Total Low-density Lipoprotein Research Articles

Clinical Utility of Small, Dense LDL as an Atherogenic Risk Marker

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a major role in the origination and development of atherosclerosis and Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD). Over the past few years, many studies have been concerned with different subclasses of LDLs and their atherogenicity. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) include many subclasses. The most common are large buoyant (LB), intermediate and small dense (sd) low-density lipoprotein particles. Small dense low-density lipoproteins attracted a lot of attention. Small dense LDL (sdLDL) has recently been proven to be more atherogenic than other lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B, which have the potential to trigger atherosclerotic reactions. Many researchers have reported that small dense low-density lipoproteins are the superior biomarker for the prediction of atherosclerosis and CVDs regarding all other markers, including total low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and total serum cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride content. Circulating small dense, low-density lipoproteins go through several modifications in the blood, rendering them more atherogenic. These modifications may include glycation, oxidation, and desialylation. Modified particles are strong inducers of inflammation resulting in many cardiovascular diseases, making them the primary target during the treatment of coronary artery disease. This article will elaborate on the clinical utility of sdLDL as an early marker to predict atherosclerosis and CVDs, and why it is considered superior to other atherosclerotic markers.

Effect of achieving sustained virological response with direct-acting antiviral agents on glycemic control in diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C infection

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Liver disease is not the only problem caused by chronic HCV infection; many extrahepatic complications, such as insulin resistance, can be associated with HCV infection. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of achieving a sustained virological response after treatment with directly acting antiviral drugs on insulin resistance in patients with chronic HCV infection.ResultsThis prospective study was conducted on 46 HCV patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received directly acting antiviral drugs for HCV infections. Fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were assessed in all patients at three time points: before treatment, at the end of treatment, and 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Despite using three different directly acting antiviral drug regimens, all patients achieved a sustained viral response, regardless of the regimen used. the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance decreased significantly at the end of treatment; however, when recalculated at week 12 after end of treatment, the reduction of the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance was not significant compared to the baseline levels. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins increased at the end of treatment and continued to increase for 12 weeks after the end of treatment.ConclusionsImprovements in insulin resistance and glycemic control were noted in HCV patients at the end of treatment with directly acting antiviral drugs; this effect was also apparent after 12 weeks. An increase in the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein can be expected after treatment with directly acting antiviral drugs.

Blood lipid spectrum and elastic properties of arteries in patients with chronic pancreatitis in combination with arterial hypertension

110 patients aged 45-65 years with chronic pancreatitis were examined. The first group consisted of patients with a combined course of chronic pancreatitis with arterial hypertension; the second group - patients with chronic pancreatitis without concomitant hypertension. All patients were examined for total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arterial stiffness was determined by the pulse wave velocity. It was found that patients of the 1st group had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (37.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (13%), total cholesterol (25%), atherogenic ratio (19.6%) and significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15.4%). Correlations between age and the level of atherogenic ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were established – r=0.35; p<0.01; r=0.37; p<0.01, respectively. The duration of chronic pancreatitis positively correlated with the level of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol – r=0.43; p<0.01; r=0.34; p<0.01, respectively. The level of brachial artery augmentation index was significantly lower by 43% in patients with chronic pancreatitis in combination with arterial hypertension, while the aortic augmentation index was significantly higher by 37.6% (p<0.01). It was found that patients of the 1st group had a significantly higher pulse wave velocity in the carotid-femoral segment compared to the 2nd group – by 7.5% (p<0.01). Significant correlations have been established between the brachial artery augmentation index and age, total cholesterol, atherogenic ratio, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, cardiovascular risk level by the SCORE scale in patients with a combined course of chronic pancreatitis with arterial hypertension. Conclusions. Patients with the combination of chronic pancreatitis and hypertension had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Changes in the elastic properties of arteries in patients with chronic pancreatitis with comorbid hypertension were characterized by an increase in the augmentation index and the pulse wave velocity in the carotid-femoral segment.

ABNORMAL BLOOD LIPIDS LEVELS (DYSLIPIDEMIA) TREATMENT WITH ACUPUNCTURE METHOD

Background: Dyslipidemia is an abnormal lipid metabolism characterized by an increase in total cholesterol, LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), triglycerides (TG), and a decrease in HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein). Increased levels of total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and decreased HDL levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. According to TCM, dyslipidemia is categorized into “Tan Zheng” (phlegm syndrome), “Shi Zuo” (damp retention), “Xuan Yun” (vertigo), and “Fei Pang” (obesity). Purpose: The purpose of this review is to analyze the literature study on TCM within the treatment of dyslipidemia with different acupuncture methods and points. The primary data search was conducted using online e-resources (Google Scholar, Proquest, and Pubmed). Review: The results of the study should include at least one of the outcomes indicators for total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL. The result there were 20 journals consisting of studies that used several acupuncture methods, manual acupuncture (AM), electroacupuncture (EA), moxa (MOK), auricular acupuncture (AA), Cupping (CUP), and found additional interventions such as nutritional interventions, and exercise; body points often used are Zusanli (ST 36), Fenglong (ST 40), Quchi (LI 11), Daheng (SP15), Zhongwan (CV 12), Qihai (CV 6), Guanyuan (CV 4), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenque (CV 8), Tianshu (ST 25), and therefore for AA are Spleen (CO 13), Stomach (CO 4), Shenmen (TF 4), and hunger point. Twenty journals showed a decrease in total cholesterol, TG, LDL levels, and an increase in HDL levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, all types of acupuncture methods can reduce total cholesterol, TG and LDL levels, and increase HDL levels.

Характериcтика лабораторних показникiв за ревматоїдного артриту окремо та у поєднанні з ішемічною хворобою серця

The purpose of the study was to analyze the indicators of the lipid spectrum of blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis individually and in combination with coronary heart disease. Materials and methods. 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined, which were divided into 2 subgroups – patients with rheumatoid arthritis without concomitant pathology of the cardiovascular system and patients with rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease. The groups were matched in age and gender. The control group consisted of 31 patients with coronary heart disease. When entering the hospital a detailed clinical and biochemical examination with the determination of the pain scale, the number of painful and swollen joints, the duration of the morning stiffness, functional condition, lipid profile of blood was carried out. Results and discussion. In the study of the lipid spectrum of blood, a probable difference between the number of patients with signs of previously undiagnosed hyperlipidemia among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease was detected. At the same time, they observed dependence on the duration of the disease and the age of patients. The most significant changes were detected in the analysis of levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein, atherogenic coefficient. The indicators of blood triglycerides content had only a trend towards an increase in the subgroup of patients with combined nosology, which was not statistically confirmed. The incidence of hypercholesterolemia was 43.4% in the population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 57.6% in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease. Low density lipoprotein levels exceeded 3.0 mmol/l in 62.7% of rheumatoid arthritis patients and in 81.2% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease. The quantitative content of high density lipoprotein less than 1.0 mmol/l was found in 22.9% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 39.6% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease. Conclusion. Among patients with rheumatoid arthritis without concomitant cardiovascular disease, and for the combination of rheumatoid arthritis with coronary heart disease, there is a high percentage of patients with hyperlipidemias. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant coronary heart disease have reliably higher rates of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in the blood, and a reliably lower high density lipoprotein content. The growth of atherogenic coefficient above 3.5 in young and middle-aged patients for the combination of rheumatoid arthritis and coronary heart disease indicates a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and their complications in these age groups

Изменение лабораторных показателей липидного обмена у пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией при церебральном инсульте

The article reflects the results of assessing the state of the blood lipid spectrum in HIV-positive patients with various types of stroke. Objective: to study laboratory parameters of lipid metabolism in patients with cerebral stroke against the background of HIV infection. Materials and methods. We examined 77 patients with ischemic and 32 patients with hemorrhagic stroke against the background of comorbid HIV infection, who received treatment in hospitals in the Tyumen Region. The study of lipid metabolism parameters was carried out on the Beckman Coulter AU480 analyzer (USA). Blood sampling was carried out on the day of the patients’ admission. The control group consisted of 116 patients. The significance of differences was determined at a two-tailed significance level of p<0.05. Results. The study found lower levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in the patients with ischemic stroke against the background of HIV infection. In the patients with hemorrhagic stroke, only a decrease in the level of total cholesterol was noted. Conclusions. The state of the plasma lipid spectrum in patients with HIV infections and ischemic stroke, in comparison with those with hemorrhagic stroke, indicates a lower probability of atherosclerotic genesis of acute vascular cerebrovascular disorder. English version of the article is available at URL:https://panor.ru/articles/changes-in-laboratory-parameters-of-lipid-metabolism-in-hiv-infected-patients-with-cerebral-stroke/80579.html

Relationship between Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Lipoprotein Profile in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.

(1) Background: Apolipoprotein E(ApoE) plays a critical role in lipid transport. The specific allele of APOE being expressed is associated with the development of coronary heart disease (CHD), however the specific mechanisms by which ApoE drives disease are unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between APOE allele, lipoprotein metabolome, and CHD severity to provide evidence for the efficacy of clinical cholesterol-lowering therapy; (2) Methods: Blood samples were collected from 360 patients with CHD that were actively being treated with statins. The lipoprotein profile, including particle numbers, particle size, and lipoprotein composition concentrates, was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The severity of CHD was determined by quantifying coronary angiography results using the Gensini scoring system; (3) Results: We found there was no significant difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels among ε2+ (ε2 allele carriers, consisting of ε2/ε2 and ε2/ε3 genotypes), ε3 (consisting of ε3/ε3 and ε2/ε4 genotypes), and ε4+ (ε4 allele carriers, consisting of ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 genotypes) participants receiving statin treatment. Compared with the ε3 group, patients with the ε2+ genotype showed lower concentrations of total low-density lipoprotein (LDL), small-LDL, and middle-LDL particles, as well as a larger LDL size, higher very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) composition concentrates, and higher intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) composition concentrates. The ε4+ group showed higher concentrations of total LDL, small LDL particles, and LDL compositions with smaller LDL size. The higher level of small LDL concentration was associated with a high Gensini score (B = 0.058, p = 0.024). Compared with the ε3 group, the risk of increased branch lesions in the ε2+ group was lower (OR = 0.416, p = 0.027); (4) Conclusions: The specific allele of APOE being expressed can affect the severity of CHD by altering components of the lipoprotein profile, such as the concentration of small LDL and LDL size.

Short-Term Treatment of Metformin and Glipizide on Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Renal Function in a Rat Model with Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Oxidative stress, lipid profile and renal functions are well-known conventional risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM). Metformin and gliclazide are popularly used monotherapy drugs for the treatment of DM. Aims: This study aims to assess the short-term treatment of single and dual therapy of glipizide/metformin on oxidative stress, glycemic control, serum lipid profiles and renal function in diabetic rats. Methods: DM was induced in rats with streptozotocin (STZ), then five different treatments were applied, including group I (untreated healthy control), group II (diabetic and untreated), group III (diabetic and treated with metformin), group IVI (diabetic and treated with glipizide) and group V (diabetic and treated with a combination of metformin and glipizide. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and urea were measured. Results: Compared to the untreated DM group, FBG and HbA1c were significantly reduced in the DM groups (p < 0.01) treated with metformin (159.7 mg/dL & 6.7%), glipizide (184.3 mg/dL & 7.3%) and dual therapy (118 mg/dL & 5.2%), respectively. Treatment with dual therapy and metformin significantly decreased LPO and NO levels but increased TAC in diabetic rats more than glipizide compared to untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, metformin (19.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001), glipizide (22.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and dual therapy (25.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001) significantly decreased urea levels in the treated rats compared to untreated DM rats (32.2 mg/dL). Both drugs and their combination exhibited a substantial effect on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and atherogenic index. Conclusions: These results suggest that the therapeutic benefits of metformin and glipizide are complementary. Metformin exhibited superior performance in improving glycemic control and decreasing oxidative stress, while glipizide was more effective against dyslipidemia. These findings could be helpful for the treatment of future vascular patients, antilipidemic medicines and antioxidant therapy to improve the quality of life.

Abstract TP229: Prevalence Of Atrial Cardiopathy In Patients With Esus And Other Etiologies

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and clinical determinants of atrial cardiopathy in patients with embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) vs other subtypes of stroke. Material and Method: 1881 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke, we compared the prevalence of atrial cardiopathy between ESUS patients and patients with ischemic stroke related to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and small vessel disease (SVD). Baseline characteristics were also compared between ESUS and other etiologies. We exclude 680 patients with cardioembolism due to atrial fibrillation, other causes of stroke 134 patient and 295 transient ischemic attack. Results: 690 (37,2%) patients met ESUS diagnostic criteria, while others were classified into LAA (n = 397, 21,105%) and SVD (n = 794, 42,21, %). Prevalence of atrial cardiopathy was higher in ESUS patients compared to noncardioembolic stroke patients (27.6% ESUS vs 11.1% LAA, p= 0.001; and 27.6 % ESUS vs 10,9 SVD, p = 0.001). ESUS patients were younger, with lower prevalence of hypertension and higher higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. Conclusions: prevalence of atrial cardiopathy is higher in ESUS than in nonembolic stroke. it is still unclear if they may benefit from anticoagulation. Further efforts are necessary to provide better characterization of the ESUS population in order to develop better stroke preventive strategies.

Curcumin and zinc co-supplementation along with a loss-weight diet can improve lipid profiles in subjects with prediabetes: a multi-arm, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial

BackgroundDiabetes is one of the major public health concerns. Prediabetes can increase the risk of developing some non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Given the increasing trend of prediabetes, it is critical to control it and prevent its complications. Curcumin is a major bioactive component of turmeric. Zinc is an antioxidant nutrient. The present trial aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin and zinc co-supplementation along with a loss-weight diet on serum lipid profiles in overweight or obese patients with prediabetes.MethodsEighty-four participants were randomized to four groups (curcumin (500 mg/day), zinc (30 mg/day), “curcumin and zinc”, and placebo) for 90 days. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), non-HDL, HDL/LDL ratio, weight, BMI, waist circumstance (WC), hip circumstance (HC), physical activity (PA) and dietary intake were determined pre and post-intervention. This study will be conducted at Yazd Diabetes Research Clinic, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.ResultsTotally, 82 participants were included in the final analysis. After the adjusted PA effect, changes in serum TG (adjusted p = 0.001), LDL (adjusted p = 0.035), non-HDL (adjusted p = 0.003), HDL/LDL ratio (adjusted p = 0.002), and HDL (adjusted p < 0.0001) revealed a significant difference between the groups. However, the changes in weight (adjusted p = 0.004) and BMI (adjusted p = 0.006) were significant but the changes in dietary intake, PA, WC, and HC were non-significant (adjusted p ≥ 0.05). Despite that there was a significant difference for post-intervention HDL levels (adjusted p = 0.016), other lipid profiles showed no significant difference (adjusted p ≥ 0.05).ConclusionThe beneficial effects of “curcumin and zinc” co-supplementation was reported for the changes of some lipid profiles (TG, LDL, HDL, non-HDL, and HDL to LDL ratio), BMI, and weight with no positive effects on TC, dietary intake, PA, WC, and HC. Therefore, it may play a potential role in the prevention of macro and microvascular complications.Trial registration The project is a registered clinical trial (Registration number: IRCT20190902044671N1, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), registered October 11, 2019.

The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Miana Plant Flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. on Serum Lipid Profile and Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens

Miana plant (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. contains active compounds (such as steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins) which can have several health benefits, including lowering cholesterol LDL and triglyceride as well as increasing feed consumption, body weight, and carcass weight of broilers. Therefore, the current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Miana plant flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. in the diet on blood serum lipid profiles and physiological organs of broilers. The experiment was performed on 100 day-old broiler chickens from strain Arbor Acres CP-707. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with five different levels of Miana plant flour (0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) in broiler's diets as treatment, and each treatment was repeated four times. The diet was arranged iso-protein (21%) and iso-energy (2900 kcal/kg). The serum lipid profile measurement included the analysis of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Physiological organ analysis entailed the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers. The results showed that the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet could significantly affect total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL in the serum of broiler chickens, and it affected duodenum length significantly. Furthermore, the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet had an insignificant effect on the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of each part of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) on broilers. In conclusion, the inclusion of Miana plant flour as much as 12.5% in broiler's diets reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and increased the HDL and duodenum length without adverse effects on the other physiological organs of broiler chickens.

Gender and age-specific eating behaviour in urban populations at risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases: an observational cohort study

Background. Nonrational nutrition is among main risk factors of chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) that can be contained via adopting and motivating population to a healthy diet by clarifying territorial, gender and age-specific eating behaviours.Objectives. A study of urban gender and age-specific eating behaviours associated with universal and metabolic CNCD risk factors.Methods. An observational cohort study has been conducted with 1,317 urban residents (657 men and 660 women) aged 18–74 years at Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, using anonymous surveys on food preferences, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity (PA), as well as physical examination, anthropometry, electrocardiography (ECG) and biochemical blood tests.Results. Urban residents revealed low-physical activity (PA) (88%), overweight and obesity (33%), high tobacco (65%) and alcohol use (39%) in men, high metabolic risk by waist/hip circumference (33.7%) and significant polymorbidity in hypertension (3 to 8 diseases per person). The urban dietary pattern can be described “intermediate” by the co-presence of rational and nonrational ingredients in diet. Rational ingredients prevailed in women and elderly people. Elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, uric acid, urea, creatinine and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein in blood were associated with foods intake like chips and breadsticks, potatoes, sweet drinks, confectionery and borscht.Conclusion. Adopting measures to rational nutrition in population may comprise a clear declaration of dysmetabolic nature of specific foods, eating behaviour monitoring and motivated self-control of body mass index and waist girth beyond medical check-ups.

Телмісартан і фіксована комбінація «S-амлодипін/аторвастатин» у лікуванні гіпертонічної хвороби: досвід та перспективи клінічного використання

Метою дослідження є оцінка антигіпертензивної ефективності телмісартану та його впливу на активність системного запалення і показники вуглеводного та ліпідного метаболізму у хворих на гіпертонічну хворобу (ГХ). Матеріали та методи. Обстежено 29 пацієнтів із ГХ І–ІІ стадії, 1–2-го ступеня, яким після 7-денного безмедикаментозного періоду та через 6 місяців терапії телмісартаном проводили комплексне клінічне дослідження, амбулаторне моніторування артеріального тиску (АТ), визначення вмісту С-реактивного протеїну (СРП), интерлейкіну-6 (ІЛ-6) і фактора некрозу пухлини α (ФНП-α), показників вуглеводного (глюкоза, інсулін, НОМА, глікований гемоглобін (HbA1с)) та ліпідного метаболізму. Результати. Монотерапія телмісартаном дозволила досягти цільового АТ у 75,6 % пацієнтів; через 6 місяців лікування зниження систолічного АТ становило 20 мм рт.ст., діастолічного АТ — 13 мм рт.ст. Препарат сприяв відновленню нормального двофазного ритму АТ у пацієнтів з вихідними його порушеннями та зменшував варіабельність систолічного АТ в нічні години. Обговорення. Під впливом телмісартану відбулось поліпшення показників вуглеводного обміну, що проявлялось достовірним зменшенням базальної інсулінемії на 21,5 %, зниженням рівня глюкози з 5,5 ± 0,2 ммоль/л до 5,3 ± 0,1 ммоль/л (р = 0,04) і HbA1c з 5,6 ± 0,1 % до 5,4 ± 0,1 % (р = 0,04). На фоні прийому телмісартану зменшився вміст у крові тригліцеридів на 17 % (р = 0,03), спостерігалась тенденція до зниження рівня загального холестерину та холестерину ліпопротеїдів низької щільності. Встановлено, що лікування телмісартаном сприяє зниженню сироваткового рівня СРП на 13,9 % (р = 0,04) та ІЛ-6 на 36,4 % (р = 0,02), проте не впливає на вміст ФНП-α в крові хворих на ГХ. Висновки. Отримані дані свідчать про високу антигіпертензивну ефективність і сприятливі метаболічні ефекти телмісартану, а також його здатність пригнічувати активність запалення низької градації. В статті також обґрунтовано поєднане використання телмісартану та фіксованої комбінації «S-амлодипін/аторвастатин» з точки зору поліпшення прогнозу хворих на ГХ за рахунок синергізму антигіпертензивного та ліпідознижуючого потенціалу і плейотропних ефектів цих препаратів, дія яких направлена на сповільнення прогресування ГХ і атеросклерозу.

The Difference of Lipid Profile Pre and Post Endurance Exercise in Obese Male Adolescents

Obesity among adolescents has short-term and long-term consequences in terms of physical and psychosocial development. In adolescence obesity often causes serious complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, dysglycemia, fatty liver, psychosocial complications. Dyslipidemia in obesity is closely related to the occurrence of atherosclerosis which often leads to coronary heart disease (CHD) and vascular disorders. Dyslipidemia is indicated by an increase in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), or triglycerides (TG), or a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL). Boys have a higher visceral fat ratio than girls. Physical exercise without dietary restrictions has been shown to improve blood lipid profiles and reduce fat mass. Endurance exercise increases fat oxidation during submaximal exercise. Zumba has been shown to reduce fat mass and improve aerobic fitness. To analyze the effect of endurance exercise with Zumba fitness 3x/week for 8 weeks on the lipid profile of obese male adolescents at senior high school Surabaya. This study was conducted from July 2020 to August 2020. The research subjects were 12 teenage boys aged 14-18 years at senior high school Surabaya, with obesity nutritional status p>95 according to CDC 2000. Research subjects were given an endurance exercise intervention with Zumba fitness 3 times a week for 8 weeks, light-moderate intensity 30-60 minutes. The volume of exercise is gradually increased by starting with an increase in duration and then the intensity of the exercise includes whole body movement with a combination of aerobics and dance. This study was conducted without calorie restriction. Pre- and post-exercise assessment of lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL). TG, HDL, and total cholesterol before and after exercise had no significant difference which is TG = 0.106, HDL = 0.259 and total cholesterol = 0.188. Pre- and post-exercise LDL data had a significant difference with a significance value of 0.014 for LDL. In this study, there was a 6.8% decrease in TG; decreased LDL 4.9%; increase in HDL 12.49%; and a 3.6% reduction in total cholesterol. Endurance exercise with zumba fitness 3 times in a week for 8 weeks in obese male adolescents without calorie restriction, can improve LDL lipid profile, but does not improve TG, HDL and total cholesterol.

Variants of the HNF4A and HNF1A genes in patients with impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia

Maturity onset diabetes of the young is a dominantly inherited form of monogenic diabetes, diagnosed mainly before the age of 35 years. Mutations in the HNF1A and HNF4A genes are associated with diabetes mellitus of the HNF1A-MODY and HNF4A-MODY subtypes, respectively. These two forms of MODY are characterized by dyslipidemia in addition to impaired glucose metabolism due to the altered function HNF1A and HNF4A proteins. The aim of this study was a genetic analysis of young patients with the MODY phenotype and dyslipidemia with a burdened family history. Material and methods. The probands underwent targeted DNA sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq NGS System. The target panel included the coding regions and splicing sites of MODY-associated genes: HNF4A, GCK, HNF1A, PDX1, HNF1B, NEUROD1, KLF11, CEL, PAX4, INS, BLK, KCNJ11, ABCC8, and APPL1. Results. A heterozygous single nucleotide deletion NM_000457.4: c.153del (3’rule) was found in proband P1 in the HNF4A gene. In proband P2, single nucleotide deletion NM_000545.8: c.335del (3 ‘rule) in the HNF1A gene was detected in a heterozygous state. Both variants are located in the coding parts of the genes, led to a shift in the reading frame and have not been described in the literature and databases earlier. Conclusions. Taking into account the phenotypic features of probands, we assume that the variants NM_000545.8: c.335del (rule 3) in the HNF1A gene and NM_000457.4: c.153del (rule 3) of the HNF4A gene are associated with different MODY subtypes in these individuals. After verification of MODY-HNF1A and MODY-HNF4A diagnosis, it is necessary to monitor the lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and prescribe appropriate drug therapy.

Association of Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Total Cholesterol With Development of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Studies suggest an association between elevated total serum cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and osteoarthritis (OA). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the association between total cholesterol, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and risk of knee OA. We studied participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis study (MOST) cohort at risk of developing knee OA. From baseline through 7 years, repeated knee radiographs and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained, and knee symptoms were queried. From baseline fasting blood samples, lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed using standard assays. After excluding participants with baseline OA, we defined 2 sets of patients: those developing radiographic OA, and those developing symptomatic OA (knee pain and radiographic OA). Controls did not develop these outcomes. Additionally, we examined worsening of cartilage loss and synovitis on MRI and of knee pain using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale. We carried out logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, baseline pain, and depressive symptoms, testing total cholesterol and lipoproteins as continuous measures, and we performed sensitivity analyses examining whether commonly used thresholds for high cholesterol, LDL, or low HDL increased risk. We studied 337 patients with incident symptomatic OA and 283 patients with incident radiographic OA. The mean age at baseline was 62 years (55% women). Neither total cholesterol, LDL, nor HDL showed a significant association with radiographic or symptomatic OA. Additionally, we found no association of these lipid measures with cartilage loss, worsening synovitis, or worsening knee pain. Our data do not support an association between total cholesterol, LDL, or HDL with OA outcomes.

Relationship Between Disorders of Lipid Profile and Features of Liver Cirrhosis- An Open Prospective and Comparative Analysis of Patients of Stavropol Territory in Russian Federation

Introduction: Liver plays an essential role in the metabolism, synthesis, transport and clearance of lipids and lipoproteins, therefore, changes in the lipid profile in liver pathology reflects the degree of its dysfunction. Leading role in the development of atherosclerosis belongs to lipid spectrum disorders in the form of hyperlipidaemia and dyslipidaemia, associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in liver cirrhosis. Aim: To study the relationship between violations of lipid profile of blood with the features and the clinical picture of Liver Cirrhosis (LC). Material and methods: The study was an open prospective and comparative analysis of patients with LC, conducted at Stavropol State Medical University (Stavropol State, Russia). Research was conducted from June 2020 till August 2020. In 108 patients with LC, blood concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) were studied in association with manifestations of the disease. Control group constituted of 45 healthy individuals, comparable in sex, age and ethnicity. Two sample Student’s t-test, Newman Keuls test, chi-square test with Yates’s correction and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient (r) were calculated. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used, the Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy were determined. Differences were considered statistically significant at p≤0.05. Results: Regardless of gender and age of patients, decrease of serum levels of total cholesterol (p&lt;0.05), triglycerides (p&lt;0.05), HDL (p&lt;0.05) and LDL (p&lt;0.05) were marked, associated with expression of portal hypertension and severity of liver cirrhosis. Parameters of LDL more than 2.16 mmol/L {OR 6.78-95% CI (2.74-16.78)} were connected with absence of oesophageal varices. Levels of triglycerides less than 0.83 mmol/L {OR 10.85-95% CI (2.86-41.19)} were associated with presence of oesophageal varices of grade III. Generally, hyperlipidaemia was observed in 17.6% of patients, and it was associated with alcoholic etiology of liver cirrhosis (c2 =3.7; p=0.053). Hypocholesterolaemia (81.5 % of cases) or hypotriglyceridemia (48.1 % of cases) was more commonly observed in patients with ascites (c2 =8.8; p=0.003), and classes B, C according ChildPugh score (c2 =4.0; p=0.045). Conclusion: In this study it was found that, in liver cirrhosis, there is a decrease in the serum content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL, regardless of gender and age of patients. The LDL values of more than 2.16 mmol/L are associated with an increased chance of absence of oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Comparative study on efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in combination with ezetimibe and atorvastatin monotherapy among patients with dyslipidemia – A randomized and double-blind study

Background: Dyslipidemia is defined as the high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A (apo A) levels &lt;10th percentile and/or total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B, or Lipoprotein (a) levels more than the 90th percentile. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the fixed-dose combination of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe with Atorvastatin monotherapy among patients with dyslipidemia. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized, double-blinded, prospective, and parallel-group study. Ninety-two outpatients of age in between 18 and 70 years from the Department of General Medicine who attended the hospital for the treatment of dyslipidemia were selected as study participants. Among 92 patients, 12 patients did not meet the study criteria. The remaining 80 patients were divided into two treatment groups at random and under double-blind conditions (39 in Group A and 41 in Group B). Each patient in both groups was followed for a period of 4 weeks after initiation of therapy. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were recorded at day 1, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks of therapy. Results: In this study, by the end of the study period (4 weeks), tablet Atorvastatin + tablet Ezetimibe combination therapy showed statistical significance difference in reducing mean total cholesterol and mean serum LDL levels in dyslipidemia cases than the group receiving Atorvastatin monotherapy. Conclusion: Atorvastatin in combination with Ezetimibe was more efficacious than Atorvastatin monotherapy in reducing total blood cholesterol and serum LDL levels. Atorvastatin plus Ezetimibe is equally safer as Atorvastatin monotherapy and well tolerated with fewer adverse effects.

A CROSS -SECTIONAL STUDY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN HYPOTHYROID PATIENTS

Hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome are well-associated risk factors for atherogenic cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance, being a common pathogenic mechanism in both, can cause a considerable overlap between hypothyroid and metabolic syndrome population. This crosssectional study was intended to assess the thyroid function in patients with metabolic syndrome and to investigate the association between hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome.One hundred patients with metabolic syndrome as per National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEPATP) III criteria and 50 controls (0 out of 5 criteria) attending the internal medicine outpatient clinic were included in the study. Patients were subjected to anthropometry, evaluation of vital parameters, and lipid and thyroid prole, along with other routine laboratory parameters. Students' "t" test, Chi-square test, linear regression, and multiple logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. P value &lt;0.05 was considered signicant.Body mass index, waist circumference, mean systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were signicantly higher, and free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were signicantly lower in the study group compared to the control group. In the metabolic syndrome group, 22 had subclinical hypothyroidism (22%), 4 were overtly hypothyroid (4%), and 74 were euthyroid (74%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was signicantly associated with metabolic syndrome group (P = 0.032). There was signicant linear association between TSH levels and total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol across the metabolic syndrome group in the linear regression model. Multiple logistic regression analysis recognized the association between body mass index with subclinical hypothyroidism (P= 0.006) in the metabolic syndrome group

Effects of Dietary Catechin Uncaria gambir Extract on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Plasma Lipids, Antioxidant Activity and Nutrient Digestibility in Broiler Chickens

This study aimed to determine the effect of adding catechin gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb) (CGE) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood plasma constituents, antioxidant activity, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. 160 chicks were allocated to receive four treatment diets adding CGE was 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3g/kg in basal diets with four replications. Bodyweight and feed intake were recorded to calculate growth performance. Digestibility measurements were carried out at the age of 31-40 days, and at 40 days, blood samples were taken to determine the total protein levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). Then these chickens are slaughtered to determine the percentage of viscera and muscles. Adding CGE to basal diets linearly (P&lt;0.05) increased body weight gain and improved the feed conversion ratio of broiler grower, finisher, and the overall age of 1-40 days. The effect of GCE on carcass characteristics significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased the percentage of thigh and drumstick and decreased abdominal fat. CGE linearly reduced total cholesterol and LDL while increased HDL and total protein in blood plasma. The MDA concentration linearly decreased in serum and broiler meat aged 40 days. In addition, CGE increased (P&lt;0.05) the digestibility of crude protein and decreased fat digestibility in the diet. Adding 0.3g/kg CGE to the basal diet can be a feed additive to produce better performance and broiler meat.