Total Phenolic Substances Research Articles

Production of naturally flavoured and carbonated beverages using Williopsis saturnus yeast and cold fermentation process

This study was carried out to develop a new functional fermented beverage that combines both the functional composition of grape (Tarsus beyazi) juice and metabolic products of the yeast Williopsis saturnus. For this reason, two trials were conducted. First, the effect of different inoculation ratios and low fermentation temperatures at different times was examined. In naturally flavoured beverages, there was generally a decrease in total phenolic substance, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid amount with increasing fermentation time and inoculation ratio. The panellists chose b-15d (1 × 106 cells/mL W. saturnus yeast addition, 15 days fermentation) and then c-15d (1 × 107 cells/mL W. saturnus yeast addition, 15 days fermentation) the most out of different beverages produced. Fermentation performed with yeasts inoculated at the rate of 1 × 106 and 1 × 107 cells/mL for 15 days was selected for the second trials based on both general and sensory analyses. For this reason, these beverages, which were most preferred by the panellists, were re-manufactured and naturally flavoured carbonated beverages were produced by adding CO2 with the post-mix method. Brix, sucrose, glucose and fructose values were determined in lower amounts in natural flavoured carbonated beverages compared to grape juice, which is given importance by consumers. As in naturally flavoured beverages, carbonated beverages also decreased in total phenolic substance, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid amount with increasing fermentation time. In addition, the c-15d natural flavoured carbonated beverage (1 × 107 cells/mL W. saturnus yeast addition, 15 days fermentation) was more favoured by the panellists than the commercially purchased carbonated beverage. The results reported here are considered to be a good starting point for the development of new naturally flavoured and/or carbonated fermented beverages from the under-consumed grape.

Changes of some bioactive and physicochemical properties during the black tea processing

In this research, some physical and bioactive properties of tea samples collected from every processing stage of black tea production were investigated. The processing stages were significantly effective on the investigated properties (moisture content, color parameters [L* , a* , and b* ], and pH values the total phenolic substance, antioxidant activity) (p<0.01). The antioxidant activities were found to be at a high level in fresh tea but decreased during the processing stages. Furthermore, the lowest activity was observed in the drying stage for extracts prepared with water and in the drying and sorting stages for extracts prepared with ethanol. In addition, it was determined that palmitic acid, myristic acid, and capric acid as saturated fatty acids, oleic acid, heptadecenoic acid, and eicosenoic acid as unsaturated fatty acids formed the fatty acid profile. Palmitic acid was determined to be the dominant fatty acid in tea samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Tea is a beverage known to have positive health effects. The chemical structure of tea is very effective in providing these positive effects on health. Black tea production takes place in five stages in general terms (withering, rolling, oxidation, drying, and sorting stages) after the harvesting. These processes are very effective in the quality properties of tea. This research provides information about effects of processing stages on black tea. Our results demonstrate that processing was significantly effective on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of tea. Functionality of bioactive compounds could be maintained by optimization of the applied processes.

​Effect of Rhizobacteria and Microalgae Treatments on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Grown under Drought Stress

Background: In this study, the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) (normal=control, ½ reduced and 3/4 reduced) and some beneficial rhizobacteria (Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus megaterium) and microalgae (Chlorella saccharophilia) on some physiological and biochemical parameters of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) were investigated. Methods: The experiment was carried out in a fully controlled climate cabinet with 4 replications in factorial order according to the completely randomized plot trial design. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) plant was used as material. The study aims to investigate the effects of different deficit irrigation treatments (normal (control), 1/2 reduced and 3/4 reduced) and some rhizobacteria (Control= R0, Azospirillum lipoferum= R1, Bacillus megaterium= R2) and microalgae (Chlorella saccharophilia= R3) on the growth and development of fenugreek plants. Result: Relative water content and membrane durability index values of leaf tissues decreased due to deficit irrigation applications, while ion leakage in leaf tissues, MDA and total phenolic substance content increased in leaf tissues. However, it was determined that they had positive effects on ion leakage in leaf tissues, total phenolic and flavonoid substance amounts of rhizobacteria and microalgae applications, but, membrane durability index in leaf tissues and MDA contents were affected as negative compared to the control.

Postharvest treatment of arginine maintains the storage quality of fresh‐cut button mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus )

Fresh-sliced button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are extremely perishable and deteriorate much faster than intact fruit bodies during storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of arginine on the storage quality of fresh-sliced A. bisporus. All the arginine treatments showed the ability to maintain the quality of fresh-cut A. bisporus. The 0.4 mM arginine treatment most effectively maintained the sensory properties of fresh-cut button mushrooms because it delayed browning and weight loss, inhibited the increase in malondialdehyde content and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and promoted the activity of peroxidase and catalase, and increased the content of total phenolic and flavonoid substances. The 0.4 mM arginine treatment also significantly lowered the expression levels of three PPO genes on day 2. These results indicate that arginine treatment has a great potential to be applied for the quality retention of fresh-sliced mushrooms during storage. Practical applications This research reveals the ability of arginine as a preservative to prolong the storage life of mushroom slices. The completion of this research also provides a new and helpful insight into the preservation approach of fresh-cut products.

Essential Oil Content, Antioxidative Characteristics and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Sideritis akmanii Aytaç, Ekici & Dönmez

Our research measures the essential oil analysis mineral substance profiles, total phenolic substance content, free radical scavenger properties, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory activity of Sideritis akmanii Aytaç, Ekici & Dönmez, 1996. A mixture of S. akmanii plant roots and stems were used. Essential fatty acid components of S. akmanii were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioelement concentrations by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of extracts was screened by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) analysis. Cholinesterase (ChE), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was determined. The results demonstrated that the phenolic substance content was higher in methanol extract (144.08±2.01 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract). DPPH scavenging effect of S. akmanii methanol extract (73.2%) was higher than acetone extract (60.1%). TAS values of extract methanol and acetone were 2.32±0.4 and 2.38±0.2 μmol trolox Eq /g, TOS values were 4.88±0.6 and 5.04±0.5 μmol H2O2 Eq/g, and oxidative stress index values were 2.1±0.3 and 2.11±0.24 arbitrary units, respectively. Hexadecanoic acid (17.9%) was found as the main component in the plant essential oil. S. akmanii species was prominent with high Mg and Al concentrations. Anti-ChE activity was determined that acetone extract (42.95%±0.90; 217.37±0.81 mg galantamine equivalents [(GALAEs)/g] exhibited higher than methanol (33.33%±1.81; 208.76±1.62 mg GALAE/g). α-Amylase inhibition was high in methanol extract [53.62±1.85 mmol angiotensin converting enzymes (ACEs)/g extract] compared to acetone (47.73±0.92 mmol ACEs/g extract). The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of S. akmanii was determined very low inhibition of the reference compound. It has been determined that S. akmanii Aytaç, Ekici & Dönmez extracts have antioxidant properties and can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase enzymes. This study is informative on future studies on S. akmanii a highly bioavailable species and very extensive studies should be carried out.

Adsorption of cadmium ion from water using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell

This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant potentials, and proximate composition of extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) in different solvents. Chloroform, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of CLR were prepared after which they were subjected to phytochemical, antioxidants, and proximate analysis using standard methods. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind were rich in alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids, while the chloroform and ethanol extract were rich in flavonoids. It was observed that the ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind had the highest concentration of total phenolic substances when compared with other extracts considered. The DPPH antioxidant scavenging activity was significantly higher in the ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform extracts. The aqueous extract Citrullus lanatus rind was richer in moisture content, but chloroform and hexane extracts were richer in calorie or carbohydrate a relatively high percentage of crude protein in the ethanol extract. With prescence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds in ethanol and aqueous extracts of CLR. They may be beneficial in reducing cardiovascular diseases. Also, with improvement in quality of Citrullus lanatus rind, it may be of high medicinal value to man and livestock.

Ökse Otu (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) Yaprak ve Tomurcuk Ekstraklarının Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Belirlenmesi

In this study, it was determined that total phenolic and flavonoid substance amounts and antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts obtained from leaves (Y) and buds (T) of mistletoe (V. album ssp. Austriacum) collected from Northeast Anatolian Yellow Pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L). The amount of total phenolic substance was determined as 19.55 ±4.68 mg GAE/g in Y and 16.88 ±2.77 mg GAE/g in T, while amount of total flavonoid substance 17.56 ±2.53 mg QE/g in Y and 17.17 ±3.29 mg QE/g in T. IC50 values were calculated as 476.26 ±22.54 μg/mL in Y and 778.57±25.61 μg/mL in T. In addition, the reducing antioxidant powers of Fe3+-Fe2+ were calculated as 303.00 ±1.73 μg AAE/mL in Y and 307.01±1.05 μg AAE/mL in T, equivalent to ascorbic acid. As a result, it was seen that mistletoe which is considered harmful for yellow pines, has antioxidant properties. It has been concluded that the evaluation of mistletoe collected during the struggle with mistletoe as a natural antioxidant source may contribute economically.

Effect of black carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace in cake and cookie formulations as a functional ingredient on sensory analysis

In this study, it was aimed to determine the properties of the black carrot pomace and its use in pastries. For this purpose, black carrot pomace was dried at 150ºC by using drum drier. Dietary fiber (64.93 %), total sugar (1.16 %), fat (1.60 %), protein (8.82 %), anthocyanins (0.21 mg/g) and total phenolic substances (2.30 mg/g) of the black carrot pomace were determined. The functional properties of the carrot pomace such as water retention capacity (1.53 g/g), swelling (1.59 mL/g), alcohol insoluble residue (737.5 g/kg) and emulsion capacity (30.64 mL/g) were calculated. Dried pomace was used at three different levels in modified cookie and cake formulations. Ranking test was applied for the sensory evaluation of each derived formulations. The results of the sensory analysis showed that the use of black carrot pomace in cookie formulations was more suitable and more preferred.

Dual inhibition of the renin and angiotensin converting enzyme activities of aqueous extracts of 22 edible flower petals.

In order to explore novel blood pressure-regulating substances and fulfill the high-value utilization of various edible flowers, the inhibitory activities of aqueous solutions of 22 edible flower petals extracts on renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated. The results showed that almost all the aqueous sample extracts demonstrated an inhibition of renin and/or ACE. The Rosa rugosa Thunb. (IC50 = 25.13 and 60.00 μg mL−1) and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (IC50 = 50.54 and 292.47 μg mL−1) extracts showed prominent dual inhibitory activity against renin and ACE. The antioxidant activities and content of total phenols and flavonoids of the aqueous sample extracts were tested, because the oxidative damage of blood vessels is closely related to the occurrence and development of hypertension. The correlation between the contents of total phenolic substances and flavonoids, and the functional activities was analyzed. Renin and ACE inhibitory activities, DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity, and iron reduction ability of different sample extracts were significantly positively correlated with the total phenolic content (p <0.01), whereby the correlation coefficients were 0.87, 0.83, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.93 respectively. It was indicated that the aqueous phenolic compounds in Rosa rugosa Thunb and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr extracts tended to show stronger renin and ACE inhibitory activities, and exhibited a potential prospect for auxiliary blood pressure control.

FUNCTIONAL BIOPRODUCT ''FucoSTEM'' - EVALUATION OF THE PRODUCT ON ORGANOLEPTIC, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS

The authors present the results of organoleptic, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological studies of a new lyophilized functional bioproduct ''FucoSTEM''. The product is a nutritious concentrate developed on the basis of buffalo colostrum. The inclusion in the composition of fruit (chokeberry) leads to an increase in the content of total phenolic substances, anthocyanins and high antioxidant activity of the product. The obtained results prove that the new product ''FucoSTEM'' has a balanced composition, preserved quality characteristics, high biological and energy value. It is microbiologically pure and safe to use. These features define it as suitable for use by a wide range of users.

Color, microstructure, physicochemical, textural and sensory properties with the retention of secondary metabolites in convective-, microwave- and freeze-dried carrot (Daucus carota) slices

Purpose This work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of different drying methods (convective, microwave and freeze drying) on color, selected secondary metabolites (total phenolic substances, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and antioxidant capacity), texture (hardness), sensory properties and microstructure of carrot slices.Design/methodology/approachConvective drying at three different temperatures (55, 65 and 75 °C), microwave drying at two different power levels (100 and 200 W) and freeze drying were applied.FindingsSignificant differences were found among fresh and dried-carrot slices. Convective-dried carrots showed better quality characteristics in comparison with microwave-dried carrots. The convective-dried carrots at 65 °C exhibited the highest retention of bioactive compounds and best color among all convective drying conditions. The microwave-dried carrot slices at lower power (100 W) showed higher quality characteristics compared to the dried carrots at 200 W. The freeze-dried carrots exhibited the highest retention of secondary metabolites, sensory properties and best color among all drying methods.Originality/value The results from this study are significant for the processing of dried carrots by optimizing the conditions to obtain a high-quality product. Overall, freeze drying is a promising application as shown in the present study by its capability to better retention carrot quality underlying color, sensory, texture, microstructure and secondary metabolites.

Physicochemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil Extracted from Different Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) Varieties

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a superior edible oil extracted from fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera L) kernel using mixed coconut varieties without considering the varietal effect. Therefore, this research focuses on the quality evaluation of VCO extracted from four types of coconut varieties, namely Sri lanka Tall×Tall (TT), a tall variety of Gon Thambili (GT), a tall variety of Ran Thambili (RT) and Philippines tall variety of San Ramon (SR). Mature coconuts from each variety were collected from the Bandirippuwa Estate of the Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka to extract VCO by cold press oil extraction method. The extractability of VCO from different varieties was investigated. Moisture, free fatty acid (FFA), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), peroxide value (PV), color (Lovibond scale), total phenolic substances (Galic acid equivalent), antioxidant capacity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 0.1mM – DPPH method) and sun protection factor (SPF) of VCO extracted from each variety were analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data were analyzed using ANOVA using Tukey’s test by MINITAB 17. Oil extractability (58%-59%), FFA (0.04%-0.12%), color (0.43–0.93) and fatty acid profile of VCO did not show variation among varieties. A higher concentration of total phenolic substances was observed in GT (0.24±0.03mg GAE/100g) while antioxidant capacity (857.19±14.99mg/ml) and SPF (8.99±1.26) was rich in RT.

Production of Spirulina platensis Biomass Under Different Temperature and Nitrogen Regimes

Spirulina is of the worldwide cultivated and consumed microalgae. It is generally used directly or as an additive in the food industry due to its high protein content. Besides the high protein content Spirulina biomass contain important fatty acids, (e.g., GLA), vitamins, minerals, and some bioactive compounds, that are affected by the parameters of biomass cultivation. In the presented study, the limitation of nitrogen (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% N concentration) and temperature fluctuations (25°C and 30°C) on Spirulina platensis growth parameters, biomass, protein, total phenolic, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity were investigated and the production of Spirulina platensis was optimized in terms of biomass and metabolites.While the amount of biomass increased in general with the increase in temperature, dry weight decreased. The highest level of the protein accumulation was determined at 30°C and Spirulina medium with 100% N concentration. Protein, total phenolic substance, and total carotenoid amounts were found at the higher level with the temperature increase to 30°C in all samples.

Total Phenolics, Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Edible Ascomycota Collected from Niğde

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicinal purposes for centuries. In this study, some edible Ascomycota were collected in 2018 and 2019 from Niğde, Turkey. Molecular identifications of the samples were performed afterward. PCR products were sent for sequence analysis after ITS fragments were amplified with suitable primers concerning DNA isolation of samples. The obtained data were compared with the Genbank database for samples’ determination. The mushroom samples were determined to be Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Samples were extracted by ethanol and methanol to determine antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial zones against microorganisms were measured. Then DPPH radical scavenging effects and total phenolic content of T. claveryi and M. esculenta mushroom samples were studied. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in ethanol extracts of M. esculenta. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities are taken into account, the activity is increased depending on the concentration. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in the extract of M. esculenta with 40.86%. It was determined that the total phenolic substances in methanol extracts of mushroom samples varies between 533.28 ± 1,15-537.34 ±2.20 μg GAE / mg extract.

Radical Scavenging and Antibacterial Activities of Ruta buxbaumii Poir. (Rutaceae) Growing in Raman Mountain-Batman

The members of the Rutaceae genus have found a wide application area in traditional medicine in many countries from ancient times to today, they have been used for many purposes in Turkey. Ruta species have many pharmacological properties such as abortive treatment, as antirheumatic, hypoglycemic, ant-helmintic, antipyretic, antiepileptic, in the treatment of diabetes, epilepsy, vertigo, headache and eye dise-ases, in the elimination of intestinal worms and in poisoning. In this paper, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and radical scavenging activities of methanol (MeOH), Petroleum ether, EtOAc and ethanol (EtOH) extracts of wild Ruta buxbaumii Poir. Antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion method. The extracts were also found to have microbe inhibiting activities. The antioxidant properties and activities were evaluated by using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The results showed that while ethanol extract of Ruta buxbaumii was higher (54.10±0.13) than other extracts in terms of total phenolic substance content, met-hanol and ethanol extracts were found higher (47.52±0.19 and 46.86±0.16) than other extracts in terms of total flavonoid content, respectively. Also, radical scavenging activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) of extracts was investigated, and according to the solvent, it was revealed that MeOH extracts (73.6 %) of Ruta buxbaumii exhibited high activity. This study indicates that R. buxbaumii Poir. extracts could be used as a natural medical application in antimicrobial and antioxidant treatments.

New Mutant Amaranth Varieties as a Potential Source of Biologically Active Substances

Amaranth species represent a diverse group of plants. Many of them are a rich source of secondary metabolites with many positive biological effects. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and rutin content, antioxidant activity against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, FRAP (Ferric-reducing ability of plasma) assay and DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay were determined in ethanol extracts of dried leaves of the new Slovak amaranth varieties ‘Pribina’ and ‘Zobor’. The amount of total phenolic substances (‘Pribina’ GAE 38.3 mg.g−1 DM and ‘Zobor’ GAE 26.1 mg.g−1 DM), content of total flavonoids (‘Pribina’ QE 26.5 mg.g−1 DM and ‘Zobor’ QE 20.3 mg.g−1 DM) and rutin (‘Pribina’ 50.8 mg.g−1 DM and ‘Zobor’ 15.2 mg.g−1 DM) were higher in the variety ‘Pribina’, compared to the variety ‘Zobor’. A statistically higher antioxidant activity against superoxide radical (1.63%·mg−1g−1 DM), hydroxyl radical (3.20%.mg−1g−1 DM), FRAP assay (292.80 µmol.L−1·mg−1.g−1 DM) and DPPH (54.2 ± 1.78 µg.mL−1 DM) were detected in the ‘Pribina’ variety. Antiradical and antioxidant activities of both extracts showed high positive correlations in relation to the content of total phenolic substances, total flavonoids and rutin. Amaranth is an undemanding crop on specific environmental conditions and is resistant to abiotic and biotic stress.

Ocimum basilicum L. Bitkisinde Rosmarinik Asit ve Antioksidan Bileşenler İçin Yeşil Ekstraksiyon Koşullarının Deneysel Tasarımı ve Çok Yanıtlı Optimizasyonu

The main purpose of this study is to develop and optimize a method based on the hydroalcoholic solvent extraction of rosmarinic acid (RA) which is an important active component in the polyphenolic profile of the plant and, stands out with its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties, and other antioxidant components. Soft computing-based chemometric studies are needed to model and optimize complex processes such as extraction. In this study, the extraction conditions of bioactive RA from Ocimum bacilicum L., a valuable medicinal aromatic plant source, with green and simple technique, were modeled and optimized using chemometric methods. Additionally, it was also aimed to evaluate the potential of RA in O. basilicum with the amount of Total phenolic substance (TFM) and Total antioxidant activity (TAA). In the study, RSM-CCD/small factorial design was used, multi-response optimization was solved with the help of Pareto solutions, and the Desirability function was used to determine the optimum input variable values. As a result, optimum conditions of O. basilicum L. extraction, 47.7% EtOH concentration, 30.0 °C temperature, 77.6 min extraction time, and 10 mL/g solvent/solid ratio were found. Experimental results obtained under optimum conditions were 171.46±1.87 mg GAE/g, 4.76±0.32 mg Trolox/mL, and 8.93±0.65 mg/g for TPC, TAA and RA, respectively. The predicted results from the mathematical model were (172.26 mg GAE/g), (4.13 mg Trolox/mL) and (8.89 mg/g), respectively.

Some Biochemical Parameters of Black and White Myrtle communis L. Fruits Subjected to Different Preservation Methods

In this work, black and white Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) fruits some biochemical parameters were investigated such as vitamins, carotenes, functional peptides, oxidative stress markers (OSM), total phenolic (TP) and flavonoid (TF) substances, antioxidant capacity (AC) and amino acids contents. The black myrtle fruits had generally higher amounts of vitamins, TP, AC and amino acid (AA) contents than the white myrtle fruits. The biochemical contents of myrtle fruits dried in the sun light and microwave (MW) were found to be lower than the frozen fruits (P&amp;lt;0.05). A significant increase was observed in the amount of oxidised glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in myrtle fruits as a result of drying (P&amp;lt;0.05). Amounts of total AA in the black and white myrtle fruits were found to be 31.37 and 21.89 mg g-1 DW, respectively. From the results obtained, it can be said that black myrtle fruit is a better nutrition source than white myrtle fruits and freezing is the most appropriate preservation method.

Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Contents of Tribulus Terrestris L. Collected from Different Localities

For a long time, many cultures around the world have used Tribulus terrestris L. in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In this study, the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts obtained with various solvents from T. terrestris plant collected from different localities in Kahramanmaraş were investigated. In addition, the fixed oil content of the extracts was examined by GC-MS analysis and as a result, 26 different fatty acids were determined. The main fatty acid components of plant extracts are linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The total phenolic substance value of plant extracts varies between 2.20-18-77 mg g-1, total flavonoid amount varies between 0.06-0.50 mg g-1, FRAP value varies between 6.16-23.50 µg g-1 and DPPH value varies between 1.54-10.54 µg mL-1. It was observed that the solvents used in extraction affected the bioactivity values rather than the locations. Although the absorbance values of the extracts obtained with hexane were high, low extract yield affected the results. The highest values in all characters examined were obtained from ethanolic extracts.

Lonicera iberica M. Bieb.: Investigation Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Chemicals

In this study, it was investigated the total amounts of phenolic and flavonoid substances and antioxidant activities in different solvent extracts of Lonicera iberica M. Bieb. wild fruit. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were determined as equivalent to gallic acid using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and total flavonoid contents as equivalent to quercetin by aluminium nitrate method. In addition, the antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined using free radical scavenging (DPPH) and reducing power (FRAP) methods. The amount of total phenolic substance of L. iberica fruits in hexane and methanol extracts was calculated as 30.96 ± 0.67 mg of GAE / g and 23.70 ± 1.56 mg of GAE / g, respectively. In addition, the amount of total flavonoid substance was calculated as 46.50 ± 8.54 mg of QE / g and 42.09 ± 2.58 mg of QE / g, respectively. It was determined that DPPH radical scavenging activity correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid amount of substance, and L. iberica had a strong antioxidant effect. It is predicted that our study will shed light on new researches, since it is the first study done with L. Iberica fruits in this field.