivity seriously hinder its thermoelectric performance. A recent work shows that alloying SnTe with other compounds from the I-V-VI2 family (I = Ag, Na; V = Sb, Bi; VI = Te) can be considered an effective strategy to boost the figure of merit efficiently via the synergy of manipulating hole concentration and lowering lattice thermal conductivity. Herein, we present a markedly enhanced thermoelectric performance in p-type SnTe through CuPnTe2 (Pn = Sb, Bi) alloying. Moreover, we found that the alloying with both CuSbTe2 and CuBiTe2 can facilitate the valence band convergence of SnTe, but their relative influence is different. Interestingly, compared to CuBiTe2, alloying with CuSbTe2 increases the carrier concentration of SnTe, which suppresses the bipolar effect. Ultimately, under the positive effect of valence band convergence, increased vacancy concentration, and decreased lattice thermal conductivity, compounds with a nominal composition of (SnTe)0.90(CuSbTe2)0.10 attains a peak zT of ∼1.26 at 823 K. In contrast, the thermoelectric performance of (SnTe)1-x(CuBiTe2)x is restricted by the reduced carrier concentration and diminished band gap, showing only a humble maximum zT value of ∼0.91 at 823 K in the sample with a nominal composition of (SnTe)0.96(CuBiTe2)0.04. These results demonstrate the multiple effects on thermoelectric transport during the formation of complex solid solutions.

FPMD studies on the microstructures and transport properties of molten MgCl2-NaCl-KCl with addition of active metals

A purification protocol of molten MgCl2-NaCl-KCl (MNK) by adding active metals has been proposed to reduce the corrosion of alloy materials in the application of generation III concentrating solar power plants. In this work, the ionic transport properties and micro structural characteristics of metals (Mg, Na, and K) and molten MNK mixtures (metal-MNK) are investigated at 723 K by first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations. According to the evolution of total energy, the Mg-MNK is the most stable mixture, while the Na-MNK mixture has larger energy fluctuations resulting in a higher specific heat capacity. Studies have shown that the small amount of metal existing in the molten MNK has almost no effect on the ionic diffusion order, but total diffusion coefficients and thermal conductivities of metal-MNK mixtures are improved. Meanwhile, the intensity of diffracted light of molten MNK is weakened by metals, and the microstructures of molten MNK added with alkali metals are more susceptible than that with metallic Mg by analyzing the total and partial static structure factors. Furthermore, the intermediate range orders of metal-MNK are demonstrated, especially for Mg-Mg pairs hinting the formation of the Mg2+-void-Mg2+ structure or Mg2+-centered clusters. Overall, the FPMD results deeply elaborate the dynamic interactions of molten MNK and metallic particles, which give insights for the development of salt purification and corrosion inhibition technology.

Nanoengineering Approaches to Tune Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of a BiSbTe Thermoelectric Alloy

Nanoengineering of thermoelectric (TE) materials is an effective approach to decouple their electronic and thermal transport properties, hence enhancing their TE efficiency. Nanoengineering strategies can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity through the corporation of different phonon scattering mechanisms, whereas the electrical conductivity may not be affected considerably. Herein, the effects of three nanoengineering approaches on the structural, electrical, and thermal properties of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (BST) alloy are compared: (a) nanohybridization of the alloy by adding Sb2O3 nanoparticles, (b) severe plastic deformation via high‐pressure torsion, and (c) grain refinement by sonication of BST powders before sintering. It is shown that among these methods, severe plastic deformation induces ultrafine grains and a high density of dislocations, resulting in a large reduction of the total thermal conductivity (32.8%) and a moderate decline in the electrical conductivity of (15.7%) at 300 K. A notable decrease in the lattice thermal conductivity (56.8% at 300 K) is attributed to midfrequency phonon scattering by the dislocations together with low and high frequency scatterings through grain boundaries and point defects, respectively. A new pathway is opened for designing highly efficient TE materials through nanoengineering approaches, particularly severe plastic deformation.

Tuning the phonon transport in bilayer graphene to an anomalous regime dominated by electron-phonon scattering

Recent studies have revealed the significance of electron-phonon interaction (EPI) in phonon transport at intermediate temperatures. In some metals, the EPI can even dominate over the anharmonic phonon-phonon (ph-ph) scattering, leading to an anomalous phonon transport regime in which the lattice thermal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ becomes nearly temperature ($T$) independent in contrast to the usual $1/T$ dependence. However, the experimental verification of this anomalous transport regime is very challenging due to the difficulty in separating the phonon contributions from the dominating electron ones to the measured total thermal conductivity in metals. In this work, using first-principles calculations, we predict that in bilayer graphene, the phonon transport can be driven to the anomalous regime by tuning the doping level. At high doping levels close to the Van Hove singularity, the EPI can result in a fivefold reduction of ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ at room temperature, and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$ becomes $T$ independent. This anomalous behavior is found to have its origin in three aspects: (i) mirror symmetry breaking enables direct coupling between flexural phonons, the dominant carriers of ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$, and electrons; (ii) dominance of normal processes in the anharmonic ph-ph scattering facilitates the EPI to be more prominent; (iii) dominance of these normal ph-ph processes induces the indirect effect of EPI on ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$. This is distinct from monolayer graphene, where the mirror symmetry prohibits the direct scattering of the flexural phonons by electrons and only the indirect EPI affects ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L}$. This work gives insight into the manipulation of heat conduction via externally induced EPI in two-dimensional materials in which mirror symmetry breaks and normal processes dominate the ph-ph scattering.

Thermal transport of amorphous phase change memory materials using population-coherence theory: a first-principles study

Thermal conduction plays a vital role in applications of phase change memory (PCM) materials. Phonon-based theory and the Wiedemann–Franz–Lorenz rule have been widely utilized to describe the thermal transport in crystalline PCM materials, while the understanding of heat conduction in the amorphous phase remains insufficient. Here, we quantify the contributions of the coherences (coupling of vibrational modes) and populations (phonon-like) to the thermal conduction of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and GeTe4, two kinds of typical PCM materials. The contributions of the coherences and populations are calculated using the theory proposed by Allen and Feldman (AF theory) and the single-mode relaxation time approximation of the Boltzmann transport equation based on first-principles calculations. Our results demonstrate that coherences contribute more than 97% of the total thermal conductivities for both amorphous GST and GeTe4 above Debye temperature, while the populations’ contribution is negligible. Besides, the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivities is predicted and analyzed, allowed by the AF theory with the mode linewidths-dependent broadening method introduced in this paper. The predicted positive temperature dependence of amorphous GeTe4 above Debye temperature, in good agreement with the experimental results, is due to the unique nature of coherences, i.e. larger contribution to heat conduction from stronger couplings between different normal modes at a higher temperature. Our calculation provides new insight into thermal transport in amorphous PCM materials and reveals the physical mechanisms of temperature-dependent thermal conductivities above Debye temperature, and the calculation framework can also be extended to other disordered systems.

Examination on aerogel based on the heat transfer characteristics of nanotechnology

With the rapid development of global industrialization, the research and development of new thermal insulation materials has great social and economic significance for national development and social progress. Due to the porous network structure of nanotechnology, the porosity of aerogel is 80–99.8%, the thermal conductivity can be as low as 0.013 w/(m k) at room temperature. It is the best insulation material by far, it has important value in the fields of aerospace, petrochemical, electric metallurgy, shipbuilding, precision instruments and so on. This paper is based on aerogel nanotechnology materials at home and abroad. In order to solve the problem of the study on heat transfer characteristics based on nanotechnology is not perfect, and the calculation model of solid phase thermal conductivity coefficient and total thermal conductivity of complex nanotechnology structure is not accurate enough. Through a heat transfer calculation method suitable for nanotechnology to conduct more detailed and in-depth research on these issues, introduces and analyzes the development of the equivalent thermal conductivity calculation model of Novel Aerogel nanotechnology insulation material in recent years. And analyzed The heat transfer characteristics and thermal insulation principle of nanotechnology aerogel by using equivalent thermal conductivity calculation model of aerogel nanotechnology insulation material. Research indicates: For aerogel nanotechnology materials, Use heat transfer calculation method aerogel nanotechnology insulation materials can be well calculated using a heat transfer calculation method that suitable for nanotechnology can calculate the equivalent thermal conductivity of aerogel nanotechnology insulation material very well; nanotechnology particles and aerogel meshes and continuous spatial network structures are reason for the very low thermal conductivity of aerogels; The heat transfer of the material is mainly achieved by convection, radiation and heat transfer. So it is possible to reduce the thermal conductivity from the heat transfer path of the material.

Magnetic, magnetocaloric and thermoelectric investigations of perovskite LaFeO3 compound: First principles and Monte Carlo calculations

In the present paper, the electronic structure, magnetic, magnetocaloric, and thermoelectric properties of the perovskite LaFeO3 compound are investigated, by using first-principles calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. By applying the first-principles calculations, the exchange coupling interactions (J1,J2) and the crystal field are calculated. The magnetization, the susceptibility, and the specific heat of the perovskite LaFeO3 compound are determined. It is found that, at low-temperature values, the magnetization behavior is in good agreement with the corresponding spin-value at T≈0.0K. In addition, the Neel temperature value TN=747K calculated using Monte Carlo simulations is in good agreement with the experimental value TN=750K. The magnetocaloric properties such as magnetic entropy change and the relative cooling power are calculated. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, total thermal conductivity, lattice thermal conductivity, and dimensionless figure of merit of this compound are discussed. Finally, the perovskite LaFeO3 compound is the best candidate for refrigeration magnetic at high temperatures.

Disorder-induced Anderson-like localization for bidimensional thermoelectrics optimization

Disorder-induced Anderson-like localization for bidimensional thermoelectrics optimization

Tuning of thermoelectric transport properties via the formation of hierarchical structures in Bi‐doped Gd 2 O 3 /Bi 0. 5 Sb 1 . 5 Te 3 nanocomposites

In this study, we developed hierarchical nanostructures by incorporating bismuth-doped and undoped rare earth oxide (Gd1.98Bi0.02O3 and Gd2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) into Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (BST) matrix. The influence of Gd2O3 and Gd1.98Bi0.02O3 nano-inclusions on microstructure and thermoelectric properties of BST composites have been investigated. The results reveal that the addition of 2 wt% Gd1.98Bi0.02O3 (bismuth-doped RE-oxide) into the matrix forms hierarchical structures that cause an enhanced electrical conductivity attributed to increasing carrier concentration as the substitution of bismuth preserves the comprehensive structure type and charge carrier concentration. Simultaneously, the Seebeck coefficient increases for the composite samples compared with a bare sample, due to an increase of effective mass by carrier energy filtering, while the total thermal conductivity decreased significantly by an enhanced phonon scattering at the nanoparticles, which is about 9% lower than that of BST matrix. Consequently, the ZT reached 0.87 at 300 K for BST/Gd1.98Bi0.02O3 composite, which is 30% higher than BST matrix. The result indicates that the Bi-doped rare earth oxide (Gd1.98Bi0.02O3) incorporation into BST could improve the thermoelectric properties of the BST-based materials. Furthermore, this work presumes that the doping effect of bismuth into the gadolinium oxide can reduce the initial defects in the structure of the synthesized Gd2O3.

Ductile inorganic amorphous/crystalline composite Ag4TeS with phonon-glass electron-crystal transport behavior and excellent stability of high thermoelectric performance on plastic deformation

The phonon-glass electron-crystal is an ideal picture for thermoelectric materials. However, amorphous solids such as ceramic and metallic glasses are often excluded from candidate materials for thermoelectrics due to either poor electrical conductivity or trivial Seebeck coefficient. Here, we report the Ag4TeS-based compounds which are amorphous/crystalline composites exhibiting a good promise for thermoelectric application. Their physical transport and mechanical properties can be significantly changed by tuning the Ag content via Ag4±xTeS stoichiometry (x=0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08). This type of amorphous/crystalline composites possess excellent room temperature plastic deformability and exhibit appreciable strain hardening behavior. They can achieve ultralow total thermal conductivity (∼0.26 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature) but display electron transport behavior like a degenerate crystalline semiconductor. The glass-like lattice thermal conductivity of Ag4TeS can be considerably reduced by small nonstoichiometry, and an extremely low value of 0.07 W m−1 K−1 is achieved in Ag4.02TeS at room temperature. As a result, a room temperature zT of 0.58 and a maximum zT of 0.97 at 623 K is achieved, which are the record-high values among the ductile thermoelectric materials reported so far. The Ag4TeS-based amorphous/crystalline composites also have excellent stability of thermoelectric performance on large plastic deformation, demonstrating their potential for thermoelectric applications which require material forming of complex geometry and sophisticated shapes.

Physical properties of face-centered cubic structured high-entropy alloys: Effects of NiCo, NiFe, and NiCoFe alloying with Mn, Cr, and Pd

This paper reports a comprehensive study of electrical and thermal transport properties of a series of face-centered cubic structured high-entropy alloys by alloying Mn, Cr, and Pd elements in NiCo, NiFe, and NiCoFe alloys. X-ray diffraction revealed a single-phase Cu-type cubic structure, and scanning electron microscopy displayed elongated grained microstructures in all alloys. Like NiCo, NiFe, and NiCoFe alloys, the alloys containing Cr/Mn/Pd exhibit metallic behavior; however, their electrical transport properties, such as residual resistivity, residual resistivity ratio, and temperature coefficient of resistivity, vary significantly due to the increase of chemical disorder and defects. The analysis of resistivity of these alloys further showed different scattering mechanisms at low temperatures. Interestingly, the electrical resistivity of NiCoCr, NiCoFeCr, and NiCoFeMn alloys is nearly linear at low temperatures, most likely related to the Mott-Ioffe-Regel limit. Additionally, the NiCoMnCr and NiCoFeMnCr alloys exhibit a minimum in resistivity at low temperatures, which can be explained by the weak localization effect. The Seebeck coefficient measurements reveal that the charge carrier for thermoelectric transport in NiCo, NiFe, and NiCoFe is changed from electrons to holes with Mn alloying. In contrast, a sign reversal of the charge carriers observed in the Cr-containing alloys is connected to the compensation of electron and hole carriers. Furthermore, the NiCoCr, NiCoFeCr, NiCoMnCr, and NiCoFeMnCr alloys show a negative phonon drag effect at low temperatures due to electron-phonon interaction. The measured thermal conductivity behaves similarly in all alloys, except for a considerable reduction in magnitude in Cr/Mn/Pd-containing alloys. This is attributed to a significant decrease of electronic thermal conductivity due to an increased electron scattering by disorders and lattice distortions and a substantial modification of band structure. There is almost an equal contribution of electronic and lattice to the total thermal conductivity in Cr/Mn/Pd-containing alloys, suggesting a semimetallic nature. The temperature dependence of lattice thermal conductivity of these alloys is described by different phonon scattering mechanisms.

Phonon transport properties of two dimensional group-III nitrides (BN, AlN, and GaN)

In this work, the lattice thermal conductivity of two-dimensional honeycomb structures of BN, AlN, and GaN studied using first-principles density functional theory and solving the linearized Boltzmann transport equation by relaxation time approximation. Investigation of the influence of the phonon modes on the thermal conductivity revealed that ZA, and LA + TA + ZO modes have the most and TO + LO have the least contribution to the thermal conductivity of BN whereas in AlN, the contribution of ZA decreases while the effect of TO + LO increases. In GaN, the TO + LO branches Play the major role on the thermal conductivity. The observed differences in the lattice thermal conductivity of these monolayers were explained by considering the variations of their frequency-dependent phonon lifetimes, group velocities, and heat capacities. In BN monolayer, the group velocity and phonon lifetime of the acoustic phonons found to be higher whereas the heat capacity of it's LO and TO branches was lower than the monolayers of AlN and GaN and therefore, the contribution of the acoustical phonon branches to thermal conductivity has become more important. However in GaN, the LO and TO phonons revealed the highest phonon lifetime and specific heat resulting the dominance of the contribution of these phonon modes to the total thermal conductivity.

Thermoelectric properties of p-type Si-rich higher manganese silicide for mid-temperature applications

High density pellets of MnSi1.74, MnSi1.8 and MnSi1.9 were prepared by an induction-melting and a rapid induction hot-pressing. Presence of fine precipitations of metallic MnSi in MnSi1.74 and Si in both MnSi1.8 and MnSi1.9 were confirmed by means of X-ray diffraction, SEM and EDS analysis. With subsequent increase in Si content in HMS, the electrical conductivity gradually decreases and Seebeck coefficient significantly increases. Further, the total thermal conductivity was notably reduced to ~2.1 W/mK at 725 K for MnSi1.8 which resulted in the enhanced zT of ~0.35 at 773 K.

The Equivalent Thermal Conductivity of the Micro/Nano Scaled Periodic Cubic Frame Silver and Its Thermal Radiation Mechanism Analysis

Currently, there are few studies on the influence of microscale thermal radiation on the equivalent thermal conductivity of microscale porous metal. Therefore, this paper calculated the equivalent thermal conductivity of high-porosity periodic cubic silver frame structures with cell size from 100 nm to 100 µm by using the microscale radiation method. Then, the media radiation characteristics, absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity were discussed to explain the phenomenon of the radiative thermal conductivity changes. Furthermore, combined with spectral radiation properties at the different cross-sections and wavelength, the radiative transmission mechanism inside high-porosity periodic cubic frame silver structures was obtained. The results showed that the smaller the cell size, the greater radiative contribution in total equivalent thermal conductivity. Periodic cubic silver frames fluctuate more in the visible band and have better thermal radiation modulation properties in the near infrared band, which is formed by the Surface Plasmon Polariton and Magnetic Polaritons resonance jointly. This work provides design guidance for the application of this kind of periodic microporous metal in the field of thermal utilization and management.