Total Phenolic Substances Research Articles

Etnobotanik Amaçlı Kullanılan Origanum Acutidens Bitkisinin Toplam Fenolik-Flovonoid İçeriği, Fenolik Bileşikleri ve Element Analizi

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için endemik bir bitki olan Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw. iki farklı çözücü (Su ve % 80 etanol) ile ekstrakte edildi. O. acutidens örnekleri Bingöl-Topalan'dan toplandı. (Toplayıcı kayıt numarası: MMH 1157). O. acutidens ’in etanol ve su ekstraktlarının antioksidan aktiviteleri, toplam fenolik flavonoid içeriklerinin yanı sıra element ve fenolik bileşik analizleri yapıldı. Tüm analiz sonuçları 1 mg/mL ekstrakt konsantrasyonuna göre hesaplandı. Analiz sonuçlarına göre DPPH aktivitesinde; su ekstraktının % 77,53’ü etanol ekstraktının ise % 90,69’u inhibisyon, FRAP aktivitesinde su için 0,34 mg/mL ve etanol için 0,96 mg/mL FeSO 4 eşdeğerinde aktivite gösterdiği tespit edildi. Toplam fenolik madde tayininde su ekstraktının 86,48 mg /mL etanol ekstraktının ise 142,78 mg /mL gallik asit eşdeğeri total fenolik madde bulundu. Total flavonoid madde analizinde ise su ekstraktı için 280,58 mg/mL etanol ekstraktı için ise 503,82 mg/mL rutin eşdeğeri flavonoid madde içeriği tespit edildi. Ayrıca O. acutidens bitkisinde 15 farklı fenolik bileşik ve 32 farklı element tespit edildi.

Effects of Cold Pressed Moringa Seed Oil on Nutrition and Health

Some physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Moringa seed oil was analyzed. The seed oil was obtained by cold press. Moringa seed contains 4.92% moisture, 42.15% fat, 35.54% protein, 2.98% ash, 8.44% dietary fiber and 14.41% carbohydrate in the dry matter. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (74.29%) and it was followed by behenic acid (6.09%), palmitic acid (5.83%), stearic acid (4.67%), arachidic acid (3.32%) and gadoleic acid (2.37%), respectively. Moringa oil had a total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of about 21.39% and a total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) content of about 78.58%. Total antioxidant and total phenolic substance amounts were 22.28 mM Trolox/ml and 455.33 mg gallic acid/g, respectively. The moringa seed has very high fat and protein contents and the fatty acid composition indicates that the seed oil of Moringa oleifera is included in high-oleic oils category, and has a high MUFA/SFA ratio. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; oil; free fatty acid; oleic acid; behenic acid DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-01-03

Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract

AbstractElectrospinning is a common technique used for the production of nanofibers, and it is based on the fact that the electrically charged liquid polymer is positioned in a continuous fiber form on a grounded surface. Grape seed is rich in phenolic compounds and can be used as a dietary supplement or as a natural antioxidant source in diet. In this study, grape seed extract of Burdur Dimrit variety (Vitis vinifera L.) was electrospun with gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVA/β-cyclodextrin polymers to produce nanofibers with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the electrospinning process on the total antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of electrospun polymers with grape seed extracts. Total antioxidant activity of samples (by ABTS and DPPH assays) and total phenolic contents (Folin–Ciocalteu method) were determined before and after the electrospinning process of polymers with grape seed extract. Electrospinning with gelatin polymer decreased the antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) of nanofibers containing grape seed extract by 65% and their total phenolic contents by 7%. However, electrospinning treatment with PVA and PVA/β-cyclodextrin had no effect on the total antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) and total phenolic substance contents of grape seed extract nanofibers.

PHENOLIC COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF ANZER HONEY FROM BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY

Anzer honey is produced Turkey's famous Anzer Plateau with rich vegetation in the Eastern Black Sea region.This is the first extensive investigation of the bioactive characteristics of Anzer honey. For this purpose, melissopalinological analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid substances, polyphenolic profile and total antioxidant capacity of honey, ferric reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP) and free radical scavenging capacity of samples were measured by picryhydrazil (DPPH) method. According to the results of the study, the total phenolic content of Anzer honey was 26.92 gallic acid/100g and the total flavonoid substance was 2.79. In the analysis of phenolic compounds of the Anzer honeys, daidzein and syringic acid were not detected. The major phenolic compounds in the honey were, in descending order, pinocembrin, hesperidin, chrysin, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, caffeic acid phenyl acid (CAPE), p-OH benzoic acid, caffeic acid, and minor levels of myricetin, luteolin, rutin, resveratrol, epicatechin, t-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid, were also determined. The mean FRAP and DPPH values of the anzer honeys were found to be 110.11 μmolTrolox/100g, and 49.12mg/ml respectively. As a result, although Anzer honeys are not rich in phenolic contents, they are attractive in terms of phenolic compounds.

The effect of in vitro gastrointestinal simulation on bioactivities of kefir

SummaryKefir is a fermented milk beverage and known to have positive effects on gut microbial diversity and human health. In this study, digested and undigested kefir samples were compared for changes in their antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results showed that the amount of total phenolic substances, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) activity, and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE‐I) activity increased from 43.76 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L, 4.20 ± 0.55%, and 9.91 ± 3.90% in undigested kefir to 668.16 ± 3.332 mg GAE/L, 63.06 ± 0.64%, and 98.88 ± 0.42% in digested kefir, respectively. While the dipeptidyl peptidase IV‐inhibitory (DPPIV‐I) activity of undigested kefir increased by 19.11 ± 7.35% after digestion, the optical density of the ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) decreased from 1.188 ± 0.05 to 0.278 ± 0.009, and the protein amount decreased from 101.4 mg L−1 to 12.42 mg L−1 in digested kefir. No antimicrobial effect was observed in undigested kefir, whereas, digested kefir samples were active, but only against Escherichia coli. These results show that the gastrointestinal digestion processes of kefir generally increase the number of bioactive molecules, and the digestion process must be taken into account to determine the biological capability of foods.

Determination of Antioxidant Potential in the Leaf and Flower of Paulownia tomentosa

Paulownia tomentosa, which adapts to the land of Denizli, has a rapid growth feature. In this study, content analysis was carried out in order to determine the antioxidant content of the Paulownia tomentosa tree. According to this, the most much catechin was found in the general phenolic content of the plant (24035.90 μg/g in the leaf extract, 13837.14 μg/g in the flower extract). The least amount of chlorogenic acid was (34.863 μg/g in the leaf extract, 82.260 μg/g in the flower extract) found. β-carotene was obtained as 7716,00 µg/g in leaf content and 501,67 µg/g in flower contents. Our plant is a plant that contains total phenolic substances in leaf and flower extract. Due to its potential for impact; ethnobotany is a plant species that can be used in phytotherapy, pharmacology, modern medical applications and animal feed industry.

Taze ve Kurutulmuş Kiraz Meyvesinin Fizikokimyasal ve Biyoaktif Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In this study, the changes in the pH, water soluble dry matter (TSSM), color, total phenolic substance and antioxidant activity of cherry (Prunus avium) grown in Giresun by drying in laboratory type oven at three different temperatures (40, 50, 60 ° C) were investigated. The total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method and the results were expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS + radical scavenging activity and the results were expressed as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). It was determined that the total drying time decreased as the drying temperature increased, and the cherry flesh samples dried in a shorter time than the whole cherry samples. It was found that the pH of the whole cherry and cherry flesh samples dried at different drying temperatures varied in the range of 4.08-4.45. When the color changes of the cherry samples during drying were examined, it was determined that L * values were not significantly affected by the increase of drying temperature but a * value increased and b * values decreased. After drying, the total phenolic substances in the extracts of flesh and whole cherry were found to be 362.58-347.26 mg GAE / 100g and 372.49-355.17 mg GAE / 100g, respectively. Antioxidant activity values were determined as 14.70-20.59 µM trolox/g dry sample and 15.51-27.46 µM trolox/g dry sample respectively in flesh and whole cherry extracts. Because of the exposure of the cherry samples to the high temperature and oxygen during drying, the total phenolic content and consequently the antioxidant activity of the cherry samples decreased in both whole cherry and cherry flesh samples

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Italian Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils.

In the last years, the interest in Italian monovarietal oils has increased due to their specific organoleptic qualities. Extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) are rich in phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites well known and studied for their nutraceutical properties. However, among EVOOs, there is great variability in phenolic composition due to the origin, the production technique, and mainly, the genotype. The aim of this work was to evaluate the different phenolic profiles and the antioxidant activities of monovarietal oils. The results confirm this variability. In fact, the overall content of oleuropein varies up to four times between the different genotypes (from 33.80 to 152.32 mg/kg oil), while the oleocanthal content is significant only in two oils. The antioxidant activity, determined with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, is correlated with the content of total phenolic substances, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for the DPPH test ranging from 160 to 91 mg of oil, while the ORAC test shows values between 5.45 and 8.03 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g oil.

Acorn-related acquired pseudomelanosis in Calabrian black pigs

BackgroundMelanosis of lymph nodes in black pigs has generally been related to regression of congenital melanoma and, occasionally, to ingestion of acorns. The aim of this manuscript is to confirm the hypothesis of a possible acquired acorn-related pseudomelanosis in the Nero Calabrese pig, a swine breed belonging to the group of Italian native breeds and whose coverage area corresponds to the region of Calabria, southern Italy. This pig is characterized by slow-growing subjects, producing, however, high quality meat suitable for the production of sausages and fine hams. The study was carried out on 142 normally slaughtered pigs. All organs were examined. Lymph nodes and intestine (jejunum) were sampled. Histochemistry was performed on deparaffinized histological sections to identify the cell types involved and to characterize the pigment stored. To further confirm the pigmentation disorder, immunohistochemistry was carried out. Total phenolic substances were identified in acorns through the use of a biochemical reaction.ResultsLymph node pigmentation appears directly related to acorn ingestion, with a higher incidence in the group which was 70% natural fed (acorn of Quercus virgiliana). Moreover, findings obtained revealed how different amounts of phenolic substrates present in Q. virgiliana and Q. ilex acorns can influence the incidence of such exogenous pigmentation.ConclusionThe findings obtained in this study confirm the acquired nature of the melanin-like pigmentation detected in lymph nodes from acorn-fed swine. Acquired pigmentation must be differentiated from true melanosis as well as from melanosis related to tumor regression of congenital melanoma. This thesaurismosis can be proposed as a marker of wellbeing and quality, confirming that the pigs have been bred and fed in natural conditions.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Wisteria sinensis

Wisteria is a plant species of the Fabaceae family with woody, flowering and climbing characteristics and has about 10 subspecies. Wisteria sinensis, abundant in Asian countries, is highly attractive for honey bees due to its blue-violet, fragrant flowers. The flowers of the plant are mixed with sugar and flour to make a local meal (Teng Lo) in the East Asian countries. Flowers can also be consumed as a tea. Wisteria sinensis have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It is very rich plant in terms of polyphenols, saponins, flavones and lectins. Because of these properties, Wisteria sinensis can be used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, stomach and breast cancer diseases. In this study, antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of the flower, leaf and branch parts of Wisteria sinensis collected from Trabzon/Turkey were investigated. Antioxidant capacity and HPLC-UV phenolic composition were determined according to Ferric reduction capacity (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total phenolic substance (TPC) methods. Flowers of the plant were rich in cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, daidzein and luteolin. Extracts obtained from leaf and branch part were found to be rich in epicatechin, rutin, luteolin and cinnamic acid. A high correlation between antioxidant capacity and its total phenolic contents indicated that phenolic compounds were a major contributor of antioxidant activity of the plant. Keywords : Wisteria sinensis, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, phenolic composition DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-2-12

Determination of Essential Oil Composition and Investigation of Phenolic Substance and Antioxidant Effect of “Helichrysum stoechas” from Hatay

This study was carried out to determine the essential oil composition, antioxidant capacity and totalphenolic substance of Helichrysum stoechas which was gathered from Hatay region. H. stoechas had a moisturecontent of 13.55 weight%, while the essential oil content of 0.3 wt% and ten volatile compounds were determinedand identified by GC. Predominantly volatile components are rosifoliol 4.89%, 3-methoxy-γ-asarone 34.69%,elemicin 3.24%, myristicin 23.35%, apiol 27.38%. Methanol soluble fraction was found to be 15.3%. Total phenolconcentration was found 256.55 ± 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract powder. DPPH free radical-scavengingactivity IC50 was found as 2.76 ± 44x10-2 mg mL-1. The inhibition value of methanolic extract was compared withBHA and BHT. The volatile oil is rich in hallucinogenic elemicin and myristicin. Obtained results showed that themethanolic extract was rich in phenolic content and has a close antioxidant activity to the synthetic antioxidantsBHT and BHA.

Nar Suyu İlavesiyle Üretilen Lokumların Bazı Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, formülasyonda kullanılacak suyun %20 ve %30‘u düzeyinde ekşi ve tatlı nar çeşitlerinden iki farklı yöntemle elde edilen taze sıkılmış nar suları kullanılmak suretiyle lokum üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üretilen nar suyu ilaveli lokumlarda suda çözünür kuru madde, pH, toplam asitlik, toplam fenolik madde, toplam antosiyanin, renk, sertlik değeri, su aktivitesi analizleri yapılmış ve örnekler duyusal olarak değerlendirilmişlerdir. Nar suyu ilaveli lokum örneklerinin suda çözünür kuru madde değerleri 71,25-81,90 °Briks, pH değerleri 3,50-4,78, sertlik değerleri 0,75- 1,64N, toplam asitlik değerleri 0,042-0,240 g/100g, L* değeri; 27,43-43,94, a* değeri; (-0,66)-(+14,45), b* değeri ise; (-1,67)-(+4,08), toplam fenolik madde miktarı 201,33-760,33 mg GAE/kg, antosiyanin miktarı 23,37-42,15 mg siyanidin 3-glikozid/kg olarak belirlenmiştir. Duyusal değerlendirmede birçok özellik bakımından en yüksek ortalama puanı hidrolik pres ile elde edilen tatlı nar suyu (300 ml) ilaveli lokum örneği almıştır. Lokum formülasyonundaki suyun nar suyu ile ikamesiyle fonksiyonel bileşenler bakımından zengin ve tüketiciler tarafından tercih edilen ürünlerin üretilebileceği görülmektedir.

Physicochemical, sensory, and bioactive properties of some traditional Turkish sorbets

In the present study, some properties of the sorbets of rose, unripe grape, evil eye, linaria, engagement, and sirkecunbin were examined. Some physicochemical, bioactive, and sensory properties and the color parameters of the sorbets in their natural brix were determined. Additionally, the phenolic profiles of the sorbets were identified with LC-MS/MS method. The highest amount of total phenolic substance (649.39 mg GAE/L) and antiradical activity (93.92%) were found in the unripe grape sorbet. The highest antioxidant activity was determined in engagement sorbet (31.19 mg AAE/L). It had been observed that the sorbets had no anthocyanin except rose and engagement sorbets. The major component in the rose, evil eye, linaria, and sirkecunbin sorbets was determined as quinic acid, while the main compound was malic acid in the unripe grape and engagement sorbets. Practical applications Some physicochemical, bioactive, and sensory properties and the color parameters of the sorbets which are traditionally used in Turkey including rose, unripe grape, evil eye, linaria, engagement, and sirkecunbin were determined. With the present study, it is aimed to bring to agenda of different sorbet varieties, bring into prominence as a functional beverage, and to be an alternative to the carbonated beverages with harmful health effects.

THE TOTAL PHENOL, FLAVONOL AMOUNTS, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND ANTIRADICAL ACTIVITY OF SOME THYME SPECIES GROWING IN TURKEY

Total phenolic substance, flavonol amounts, antioxidant capacity and antiradical activity values of Karabas thyme extract were determined as 74.52-163.10mg GAE/g,773.62-1006.69 μg RE /g, IC50=572.60-1035.6 μg/ml and 42.31-101.52mg/ g AAE, respectively.Total phenolic contents and amounts of flavonols of S.cuneifolia were found between 121.17 and 198.93mg GAE/g and 1050.17-1562.21 μg RE/g found and maximum amounts was obtained with U3 application. The total phenolic substance, flavonoid amounts, antioxidant capacity and antiradical activity of black thyme extracts values were found between 82.97 and 115.09mgGAE/g,657.68-999.44 μgRE /g,IC50=388.24-701.23μg / mland91.14-123.34mg AAE/ g, respectively. Total amount of phenolic substance of S.hortensis was found low quantities in all extracts, highest amount obtained with U3 application71.13mgGAE/g.The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid amounts of C.capitatus were found between 104.94 mgGAE/ g and 568.32 μgRE /g, respectively.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link). Schindler

The ethanol and methanol extracts of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link). Schnider) leaves and seeds were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidative potential of ethanol and methanol extracts of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ) were investigated for the first time using DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity. Total phenolic substance amounts were calculated according to Folin-Ciocalteu method, substance concentrations in mg/GAE g, equivalent to gallic acid based on mg/ml gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The phenolic substance amounts in the leaves extracts (jojoba leaves: 313 mg/g GAE). Free radical clearance activities of the extracts were determined by using DPPH free radical. The Phenolic substances were calculated in highest jojoba leaves and lowest jojoba seeds. When DPPH radical clearance activity results were analyzed, it was seen that the highest activity was exhibited by jojoba leaf extract (% 43.20, 0.5 mg/ml concentration). The antioxidant activities of extracts were calculated in (nmol/g) via ascorbic acid system. When the activity scores are analyzed, higher scores were found in the ethanol extracts of jojoba leaves. The antioxidant activity was lower in the extracts with methanol.

Determination of Fatty Acid Composition and Phenolic Content of Seed Oils of Cappadocia Region Grape Varieties

The grape (Vitis vinifera) from the Vitaceae family is the most grown fruit species in the world. Turkey has an important place in the world winegrowing due to favorable climatic conditions. The Cappadocia region is among the most important regions in Turkish wine production. The most grown varieties in this region are Emir and Dimrit grapes. Grape seeds are a by-product of the wine-making industry and fruit juice. Most of the total amount of grapes is used in wine making. In a few weeks of the harvest season, around 10 million tons of grape pods are emerging in the world. Grape seed oil contains omega 6, which is essential for omega fatty acids, at a high rate and also they are rich in polyphenolic compounds with strong biological effects. Due to the fatty acids and phenolic content of these products, it is aimed to be a new food source for human nutrition and at the same time to contribute to the reduction of factory product costs. The highest fatty acids identified in all varieties were linoleic acid (C18: 2), followed by oleic acid (C18: 1), palmitic acid (C16: 0) and stearic acid (C18: 0). Total phenolic substance content ranges between 70 and 84 ( g GAE/kg ekstract ) among the varieties. The phenolic content of the Dimrit grape seed is higher than Emir Grape seeds. According to these results, the oils of Cappadocia grape varieties Emir and Dimrit can be proposed as a new food source for human nutrition at the same time to contribute to the reduction of factory product costs.

In vitro evaluation of whole faba bean and its seed coat as a potential source of functional food components.

In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the particular nutritional benefits of whole faba bean seed (WFB) and fava bean seed coat (FBSC). Total dietary fiber contents of WFB and FBSC were 27.5% and 82.3%, respectively. FBSC were contained much higher total phenolic substances, condensed tannins, and total antioxidant activity than WFB. Bile acid (BA)-binding capacities of in vitro digested samples and nutritionally important products produced by in vitro fermentation of digestion residues were also studied. The BA-binding capacities of WFB and FBSC were 1.94 and 37.50μmol/100mg, respectively. Total BA bound by FBSC was even higher than the positive standard cholestyramine. Lignin and other constituents of the Klason residue were found to influence BA-binding properties. Moreover, the extent of the in vitro fermentation process showed that, fermentability of FBSC residue was significantly lower than that of WFB residue. Overall, faba bean, especially its seed coat, has great potential as a functional food.

Morphometrics and chemometrics as tools for medicinal and aromatic plants characterization

The characterization of commercialized and consumed plants is of extreme importance, in order to provide clear data regarding the quality of plants, but also concerning the intake, by consumers, of several important compounds present is those plants. Hence, the objective of this work was to provide a detailed morphological and biochemical description of commercial samples of five common medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP’s) ( Coriandrum sativum L. –coriander, Mentha spicata L. – spearmint, Ocimum basilicum L. – basil, Origanum vulgare L. – oregano and Petroselinum crispum Mill. – parsley). For the studied species, statistically significant differences were evident for all the morpho-analytical characteristics investigated, as well as for the majority of the evaluated biochemical parameters. Specific leaf area was higher in Coriandrum sativum , while the water content of the leaves of Ocimum basilicum was the highest. Regarding photosynthetic pigments, when statistical differences were detected, these indicated the presence of larger amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves of Coriandrum sativum and Petroselinum crispum . Carbohydrate quantification indicated a considerably higher content in Petroselinum crispum , which also contained higher concentrations of protein, together with Coriandrum sativum . Quantification of total phenolic and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances indicated that they were correlated, with leaves of Mentha spicata presenting the highest values, on both parameters. This work provides an overview of selected characteristics of MAP’s that are available for purchase, and are actually consumed by consumers. Data are publicly available from the open access repository OpenAgrar, doi: 10.5073/openagrar.2017.000001 .

Bioactive components of Prunus avium L. black gold (red cherry) and Prunus avium L. stark gold (white cherry) juices, wines and vinegars.

Cherries are one of the most popular fruits, characterized by attractive colour, firmness, appearance and delicious tastes. Cherries are consumed fresh as well as in jams, wine, dried, candy and other processed products. Cherries vary in antioxidant properties and phenolic substances. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of ethanol and acetic acid fermentation on total antioxidant activities and phenolic substances of cherry juice. Total investigation of solids, pH, soluble solids, phenolic substances, ORAC and TEAC of Prunus avium L. cherry juices, macerated cherries wine, and vinegars were analyzed. All samples had 300.1-854.79 mg GAE/L of total phenolic contents, and 6.62-17.97µmol/mL of ORAC values, and 1.5-5.5mmol/mL of TEAC. Chlorogenic acid was present in the highest amount P. avium L. black gold vinegar.

Olive oil polyphenols: A quantitative method by high-performance liquid-chromatography-diode-array detection for their determination and the assessment of the related health claim

In order to assess if an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) can be acknowledged with the health claim related to olive oil polyphenols (Reg. EU n.432/2012), a new method to quantify these species in EVOO, by means of liquid–liquid extraction followed by HPLC-DAD/MS/MS of the hydroalcoholic extract, has been developed and validated. Different extraction procedures, different types of reverse-phase analytical columns (Synergi Polar, Spherisorb ODS2 and Kinetex) and eluents have been tested. The chromatographic column Synergi Polar (250×4.6mm, 4μm), never used before in this kind of application, provided the best results, with water and methanol/isopropanol (9/1) as eluents. The method allows the quantification of the phenolic alcohols tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, the phenolic acids vanillic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, secoiridoids derivatives, the lignans, pinoresinol and acetoxypinoresinol and the flavonoids luteolin and apigenin. The new method has been applied to 20 commercial EVOOs belonging to two different price range categories (3.78–5.80 euros/L and 9.5–25.80 euros/L) and 5 olive oils. The obtained results highlight that acetoxypinoresinol, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and the total non secoiridoid phenolic substances resulted to be significantly higher in HEVOOs than in LEVOOs (P=0.0026, 0.0217, 0.0092, 0.0003 respectively). For most of the samples analysed there is excellent agreement between the results obtained by applying the HPLC method adopted by the International Olive Council and the results obtained by applying the presented HPLC method. Results obtained by HPLC methods have been also compared with the ones obtained by the colorimetric Folin-Ciocalteu method.