Total Soluble Carbohydrate Content Research Articles

Effect of acetylation on the chemical composition of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in relation with the physical and mechanical properties

ABSTRACTCommon hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is a highly underused wood species despite its great hardness, strength, wear-resistance and toughness. It is mainly used as firewood in Hungary because of its wood defects, irregular shape and low-dimensional stability. These wood defects and small breast height diameter result in a low yield. It is non-durable outdoors as it tends to turn grey, crack and be attacked by wood-decaying organisms. Indoors it lasts for hundreds of years. One technology that could improve the stability and durability properties is acetylation. Hornbeam was acetylated with the Accoya® method under industrial conditions. The aim of this research was the assessment of acetylation affecting the chemical properties of hornbeam wood and how these are related to the change in physical and mechanical properties. Main wood constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, Klason lignin, extractives and ash content) were determined and compared. Chemical parameters related to the degradation of structural polymers were also evaluated (total phenolic and soluble carbohydrate contents, pH and buffering capacity, furfural, levulinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid). Structural changes in acetylated wood and in the Klason lignin fraction were also assessed using FTIR spectroscopy.

Potential of Pineapple Madu Shell (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) As Anti-Browning Agent in Apples Manalagi (Malus sylvestris Mill)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of water extract of pineapple shell in the process of browning apple manalagi (Malus sylvestris Mill). The research was conducted from October to November 2016 in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung. As variables were browning index, total soluble carbohydrate content, dehydrogenase enzyme activity, and reducing sugar levels, while the parameter is the mean of all variables. The experiment was conducted in completely randomizes design. The main factor was the water extract of the pineapple shell with 5 concentration levels: 0% v / v, 25% v / v, 50% v / v, 75% v / v, 100% v / v. Levene test, analysis of variance and LSD test was carried out at 5% significance level. The results showed that the water extract pineapple shell was significantly lower the browning index of apples manalagi, and the relationship between the concentration and browning index is quadratic (y = 9E-05x2 - 0.013x + 1.018 R² = 0665). Extract of pineapple shell did not significantly affect total soluble carbohydrate content of apples manalagi but a downward trend in total soluble carbohydrate content with increasing concentrations of the extract (y = -0.049x + 29.66 R² = 0.923). The relationship between the concentration of water extract pineapple shell with dehydrogenase enzyme activity was negative linear (y = -0.082x + 12.04 R² = 0.969). Reducing sugar levels increase at the concentration of 50% v/v,75% v/v, and 100% v/v. The final conclusion was that the water extract of pineapple shell was potential as anti-browning agent for apples manalagi because it was able to reduce browning index 51.89%, and influence other physiological processes.Keywords: Pineapple shell, Apples manalagi, Browning, carbohydrate, dehydrogenase.

Effect of cadmium chloride on seedling growth of Vigna radiata L. genotypes

The experiment was conducted to study the influence of cadmium on growth and development of seedling mungbean genotypes (i. e. Basanti, Satya and MH 421). Results revealed that fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) (mg) of shoot significantly decreased from 297.9 to 237.3 and 28.9 to 17.4, respectively. Similarly, the FW and DW of root also showed same trend, the values varied from 17.2 to 9.1 and 2.7 to 1.2, respectively upon cadmium chloride application. Decline in RWC (%) was noticed. The ratio of chl a: chl b and chlorophyll: carotenoid also showed declining trend i. e. from 2.67 to 2.48 and 2.78 to 2.37, respectively. Whereas increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and proline content was observed and magnitude of increase varied from 0.93 to 1.53 mM MDA/g FW and 7.57 to 16.36 mM/g FW on imposition of cadmium chloride. However, total soluble carbohydrate and protein content showed reverse trend and maximum per cent decline was observed in Basanti (15.32 and 19.61%) and minimum in MH 421 (2.23 and 1.15%) genotype. The genotype MH 421 showed relatively better tolerance to cadmium chloride stress than other genotypes and can be a potential alternative for cadmium-contaminated soils.

Características físicas e químicas de cirigueleiras cultivadas na Zona da Mata Norte de Pernambuco

RESUMO A ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L.) é um fruto muito apreciado no nordeste brasileiro, o que tem proporcionado crescente interesse para seu cultivo comercial. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas e químicas de frutos de 11 genótipos de cirigueleiras, cultivados no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), localizado na zona da mata Norte de Pernambuco. Frutos maduros foram avaliados quanto à massa, aos diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, ao pH, aos teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), à acidez titulável (AT), ao ácido ascórbico, aos carboidratos solúveis totais e aos carotenoides totais. Com relação às características físicas, os resultados da massa e dos diâmetros longitudinal e transversal não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Quanto às características físico-químicas, os resultados demonstraram que o genótipo IPA-1 exibiu o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (32,88 mg 100g-1 de polpa) e, o genótipo IPA-7, a maior concentração de carotenoides totais, expressa em β-caroteno (22,63 µg g-1 de polpa). Os maiores teores de SS e de AT foram apresentados pelos genótipos IPA-9 e IPA-10, respectivamente. O genótipo IPA-4 apresentou maior relação SS/AT, enquanto o genótipo IPA-6 destacou-se dos demais por maior teor de carboidratos solúveis totais, expressos em glicose (32,78%). Desta forma, pode-se concluir que a variabilidade genética influenciou as características físico-químicas avaliadas.

Raffinose family oligosaccharides in seeds of Pisum wild taxa, type lines for seed genes, domesticated and advanced breeding materials

The content of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in pea seeds constrains their usage in feeding humans and animals. In our research, the content of soluble carbohydrates—particularly α-d-galactosides of sucrose (RFOs)—was analyzed. The materials were as follows: 248 accessions from the Polish Pisum Genebank including representatives of taxa (from species to convarietas), type lines for genes controlling seed characters, and breeding materials and cultivars. Accessions were divided into homogeneous groups considering content of total soluble carbohydrates, total RFOs and individual RFOs: raffinose, stachyose and verbascose. The highest content of total soluble carbohydrates and total RFOs were stated for accessions with wrinkled seeds (r and rb genes) and the lowest content for seeds of the wild species P. fulvum Sibth. et Sm. Accessions valuable for breeding (for further decreasing of anti-nutritional compounds) were found among domesticated taxa (P. sativum subsp. sativum convar. vulgare Alef. and speciosum (Dierb.) Alef.), breeding lines, and some wild taxa. Accessions with decreased content of a total RFOs and verbascose are particularly valuable. It was found that the content of total RFOs was the most highly, frequently, and positively correlated with a stachyose and verbascose content. However, in P. fulvum seeds with the lowest content of RFOs and verbascose, a high correlation between the content of total RFOs and stachyose was revealed. Contents of all oligosaccharides were substantially lower in lines with dominant alleles of main pea seed genes (R, A, and I). It can be assumed that wild, primitive peas were characterized by not-all-to-high (rather not high) content of oligosaccharides; then recessive mutations in mentioned genes resulted in an increased content of RFOs. It seems to be an interesting observation from an evolutionary point of view.

Physiological responses of the hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry) to cadmium exposure and distribution of cadmium in plantlets.

Phytoextraction of Cd is a growing biotechnology although we currently know few Cd hyperaccumulators, i.e., plant species able to accumulate at least 0.1mg Cdg(-1) dry weight in aerial organs. Owing their deep root system and high biomass, trees are more and more preferred to herbaceous species for phytoextraction. Assuming that conifers could be relevant models under cold climates, we investigated cadmium tolerance of the hybrid larch Larix × eurolepis Henry (Larix decidua × Larix kaempferi) and the efficiency of this species to store this metal. In vitro grown larches were chosen in order to reduce time of exposure and to more rapidly evaluate their potential efficiency to accumulate Cd. One-month-old plantlets were exposed for 2 and 4weeks to 250 and 500μM Cd. Results showed that they tolerated a 4-week exposure to 250μM Cd, whereas the content of photosynthetic pigment strongly dropped in plantlets growing in the presence of 500μM Cd. In the presence of 250μM Cd, shoot growth slightly decreased but photosynthetic pigment and total soluble carbohydrate contents were not modified and no lipid peroxidation was detected. In addition, these plantlets accumulated proline, particularly in shoots (two to three times more than control). In roots, Cd concentration in the intracellular fraction was always higher than in the cell wall fraction contrary to shoots where Cd concentration in the cell wall fraction increased with time and Cd concentration in the medium. In shoots, Cd concentration was lower than in roots with a ratio of 0.2 after 4weeks of exposure but stayed around 0.2mgg(-1) dry weight, thus a value higher than the threshold requested for Cd hyperaccumulators. Hybrid larch would thus be a relevant candidate for field test of Cd phytoextraction.

Changes in some physiological and osmotic parameters of several pistachio genotypes under drought stress

Drought is one of the main adverse environmental factors, obviously has an impact on plant growth and development. Many adaptive strategies have been developed in plants for dealing with water stress, among which osmoregulation is one of the most important factors of drought-tolerance in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of drought stress on the physiological and osmotic parameters of several pistachio genotypes. A completely randomized design was applied with a factorial arrangement of two factors: drought (0, −0.5, −1 and −2MPa) and genotypes (Abareqi, Badami–Rize–Zarand, Qazvini, and Sarakhs) at four replications. The results indicated that drought stress reduced shoot and root dry weight (RDW), leaf area, leaf relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll (TChl), carotenoids, total soluble proteins (TSP) and increased proline, glycine betaine, total soluble carbohydrate (TSC), sucrose, phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves of four genotypes. The genotypes have differently responded to water stress. The highest and lowest of above parameters in the roots and leaves of pistachio seedlings under drought condition were found in Badami–Rize–Zarand and Abareqi genotypes, respectively. According to the results, Badami–Rize–Zarand was presented more resistance to drought stress as accumulated more osmolytes and produced better water relations and dry weights under drought stress.

INFLUENCE OF LARVAL FOOD ON NUMBER OF SPERMATOPHORES, FECUNDITY AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SPINY BOLLWORM, Earias insulana (BOISD.)

Experiments were carried out to study the effect of larval food types (cotton bolls, okra pods and artificial diet) on number of spermatophores, fecundity and total soluble protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.). The obtained results showed that the larvae reared on artificial diet gave the highest weight, while, those collected from cotton bolls gave the lowest weight. The lowest pupal mortality percentage and the highest adult emergence percentages, number of eggs/female and hatchability percentages recorded for the larvae obtained from artificial diet followed by those collected from okra pods and cotton bolls. Pupal duration, pre & post- oviposition periods and male longevity were differed insignificantly as affected by feeding larvae on okra pods, cotton bolls and artificial diet. The newly emerged female moths from larvae collected from cotton bolls were recorded the lowest mean number of the eggs/ovariol and spermatophores, while, those emergence from larvae obtained from artificial diet was recorded the highest one. The highest value of total soluble protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents were recorded in larvae obtained from artificial diet followed by those collected from okra pods and cotton bolls.

Some Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Mung Bean Mycorrhizal Plants under Different Irrigation Regimes in Field Condition

In this study we determined some morpho-physiological characteristics of mung bean plants under various irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from pan class A) and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices). The highest and lowest seed yield was obtained from plants irrigated after 50 and 200 mm evaporation from pan, respectively. Root dry weight, root volume, leaf phosphorus and relative water content were decreased in plants under water deficit stress. Whereas, under various level of severe water deficit the proline content, total soluble carbohydrates and leaf nitrogen were increased. Mycorrhizal colonization was observed to be higher in well-watered plants rather than in stressed plants. Furthermore, the mycorrhizal plants produced a higher seed yield (161 g/m2), leaf phosphorus, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll index, proline, total soluble carbohydrates content, relative water content, root length, root volume, root dry weight and root/shoot weight ratio as compared with non-mycorrhizal plants.

24-Epibrassinolide Promotes Carbohydrates Accumulation in Crowns of Perennial Ryegrass during Cold Acclimation by Regulation of Gene Expression and Enzyme Activities which Results in Increased Frost Tolerance

Due to climate changes and global warming the knowledge about the role of hormones promoting cold acclimation will become increasingly important. Brassinosteroids (BR) are plant steroid hormones which control photosynthesis, affect carbohydrate metabolism and protect against environmental factors (Janeczko et al., 2011).In order to demonstrate if BR are essential for the cold acclimation of perennial ryegrass, we studied the effect 24- epibrassinolide (EBR) and brassinazole (BZ) a specific inhibitor of BR biosynthesis, on parameters associated with cold acclimation (CA). We also analyzed the influence of the length of CA on carbohydrate quality and quantity under EBR treatment. The endogenous BR level during cold acclimation was also studied.We had demonstrated that EBR treatment improved frost tolerance of perennial ryegrass. EBR upregulated while BZ downregulated the expression of Rubisco activase (RcaA) in leaves and crowns of Lolium perenne. EBR treatment decreased contents of total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) in leaves which coincided with increased level of TSC in crowns. At the same time the expression of sucrose-1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and sucrose synthase (SUS) genes in leaves and crowns were reduced by BZ. Gene expression level corresponded to changes in Rubiscoand sucrose synthase activities. Endogenous level of castasterone (CS), the only detected BR in plants, increased significantly after 3 weeks of CA and decreased to the control level after next 3 weeks at 4°C. Changes of different soluble sugars concentration including fructooligosacharides was dependent on lenght of CA. Concluding, EBR enhanced frost tolerance of perennial ryegrass through changes during cold acclimation. Particulary EBR upregulated RcaA, SUS and 1-SST genes and activated of Rubisco and SPS enzymes during cold acclimation, leading to increased carbohydrate accumulation in crowns which coincided with decline of TSC level in leaves Founding: National Science Centre (Poland) DEC-2011/03/D/NZ9/05548

Effects of benzyladenine purine and its interaction with polyamines on growth of Spathoglottis plicata PLBs

Spathoglottis plicata is highly sought after by florists and orchid growers due to its unique structure and colors. However, this orchid is a slow-growing type and thus the planting materials are acutely limited. Therefore, there is a need to improve its multiplication efficiency and speed up its growth in order to meet the market demand. Benzyladenine purine (BAP) has been widely used to improve plantlet multiplication in plant cultures. Polyamines have also been reported to improve the growth and development of in vitro cultures. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of BAP and different polyamines on the physical and biochemical changes of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of S. plicata. Different concentrations of BAP and polyamines (putrescine, spermine, and spermidine) were used. BAP and polyamines were supplemented singly in half-strength MS medium and PLBs were cultured for 2 weeks. It was observed that 5 µM BAP and 25 µM spermidine resulted in the highest fresh weights of 0.38 g and 0.31 g, respectively. The total soluble protein and carbohydrate content for PLBs treated with 25 µM spermidine was 4.85 mg/g FW and 6.36 mg/g FW. A separate experiment was carried out to investigate the interactive effects of 25 µM spermidine with 5 µM BAP. The presence of spermidine in the media reduced the peroxidase and catalase activities by increasing the nitrate reductase activity.

Effect of Light Intensity and Temperature on Growth and Quality Parameters of Grafted Vines

Light and temperature are the most important environmental conditions that impact the growth and quality of grafted vines. In this research, the most suitable light and temperature conditions were tested to determine the best environment for grafted vines grown in pots. This study was conducted to determine the influence of different growth conditions, such as open field, shaded greenhouse and unshaded greenhouse, on grafted vine growth and quality. The length and diameter of shoot, trunk diameter, mean and total leaf area, total soluble sugars, starch and total carbohydrate contents of ‘Narince’ and ‘Trakya Ilkeren’ vines, grafted on 5C rootstock, were investigated in this study. Shaded conditions yielded significantly higher shoot lengths, mean and total leaf areas than other conditions (p<0.05). Among the growth parameters, the highest correlation (r = 0.819) was observed between shoot length and plant total leaf area (p<0.01). The total soluble sugars, starch and total carbohydrates content of vines under shaded and unshaded conditions were higher (p<0.05) than those under open field conditions. Grafted vines had the highest carbohydrate content in unshaded conditions. Under different light intensity, temperature and relative humidity conditions studied, the better results were obtained in the case of unshaded conditions.

Optimizing planting density for production of high-quality apple nursery stock in China

In China, apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) nursery stock is generally of low quality because of extremely high planting density. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum planting density of 2-year-old grafted apple trees. Tree growth (height, trunk diameter, leaf area index) increased as density decreased. Trees grown at high densities (14.3–50 plants/m2) were the shortest with the smallest trunk diameters and leaf areas, whereas trees grown at lower densities (4.8–10 plants/m2) were generally largest in terms of height, diameter and leaf area. Trees grown at lower densities tended to have higher bud dry weight, leaf dry weight, nitrogen content, total soluble sugar concentration and total non-structural carbohydrate content. Higher levels of these parameters were generally observed with tree densities at or below 10 plants/m2. Therefore we conclude that 10 plants/m2 is the optimum density for maximizing the number of trees produced per unit land area while maintaining tree quality of nursery stock.

Fertilidade e reservas de carbono e nitrogênio em gemas de ramos das viníferas 'carbernet sauvignon' e 'nebbiolo'

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a fertilidade e as reservas de C e N em gemas de ramos, na entrada da dormência e dormência plena, das variedades 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Nebbiolo'. Em um vinhedo de 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e outro de 'Nebbiolo', em São Joaquim (SC), foram coletadas gemas em ramos de ano, em duas épocas: na entrada da dormência (maio de 2012) e na dormência plena (agosto de 2012). Os tratamentos foram: (T1) gemas basais (1ª a 5ª); (T2) gemas medianas (6ª a 10ª), e (T3) gemas distais (11ª a 15ª). Em cada planta, foram coletados três ramos, um localizado no lado esquerdo, outro no lado direito e o terceiro no centro da planta. A presença ou ausência de primórdios de inflorescência foi realizada apenas nas gemas dos ramos coletados na dormência plena, usando um estereomicroscópio. Foram quantificados em gemas na entrada da dormência e na dormência plena, os teores de carboidratos solúveis totais, amido, proteínas totais, carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio total e relação C/N. A 'Cabernet Sauvignon' apresentou o maior número de gemas férteis na porção mediana dos ramos de ano. Mas, na cultivar 'Nebbiolo', o maior número de gemas férteis foi observado nas porções medianas e distais do ramo. As maiores concentrações de reservas de carbono nas gemas da 'Cabernet Sauvignon' podem ser responsáveis pela maior fertilidade de gemas. A carga de gemas férteis na 'Cabernet Sauvignon' pode ser aumentada com a poda de inverno média a longa e, na 'Nebbiolo', com poda longa, acima da 6ª gema, como o Guyot.

Elemental and biochemical markers of stigma receptivity in sunflower

Stigma development in sunflower is accompanied with an accumulation of calcium (33 %), potassium (37 %) and boron (62 %) in mature stigma as compared to stigma at bud stage, thereby demonstrating their essential roles in attaining receptivity. Membrane-bound calcium accumulation is enhanced on the pellicle and is also evident in the cytoplasm accompanying stigma maturation. Total soluble carbohydrate content increases in the staminate stage (55 %) as compared to bud stage. Glucose and fructose are the major monosaccharides and their contents are maximum in the staminate stage. Total lipid content also increases with the passage of stigma development. Erucic acid (22:1) is expressed specifically in the bud and staminate stages. A variation in the contents of triacylglycerides and free fatty acids, and expression of fatty acyl esterases in mature stigma have been correlated with biochemical events associated with signalling mechanisms. Lastly, enhanced expression of two hydrolytic enzymes, namely β-1,3 glucanase and fatty acyl ester hydrolase, has been observed to correlate with stigma maturation. Present findings, thus, provide new information on the structural and biochemical changes marking various signalling events associated with successful pollen–stigma interaction.

Correction: From Income to Capital Breeding: When Diversified Strategies Sustain Species Coexistence

In the subsection Determination of the global energy budget, of Materials and Methods, the incorrect reference appears in the sentence: For that purpose, we conducted colorimetric analyses to simultaneously assay on the same individuals the total lipid, total soluble carbohydrate and total soluble protein contents (see detailed method in [26]). Instead of Reference 26, this sentence should refer to the detailed method in: Foray V, Pelisson PF, Bel-Venner MC, Desouhant E, Venner S, Menu, et al. (2012) A handbook for uncovering the complete energetic budget in insects: the van Handel’s method (1985) revisited. Physiol. Entomol. 37: 295-302. An incorrect reference occurs in the next sentence in that section. Only reference [28] should appear. correct sentence is: The total energy budget of a female was then computed using the following equivalence: 16 Joules per mg carbohydrates or proteins and 37.65 Joules per mg lipids [28].

Pengaruh Asam Benzoat Terhadap Kandungan Karbohidrat Terlarut Total dan Gula Pereduksi pada Columella, Locular Cavity dan Pericarp Wall Buah Tomat Plum (Solanum lycopersicum var.roma)

Effect of benzoic acid on the ripening of tomato fruits was investigated on Desember 2013 in Plant Physiology Laboratory, Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Lampung University. The objective of this research was to know the effect of benzoic acid on the total soluble carbohydrate content and reducing sugar of columella, locular cavity and pericarp wall tomato fruits 8 days after picking. The investigation was conducted in factorial experiment 2x3. Factor A was treatment with 2 levels: without benzoic acid treatment (control) and with benzoic acid treatment. Factor B was parts of tomato fruits with 3 levels: columella, locular cavity, and pericarp wall. Treatment was given by spraying tomato fruits in ripening stage 1 with benzoic acid solution (2%w/v). The total soluble carbohydrate content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method. The reducing sugar was indentified by Benedict method. Analysis of variance was conducted at 5% significant level. The result show that benzoic acid increases significantly the total soluble carbohydrate content in columella and locular cavity. Reducing sugar level in columella control and pericarp wall control is higher than in locular cavity control. Reducing sugar level in locular cavity treatment is higher than in columella and pericarp wall treatment. Color of tomato controlwas full yellow while color of tomato treatmentwas yellowish green. We concluded that benzoic acid delayed tomato ripening by decreasing the respiration rate in columella and locular cavity. Keyword : Tomato fruits, benzoic acid, total soluble carbohydrate content, and reducing sugar.

Pengaruh Cahaya Hijau (510-550 nm) Terhadap Berat Segar dan Kandungan Karbohidrat Terlarut Total Buah Pisang Muli (Musa Acuminata L.) Selama Proses Pematangan

Research on the effect of green light (510-550 nm) on the fresh weight and total soluble carbohydrate content of muli banana fruit was conducted on November until December 2013. The objective of this research was to know the effect of green light on the fresh weight and total soluble carbohydrate content of muli banana fruit. The research was conducted in factorial experiment with Factor was green light with 2 levels: control (without green light treatment) and green light treatment. Factor B was time of observation with 3 levels: 4, 6, 8 days after picking. Every combination of treatment was replicated 5 times. Muli banana fruit was weighted by analytical balance to determine the fresh weight of muli banana fruit. Total soluble carbohydrate was determined by phenol-sulfuric method. Absorbance was measured at wavelength 490nm. Total soluble carbohydrate content was counted based on glucose standard curve and expressed in mg/gram tissue. Analysis of variance for data of fresh weight and total soluble carbohydrate content of muli banana fruit was conducted at 5% significant level, and if interaction was significant than continued with simple effect determination at 5% significant level by t test. The result of research showed that green light slower the ripening process of muli banana fruit by increased the fresh weight but did not influence the total soluble carbohydrate content of muli banana fruit. Keywords: Muli banana fruit, fresh weight, total soluble carbohydrate content, green light.

Investigation of the Effects of Salicylic Acid on Some Biochemical Parameters in Zea mays to Glyphosate Herbicide

In this study, investigated the possible mediatory role of salicylic acid (SA) in protecting Zea mays L. “Martha F1” seedlings from glyphosate toxicity. 0.5 mM SA was treated as preemergence and 17-145 mM glyphosate herbicide was treated postemergence to same groups. The effects upon Peroxidase (POD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) reduced glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione S Transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation, total chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrate content of this herbicide were investigated on the 1st, 5th and 10th days following the treatment.

Metabolism of nitrogen and carbon: Optimization of biological nitrogen fixation and cowpea development

Although the favorable role of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is well established, their involvement in nodule metabolism is unknown. This study was performed to determine the relationship between C and N metabolism in cowpea nodules inoculated with only Bradyrhizobium sp. or with double and triple combinations of Bradyrhizobium sp., and two PGPB, Paenibacillus graminis and Paenibacillus durus during two critical phases of nodule development (flowering and beginning of senescence). The triple inoculation (Bradyrhizobium sp and two PGPB) induced higher N content in nodules, total-N accumulation per plant and shoot dry weight compared with other combinations at the beginning of senescence. This increased N performance was positively correlated with the nodule sucrose content but not with the content of total soluble carbohydrates, reduced sugars and starch. The higher BNF under triple inoculation conditions was not significantly associated with sucrose synthase activity but was slightly associated with soluble acid invertase activity in nodules at the beginning of senescence. These enzymes exhibited opposite responses between flowering and the beginning of senescence in all treatments. Glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were stimulated by double (Bradyrhizobium sp. + P. durus) and triple inoculation compared with other treatments. Our data revealed that inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. and PGPB is favorable for BNF activity in cowpeas. This positive interaction requires a complex balance involving enzymes and metabolites related to C and N metabolism.