Total Protein Fractions Research Articles

Protein Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles From Bovine Follicular Fluid and Analysis of Their Origin From Different Ovarian Cells.

Follicular fluid (FF) fills the interior portion of the ovarian antral follicle and provides a suitable microenvironment for the growth of the enclosed oocyte through molecular factors that originate from plasma and the secretions of follicular cells. FF contains extracellular nanovesicles (ffEVs), including 30–100-nm membrane-coated exosomes, which carry different types of RNA, proteins, and lipids and directly influence oocyte competence to develop embryo. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the protein cargo of EVs from the FF of 3–6-mm follicles and uncover the origins of ffEVs by assessing expression levels of corresponding mRNAs in bovine follicular cells and oocyte and cell proteomes. Isolated exosome-like ffEVs were 53.6 + 23.3 nm in size and could be internalized by cumulus-oocyte complex. Proteomes of ffEVs and granulosa cells (GC) were assessed using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry after the gel fractionation of total proteins. In total, 460 protein isoforms corresponding to 322 unique proteins were identified in ffEVs; among them, 190 were also identified via GC. Gene Ontology terms related to the ribosome, protein and RNA folding, molecular transport, endocytosis, signal transduction, complement and coagulation cascades, apoptosis, and developmental biology pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling, were significantly enriched features of ffEV proteins. FfEVs contain numerous ribosome and RNA-binding proteins, which may serve to compact different RNAs to regulate gene expression and RNA degradation, and might transfer ribosomal constituents to the oocyte. Majority of genes encoding ffEV proteins expressed at different levels in follicular cells and oocyte, corroborating with numerous proteins, which were reported in bovine oocyte and cumulus cells in other studies thus indicating possible origin of ffEV proteins. The limited abundance of several mRNAs within follicular cells indicated that corresponding ffEV proteins likely originated from circulating exosomes released by other tissues. Analysis of bovine ffEV transcriptome revealed that mRNAs present in ffEV accounted for only 18.3% of detected ffEV proteins. In conclusion, our study revealed numerous proteins within ffEVs, which originated from follicular and other cells. These proteins are likely involved in the maintenance of follicular homeostasis and may affect oocyte competence.

The content of total protein and protein fractions in cows during pregnancy and their diagnostic value

The aim of the article was to study the content of total protein and protein fractions in the blood of cows during pregnancy and determine their diagnostic value. The studies were performed as follows. Within 7 days after insemination on the principle of analogues selected a group of 100 cows. Pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal examination of cows 60 days after insemination. In experimental animals, starting from the 25th to the 29th day after insemination, blood samples for morphological and biochemical studies were taken monthly before delivery. The total protein content in the serum was determined by the biuret reaction, protein fractions – nephelometric method. Depending on the course of labor and the postpartum period, cows were divided into two groups. The first group included 30 animals with a physiological course of the postpartum period. The second group was formed of 30 cows with subinvolution of the uterus. According to this goal, the dynamics of total protein, albumin, alpha-, beta- and gammaglobulins in the blood of cows with physiological course of pregnancy and prone to the development of subinvolution of the uterus from the first to 9 months of pregnancy. It was found that in clinically healthy cows the onset of pregnancy is characterized by a high (0.89) albumin-globulin ratio, which in the fourth month of pregnancy decreases to 0.78, in the fifth or sixth months increases to 0.85, followed by a decrease to 0.78 before childbirth. In cows prone to uterine subinvolution, a significant difference in albumin content was found in the first month of pregnancy (47.07 ± 1.21 vs. 41.02 ± 1.26 %). In the third to fifth months of pregnancy, there was an increase in the proportion of albumin in the protein to 44.62 ± 0.88 % and a new decrease in the seventh to ninth months to 41.96 ± 0.3 %. In the first month of pregnancy, the albumin-globulin ratio was 0.7, with a tendency to increase in the fifth to sixth months of pregnancy to 0.8, and decrease to 0.72 before calving. Analyzing the dynamics of alpha-globulins in clinically healthy cows, we noted two peaks of decrease in their percentage - in the third month of pregnancy (from 16.02 ± 0.08 to 15.14 ± 0.06 %) and in the fifth month , 96 ± 0.48 %) and a consistent increase in the seventh to ninth months of pregnancy (up to 17.22 ± 0.13 %). And in cows prone to the development of uterine subinvolution, with a slightly higher percentage at the beginning of pregnancy (16.02 ± 0.08 to 17.08 ± 0.05 %), we did not notice significant changes in the percentage of this globulin, except for a significant increase in seventh to ninth month of pregnancy (up to 18.01 ± 0.24 – 19.01 ± 0.32 %). It is proposed to use the albumin-globulin ratio at 6, 7, 8, 9 months of gestation as a prognostic factor in the detection of cows prone to uterine subinvolution.

Selenium affects protein accumulation and its distribution in different protein fractions in developing wheat grains

The present study reveals the effect of selenium (Se) on different storage proteins accumulation and protein-bound Se in developing wheat grains. A greenhouse experiment was conducted on wheat grown in alkaline sandy loam soil treated with selenate-Se and selenite-Se ranging from 0 to 4 mg kg−1. Selenium content increased significantly in various Se-treated plant tissues as compared to control at maturity. Total soluble proteins and different protein fractions, viz. albumin, globulins, prolamins and glutelins, decreased significantly in Se-treated wheat grains as compared to control. The amount of Se with reference to protein fraction was highest in the glutelin fraction, followed by prolamin, albumin and globulins. Electrophoretic analysis followed by densitometry revealed variations in the presence of polypeptide bands in different protein fractions at maturity. Fourier transform infra red spectra analysis revealed more flexibility and unfolding of structures with higher selenite dosage. The excess binding of Se to protein or amino acid may replace sulfhydryl groups of proteins, thus causing deleterious effects on normal protein form. However, higher concentration of protein-bound Se can be exploited for the fortification of Se-deficient foods in preparation of Se-enriched diets and various health supplements for populations deficient in Se.

The correlation of productive and hematological parameters in steers on the background of the use of feed protein additive Biovitel

Among the environmental factors, feeding is the most important in the formation of new traits and properties. The level of feeding influences first of all on the digestive system. Then the nature of feeding affects the organs associated with the utilization of nutrients, and ultimately the body as a whole. The purpose of the researches was to study the correlation between productive and hematological parameters in steers against the background of the use of the feed additive Biovitel. The research has been carried out under the environments of JSC “SHF Dubrovsky” in the Chelyabinsk region on steers of Hereford breed. In order to carry out experiments 2 groups of steers (control and experimental) have been formed with 10 heads in each. The method of pair-analogues has been used taking into account the genotype, age, birth weight and physiological state of animals. The experiment has been conducted from 6- to 15-month-old steers. The control group has been received the main farm ration. The experimental group has been received the basic ration and additional feed additive Biovitel at the rate of 100 g/head/ day for 15 days. The correlation between hematological parameters and productivity of steers against the background of the use of the feed additive Biovitel has been determined. During the study a positive correlation between the total protein and protein fractions with the live weight of steers has been observed. High correlation coefficients have been obtained in steers of both groups at the age of 9 months. The amount of total lipids in all age periods in both groups changed relatively little, but the trend of their increase in steers of the experimental group remained. The concentration of phospholipids in the control group was almost at the same level, and in the experimental group there was an excess of control values by 5,52 %. Activation of redox processes in the animal body has been observed under the action of the feed protein additive Biovitel.

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Exploring the Impact of PARK2 Mutations on the Total and Mitochondrial Proteome of Human Skin Fibroblasts.

Mutations in PARK2 gene are the most frequent cause of familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This gene encodes Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in several cellular mechanisms, including mitophagy. Parkin loss-of-function is responsible for the cellular accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which in turn determines an increment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lower ATP production, and apoptosis activation. Given the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy impairment in PD pathogenesis, the aim of the present study was to investigate both total and mitochondrial proteome alterations in human skin fibroblasts of PARK2-mutated patients. To this end, both total and mitochondria-enriched protein fractions from fibroblasts of five PARK2-mutated patients and five control subjects were analyzed by quantitative shotgun proteomics to identify proteins specifically altered by Parkin mutations (mass spectrometry proteomics data have been submitted to ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD015880). Both the network-based and gene set enrichment analyses pointed out pathways in which Rab GTPase proteins are involved. To have a more comprehensive view of the mitochondrial alterations due to PARK2 mutations, we investigated the impact of Parkin loss on mitochondrial function and network morphology. We unveiled that the mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced in PARK2-mutated patients, without inducing PINK1 accumulation, even when triggered with the ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Lastly, the analysis of the mitochondrial network morphology did not reveal any significant alterations in PARK2-mutated patients compared to control subjects. Thus, our results suggested that the network morphology was not influenced by the mitochondrial depolarization and by the lack of Parkin, revealing a possible impairment of fission and, more in general, of mitochondrial dynamics. In conclusion, the present work highlighted new molecular factors and pathways altered by PARK2 mutations, which will unravel possible biochemical pathways altered in the sporadic form of PD.

Effect of preparation of the test samples by dissolution on the indicators of the protein composition of animal meat

The article presents the research of the protein composition of meat of wild animals (elk and wild boar) and domestic animals (beef), by their isolation and separation methods due to their different solubility in different solutions, conducted in the laboratory of Biological Safety of Food Systems of the Department of Meat and Dairy Products Technology of Mari State University. The total proteins or protein fractions were extracted from a homogenized chilled meat sample. Then, the colorless proteins in the extract were transferred to the colored product, adding a biuret reagent, and studied the D optical density of separate protein fractions on the photoelectric concentration colorimeter PCC-2, determining the absorption of emitting at a wavelength of 540 nm. The protein content of the samples was expressed in the mass fraction of the protein fraction in the sample in g/ 100g of meat and in percentages. The calculation was based on the previously found linear calibration dependence of the optical density on the concentration of the standard protein. Using sequential extraction of muscle proteins with water, saline and alkaline it is possible to obtain different protein fractions. Differentiation of proteins by solubility (water-soluble, soluble in salts, alkaline-soluble, albumins, globulins), fractional composition (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and connective tissue), peculiarities of the biochemical structure (high-grade and inferior). Protein extracts of muscle tissue of wild and domestic animals obtained during sequential extraction are used to quantify the protein content of a certain fraction, as well as to research the properties of proteins.

Effect of preparation of the test samples by dissolution on the indicators of the protein composition of animal meat

The article presents the research of the protein composition of meat of wild animals (elk and wild boar) and domestic animals (beef), by their isolation and separation methods due to their different solubility in different solutions, conducted in the laboratory of Biological Safety of Food Systems of the Department of Meat and Dairy Products Technology of Mari State University. The total proteins or protein fractions were extracted from a homogenized chilled meat sample. Then, the colorless proteins in the extract were transferred to the colored product, adding a biuret reagent, and studied the D optical density of separate protein fractions on the photoelectric concentration colorimeter PCC-2, determining the absorption of emitting at a wavelength of 540 nm. The protein content of the samples was expressed in the mass fraction of the protein fraction in the sample in g/ 100g of meat and in percentages. The calculation was based on the previously found linear calibration dependence of the optical density on the concentration of the standard protein. Using sequential extraction of muscle proteins with water, saline and alkaline it is possible to obtain different protein fractions. Differentiation of proteins by solubility (water-soluble, soluble in salts, alkaline-soluble, albumins, globulins), fractional composition (sarcoplasmic, myo????ibrillar and connective tissue), peculiarities of the biochemical structure (high-grade and inferior). Protein extracts of muscle tissue of wild and domestic animals obtained during sequential extraction are used to quantify the protein content of a certain fraction, as well as to research the properties of proteins.

Feasibility Studies on the Effect of Natural Plant Compounds on Sludge Characteristics in a Batch-Type Aerobic Reactor and N-butyryl-L Homoserine Lactone

Quorum quenching using different kinds of inhibitors is a new subject of research that is used for biofilm prevention in wastewater treatment membrane systems. In this study, three natural compounds, namely tea, coffee and vanillin, were tested in order to evaluate their possible effects on wastewater sludge characteristics in a batch type aerobic reactor. The parameters evaluated included the soluble microbial products (total soluble microbial products, protein and carbohydrate fraction of soluble microbial products), extracellular polymeric substance concentrations (total extrapolymeric substances, protein and carbohydrate fraction of the extrapolymeric substances), floc size, zeta potential, sludge volume index and capillary suction time. The effects of these plant based compounds upon the quorum sensing N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone signal were also investigated using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under optimized conditions. The results indicated different effects for each natural compound upon the sludge characteristics. The role of these natural compounds as quorum quenchers in the batch-type aerobic reactor was inconclusive due to their effects on extraction outputs. Understanding the effect of quorum quenchers on sludge characteristics is important and recent studies have been aimed at preventing biofilm formation in membrane bioreactors.

Identification of Low-Abundance Lipid Droplet Proteins in Seeds and Seedlings.

The developmental program of seed formation, germination, and early seedling growth requires not only tight regulation of cell division and metabolism, but also concerted control of the structure and function of organelles, which relies on specific changes in their protein composition. Of particular interest is the switch from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic seedling growth, for which cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) play a critical role as depots for energy-rich storage lipids. Here, we present the results of a bottom-up proteomics study analyzing the total protein fractions and LD-enriched fractions in eight different developmental phases during silique (seed) development, seed germination, and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The quantitative analysis of the LD proteome using LD-enrichment factors led to the identification of six previously unidentified and comparably low-abundance LD proteins, each of which was confirmed by intracellular localization studies with fluorescent protein fusions. In addition to these advances in LD protein discovery and the potential insights provided to as yet unexplored aspects in plant LD functions, our data set allowed for a comparative analysis of the LD protein composition throughout the various developmental phases examined. Among the most notable of the alterations in the LD proteome were those during seedling establishment, indicating a switch in the physiological function(s) of LDs after greening of the cotyledons. This work highlights LDs as dynamic organelles with functions beyond lipid storage.

Evaluation of yeast supplementation in steers housed under suitable temperature–humidity index

ABSTRACT The objective of the experiment was to study the effect temperature–humidity index and of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCYC Sc47 E1702) supplementation on protein fractions and haptoglobin serum levels in steers during the growing and finishing phases. Forty Charolais steers were divided into two equal groups: treatment (YS) and control (C). Each animal of the YS group received 5 g/day of yeast supplement added to the same ration of C group. Blood samples were analyzed for total proteins (TP), protein fractions (albumin, α1 -, α2-, β1-, β2 -,γ- globulins) and haptoglobin (Hp). Ratios between albumin and globulins (A/G) were calculated. Yeast supplementation had a positive effect on TP, albumin, α1, and β1- globulin levels. Starting from day 1, the differences between C and YS increased during the growing phase and decreased during the finishing phase. Haptoglobin was lower in YS group than C group during growing and finishing phases. These results suggest that the inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisae in the diet of feedlot steers can modulate protein metabolism as well as haptoglobin concentration when animals are housed in suitable THI conditions.

Changes in physico-chemical properties of milk under ultraviolet radiation

The use of ultraviolet radiation in the treatment of milk and other liquid foods is a very promising field of study since it reduces their bacterial load. It is rarely used to increase the vitamin D content and modify the protein and fatty acid composition of milk. The paper describes how different parameters of ultraviolet radiation influence such characteristics of raw and pasteurized milk as the mass fraction of total protein, nonprotein nitrogen content, active and titratable acidity, general bacterial load (QMA&OAMO), fatty acid composition, and vitamin D content. Low-pressure gas-discharge lamps were used to treat a 400 µm moving layer of milk with ultraviolet radiation. The radiation time, its doses, and the milk flow rate changed in the ranges of 5–25 min, 5.1–102 mJ/cm2, and 0.04453- 0.13359 m3/s, respectively. We identified optimal radiation ranges that lead to both a lower microorganism content and a higher vitamin D content. Our study also determined specific correlations in the mutual changes of the given parameters. The treatment ranges did not produce any significant changes in other physico-chemical properties of milk. We also found that vitamin D was synthesized in raw and pasteurized milk in a similar way. Moreover, there was an insignificant decrease in the vitamin D content in milk treated with ultraviolet radiation during storage for up to 48 hours. On the whole, the results indicate that the treatment of milk with ultraviolet radiation in the dosage range from 5.1 to 102 mJ/cm2 has a complex effect on the total bacterial load (QMA&OAMO) and vitamin D content,
 whereas it has almost no effect on the protein and fatty acid composition.

Recurrent inflammatory disease caused by a heterozygous mutation in CD48

Recurrent inflammatory disease caused by a heterozygous mutation in CD48

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Total Protein and Protein Fractions Digests Reduce Biomarkers of Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Macrophages In Vitro.

The objectives are to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects of digested total protein and digested protein fractions from chia seed in macrophages in vitro. Total protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin) are isolated from chia seed and digested using simulated gastrointestinal conditions, resulting in digested total protein (DTP) and digested protein fractions (DPF). DTP and DPF are applied (1.0mg mL-1 ) in RAW 264.4 macrophages stimulated with LPS (1µg mL-1 ) for inflammation or ox-LDL (80µg mL-1 ) for atherosclerosis. In the inflammatory process, DTP and DPF reduce p-NF-κB, iNOS, p-JNK, and AP-1. Digested glutelin reduces the secretion of nitric oxide (65.1%), reactive oxygen species (19.7%), prostaglandins (34.6%), TNF-α (24.1%), MCP-1 (18.9%), IL-6 (39.6%), and IL-10 (68.7%). DTP and DPF reduce the NF-κB translocation to nuclei. DTP and digested glutelin reduce iCAM expression (86.4%, 80.8%), LOX-1 (37.3%, 35.7%), iNOS (67.0%, 42.2%), and NF-κB (57.5%, 71.1%). DTP is effective in reducing secretion of nitric oxide (43.4%), lipid accumulation (41.9%), prostaglandins (41.9%), TNF-α (43.3%), MCP-1 (47.6%), and IL-6 (50.5%). Peptides from chia DTP and DPF are also characterized. DTP and digested glutelin from chia seed reduce expression and secretion of markers related to inflammation and atherosclerosis pathways.

Protein synthesize function of bulls liver at experimental chronic cadmium toxicity

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of cadmium load on the body of young cattle. The adverse effect of Cadmium on the liver causes a wide range of pathological changes at various levels of its organization. The purpose of the work was to investigate protein synthesize function on the liver of bulls for experimental chronic cadmium toxicity. The research was carried out on the basis of a farm at the village Ivanivtsi, Zhydachiv district of Lviv region, on 10 bulls of six months old, Ukrainian black-and-white milk breed, which were formed in 2 groups of 5 animals in each: control and experimental. Bulls of the control group were in the usual diet. Bulls of the experimental group were fed with forage with cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of the animal. The research lasted for 30 days. Protein synthesize function of the liver was determined by the level of serum total protein and protein fractions. It was established that when feeding cows with feed of cadmium chloride in a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight of an animal for 30 days in animals suppressed protein synthesize function of the liver, which manifests itself by lowering the total protein of blood. It reached the lowest level at the 20th day of the experiment, where, accordingly, it fluctuated within the limits of 61.9 ± 1.14 g/l. Reducing the level of total protein in the blood of the bulls of the experimental group under cadmium loading was due to lowering the level of albumin. At day 20 of the experiment, the level of albumin in the blood of animals in the experimental group decreased by 16.5%. On the background of general hypoproteinemia there is a significant imbalance between albumins and globulins in serum of diseased animals. It was established that the level of globulins increased in the blood of Bulls, which were under cadmium load. Increasing the level of globulins in blood serum of bulls reflects the intensity of inflammatory processes in their body for cadmium loading.

The use of different N sources for the treatment of permanent grassland and effect on forage quality

During an experiment conducted in Serbia, near the city of Šabac over two growing seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14), the yield and quality of grassland treated with an organo-mineral fertilizer (farmyard manure 30 t ha-1 +10 wt.% zeolite) was monitored and compared to fertilization with pure manure (30 t ha-1), spring nitrogen application (50 kg/ha N), treatment with pure zeolite, and treatment without the addition of fertilizers. All fertilizers were spread in the autumn of 2012. Nitrogen was exceptionally applied in the spring of 2013 and 2014. Dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality were evaluated during the growing season, in two forage harvests. In addition to yields, the chemical composition of the biomass, concentrations of total protein fractions and in vitro DM digestibility were examined in detail. The biomass yields of both cuts in the first season were considerably higher after the application of manure with zeolite, pure manure and mineral nitrogen, compared to the control and zeolite. No significant differences among the treatments were noted with regard to the chemical composition of the biomass, or the effect of the type of fertilization on DM digestibility of the biomass from the natural grassland. The application of the organo-mineral fertilizer considerably reduced the share of NPN in total protein, compared to pure manure.

Dynamics of changes in protein metabolism rates in cows depending on the season of the year and the location of the farm

Protein metabolism in animals is perhaps the most informative indicator of anthropogenic environmental pollution, because it provides an opportunity to characterize metabolic processes in the body. They are of the utmost importance for the structure and function of all cells, tissues and organs. Proteins reflect the state of the organism, as well as those changes that occur in it under the influence of internal and external factors. We studied the dynamics of changes in indicators in protein metabolism in cows depending on the season of the year and the location of a farm. The research was carried out in two farms of the Lviv region: the Danylo Halytskyj LLC, near the State Mining and Chemical Enterprise “Sirka”, and FE “Lelyk” of Zhovkva district, in spring, summer, autumn and winter periods of keeping. The object of research was the blood of 20 cows of Ukrainian Black-Spotted breed. According to the results of the research, a reduction in total protein, relative to the physiological norm of 0.45 g/l. in spring, and by 0.64 g/l in the summer, dysproteinemia, a high level of gamma globulin fraction (50.30%) in cows from the Danylo Halytskyj farm, located in the zone of influence of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka”. In animals FE Lelyk, located in the conventionally clean zone, this indicator was significantly higher, and was 76.14 g/l in spring, and 78.17 g/l in summer, and also in animals of this farm dysproteinemia was not observed. In the autumn, at the end of the summer grazing period of the keeping, the index of total protein tended to decrease in the animals of the Danylo Halytsky's Ltd., and in winter it was normalized and invested in the limits of the physiological norm. Albumin fraction of protein in this group of animals, throughout the search period, had a tendency to increase. In the cows of the FE “Lelyk”, the indices of protein metabolism were within the limits of the physiological norm in all periods of research, with the inherent fluctuations in the season of the year. The obtained results due to the content of total protein and protein fractions in the plasma of blood of cows kept in territories with different ecological status indicate that the effect of the activity of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka” is sufficiently strong on the organism of animals.

Changes of total protein and protein fractions in broiler chickens during the fattening period.

Background and Aim:Blood proteins in birds serve as an important indicator in the evaluation of health status and represent a basis in general biochemistry allowing the identification of metabolic alterations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein profile in broiler chickens extended by the concentrations of serum protein fractions at different periods of fattening.Materials and Methods:Into the evaluation, we included 24 clinically healthy Ross 308 line meat-type chickens at the age of 2 days. Blood samples were taken on day 4, 18, 32, and 46 of fattening always from six randomly selected chickens. Chickens were fed with a commercial starter, grower, and finisher feeds. The concentrations of total serum protein and protein fractions were evaluated.Results:Various significant changes in the proportion of the individual protein fractions were found during the observed period except for the beta-globulins in all protein fractions and the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. At the beginning of the fattening period, the relative concentrations of albumin, α1-globulins, and A/G ratio were significantly lower and the values of α2- and γ-globulins significantly higher (p<0.05). The values of pre-albumin fraction were found as a small band preceding the albumin fraction differed significantly between the different age groups of chickens (p<0.05). The total serum protein concentrations showed higher values in older broilers; the significantly highest mean value was recorded on day 32 of fattening.Conclusion:The results suggest that fattening and age of broilers influences not only the production patterns, metabolic processes, and lipid and mineral profile but also the parameters of protein profile. However, seeing that some contradictory data exist regarding the number and size of globulin fractions in chickens, further analyses are needed.

Digested total protein and protein fractions from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) had high scavenging capacity and inhibited 5-LOX, COX-1-2, and iNOS enzymes

The objective was to identify and characterize peptides from digested total protein (DTP) and isolated protein fractions (DPF), and their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects, from chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.). Total protein and protein fractions from chia seed underwent simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The sequence, physicochemical properties, and biological potential of peptides were determined using chemical, in silico, and biochemical assays. Peptides from DTP (n = 9) and DPF albumin (n = 12), globulin (n = 11), prolamin (n = 5) and glutelin (n = 17) had interaction with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p65- nuclear factor kappa B, lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) and toll-like receptor 4 (p < 0.05). DTP, and digested albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed scavenging capacity for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and inhibition of 5-LOX, COX-1-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzymes (p < 0.05). Chia seed proteins has peptides with potential beneficial health effects highlighting the importance of chia consumption.

Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory process by ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) ointment

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory activity of the ointment based on ginger extract was investigated on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on the carrageenan inflammation model in rat. The animals were divided into 5 groups: first group– control (without treatment); second group– animals received preventive treatment of ointment with ginger extract two days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after administration of phlogogen; 3rd group– animals received applications of 5% ibuprofen 2 days before experiment and with subsequent treatment after induction of inflammation; fourth group – animals were treated with ginger extract ointment after one day of the phlogogen administration; fifth group – animals were treated with reference drug after one day of the phlogogen introduction. The biochemical parameters (concentration of sialic acids, seromucoids, contents of total proteins and protein fractions) of the blood of experimental animals were investigated. Results: After local application of the ointment from the ginger extract, under the conditions of its application after phlogogen inoculation, the effect was the same as anti-inflammatory effect of the ibuprofen which was used as reference drug. The preventive ointment application provided faster and more intense reduction of the inflammatory focus with returning to the background indicators on the eighth day of the experiment, and for biochemical parameters on the sixth day of therapy. Conclusion: The ointment from ginger extract shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting inflammation caused by carrageenan.