Total Ecosystem Service Value Research Articles

Assessing resource utilization, food production and ecosystem service value from spring wheat farmland under reduced irrigation and N fertilization management using a process simulation-based framework

Excessive irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization have caused severe reductions in farmland water and N productivity, and functional degradation of agroecosystems in arid to semi-arid regions. Thus, a process simulation-based framework for resource, food, and ecology (RFE) trade-offs was used to optimize the irrigation and N fertilization strategy (IRNF). A scenario study was conducted based on the framework that was developed in our previous companion study in the arid to semi-arid regions of Northwest China. Based on the local IRNF (i.e., 450 mm irrigation and 340 kg ha−1 N fertilization), reduced irrigation and N fertilization management scenarios were proposed considering eleven irrigation depth reduction cases and ten N fertilization reduction cases in three hydrological years (wet, normal, and dry). The integrated responses of spring wheat yield, water and N productivity, and ecosystem service value (ESV) to various IRNFs were quantified and assessed. The results showed that the local IRNF obtained higher yields and positive ESVs, but was also produced higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, N losses, and water consumption, thus resulting in lower water and N productivity and higher negative ESVs. Among the negative ESVs, GHG emission value accounted for the largest proportion of the total negative ESV (75–80 %), followed by water consumption and fertilizer loss values. Compared with the local IRNF, the scenarios with 210 mm irrigation and 240 kg ha–1 N fertilization in wet years, 240 mm irrigation and 200 kg ha–1 N fertilization in normal years, and 300 mm irrigation and 200 kg ha–1 N fertilization in dry years could not only reduce negative ESVs, improve water and N productivity, and save water and fertilizer resources, but also maintain acceptable yields and positive ESVs. These recommendations reduced the total negative ESV by 4.8–7.7 %, increased water and N productivity by 4.0–8.9 % and 44–69 %, and saved irrigation water and N fertilizer resources by 33.3–53.3 % and 29.4–41.2 % in three hydrological years in relation to the local IRNF, respectively. This study indicates that the framework is a reliable tool for achieving farmland RFE trade-offs and generating appropriate IRNFs for different hydrological years in arid to semi-arid regions. Therefore, sustainable development goals in RFE systems may be achieved by optimizing irrigation and fertilization management.

Coupling Landscape Connectedness, Ecosystem Service Value, and Resident Welfare in Xining City, Western China

Landscape connectedness, ecosystem service value (ESV), and resident welfare are intricately interconnected, and understanding their relationships is crucial for promoting regional sustainable development. Utilizing six stages of land use data from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 in Xining City, Qinghai Province, this study identified landscape connectedness changes by landscape pattern indices, calculated ecosystem service value by the equivalent factor method, and quantified residents’ well-being by comprehensive evaluation indices. To investigate the coupled and coordinated states among the three, a coupling coordination model is adopted. Furthermore, the relative development degree model is employed to reveal the relative developmental level of the three, clarify the lagging factors in their coupling coordination. The gray relational model is employed to identify key factors affecting the coupling mechanism. Key findings include the following: (1) The development trend of landscape types was moving toward diversification and balance, and the total value of ecosystem services has been declining. The comprehensive level of resident welfare has increased annually, but the structure has changed. (2) The coupling relationship among landscape connectedness, ecosystem service value, and resident welfare is strong and has remained at a high correlation level but has been in a state of discord. (3) The main constraint of the discord in the early stage was resident welfare, but the constraining factors in the later stage shifted to ecosystem services and landscape connectedness. The largest patch index and water resource supply were the key influencing factors in the system coupling mechanism. The research findings can provide a reference for the sustainable development of Xining City, regional land use policies, and ecological intervention planning.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Ecosystem Service Values and Their Spatial Correlation in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang is located in arid northwest China, which is a key area for promoting the high-quality development of the regional ecological environment. In recent years, against a background of increasing human activities and rapid natural changes, Xinjiang has faced enormous ecological challenges. This paper utilizes land-use data from 2000 to 2020 to verify the region’s current state of the ecosystem. Additionally, it uses the value equivalent factor per unit area, ecosystem service value (ESV) loss and gain matrix, and double-factor spatial autocorrelation analysis to study the spatial and temporal variabilities of ESV in Xinjiang and its attribution to spatial correlation. The results show that (1) the ESV in Xinjiang exhibits an overall increasing trend during 2000–2020, with a total increase of about CNY 18.202 billion. Regulation-service ESV takes the main position in the single-service function, accounting for about 67.18% of the total ESV. In northern Xinjiang, the ESV demonstrates a decreasing trend, dropping by about CNY 16.885 billion, while in southern Xinjiang, the ESV shows an increasing trend, rising by CNY 35.086 billion. (2) For the study period, the main loss of ESV in Xinjiang is the conversion of ecological land with a high ESV into cropland or barren land with a low ESV. The conversion of bare land to grassland led to the largest increase in ESV (about CNY 209.308 billion), whereas the conversion of grassland to barren land led to the largest loss (about CNY 183.046 billion). (3) There are positive correlations among ESV, net primary productivity (NPP), and human activity intensity (HAI). However, all of the relationships weaken year by year. The spatial agglomeration of ESV ∩ NPP is significantly greater than that of ESV ∩ HAI, so NPP is the dominant factor in the spatial correlation of ESV in Xinjiang. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for promoting high-quality regional ecological development in China’s arid northwest.

Effects of land use change and crop rotation practices on farmland ecosystem service valuation

Farmland can provide various ecosystem services such as food production, groundwater recharge, and carbon storage. However, the overall value of farmland ecosystem services and differences in their spatial distribution are rarely studied, particularly with regard to farmland with crop rotations. In this study, we developed an assessing framework for appraising the overall value of ecosystem services of farmland with crop rotations on the basis of Costanza’s global ecosystem service valuation method. Changhua County in central Taiwan is used as a case study to estimate the impact of land use change on its farmland ecosystem services. We also applied the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to analyze the spatial distribution of individual ecosystem services. Results from the global ecosystem service value method indicates that land use change in the study area caused a steady decline in overall farmland ecosystem service value between 1981 and 2021. However, if the practice of farmland crop rotation is included, the proposed method for evaluating ecosystem services of farmland indicate an increase in total ecosystem service value (ESV). The overall ecosystem services of farmland with crop rotations assessed was between 1.27 and 1.69-fold higher than the gross domestic product (GDP) for farming in the region and between 17 and 45.3-fold higher than the agricultural expenditure reported by the local government. The findings of this study also suggest local government can reference the spatial distributions of ecosystem service to dynamically adjust subsidies and resources for farmland, thereby enhancing agricultural governance and achieving sustainability goals.

Land use and land cover changes and their impact on ecosystem service values in the north-eastern highlands of Ethiopia.

The land use and land cover (LULC) changes driven by the growing demands of mankind have a considerable effect on ecosystem services and functions. The study was carried out in the north-eastern highlands of Ethiopia to (1) analyze the effect of LULC changes between 1984 and 2021 and (2) assess the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem service values (ESVs) and elasticity in response to LULC changes. Using Landsat imageries from 1984 to 2021, the spatiotemporal changes in LULC were evaluated with supervised image classification using maximum likelihood algorithm in ArcGIS software. Six LULC types were subsequently categorized, with overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients above 87% and 0.87, respectively. The ESVs were then estimated based on the Benefit Value Transfer (BVT) approach employing modified conservative value coefficients. The findings revealed a significant increase in cultivated land (9759.1ha) and built-up area (10174.41ha) during the stipulated periods and a drop in other land use types. The forest loss gradually decreased from 4.1% in the second period (1991-2001) to 0.58% in the third (2001-2021), compared to the first of the 1.1% conversion rates. Similarly, the proportion of grassland and water bodies steadily reduced over the stipulated periods, by 1.15% and 2.3% per annum, respectively. The overall loss of ESVs in the study landscape was estimated to be 54.4 million US$ (67.3%), drastically decreasing from 80.3 million US$ in 1984 to 26.4 million US$ in 2021, driven by the declining area coverage of water bodies, grassland, and forestland. Regardless of the loss, the ecosystem functions of hydrological regulation (37.2, 35.0, 6.1, and 5.1 US$ ha-1yr-1), water supply (14.5, 13.6, 2.4, and 2 US$ ha-1yr-1), and food production (9.8, 10.0, 9.1, and 9.9 US$ ha-1yr-1) contributed the most to the total ESV of each year while disturbance regulation and cultural values were the least throughout the study periods. The coefficient of sensitivity (CS) analysis revealed that our estimates were relatively robust. The findings further showed that human-dominated land-uses at the expense of natural ecosystems are the primary drivers of LULC transitions and the ensuing loss of ecosystem services in the region. Thus, this calls for intensive work on more effective land use policies that encourage an integrated management approach, with a focus on safeguarding the sustainability of natural ecosystems.

Multi-scenario optimization of land use structure and prediction of ecosystem service value in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration.

Rapid economic development has led to significant changes in land use in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, which alters regional ecosystem service value (ESV). Based on the land use and driver data of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration, we used the system dynamics (SD) model coupled with the mixed-cell cellular automata (MCCA) model to predict the subtle spatial and temporal changes of ESV within the land use unit in 2040 under the scenarios of natural development, economic development, ecological protection, and arable land conservation, to reveal the responses of ESV to the socio-economic evolution. We examined the impacts of land use change on ESV by using the sensitivity index. The results showed that land use transformation between 2000 and 2020 in the study area was mainly the conversion between arable land, forest, grassland, and the conversion of arable land to construction land. Due to increased forest and water, ESV increased slightly during this period. In 2040, compared with the ecological protection scenario, the proportion of forest in the economic development scenario decreased by 1.8%, and the construction land increased by 1.3%. During 2020-2040, under the economic development scenario, ESV showed a downward trend in the central and eastern regions but an upward trend under the arable land conservation scenario, with hydrological and climatic regulation contributing the most to ESV. Total ESV showed a decreasing trend except for the ecological conservation scenario. In the ecological protection scenario, land use change positively impacted ESV. In contrast, ESV had a negative response to land use change in other scenarios, with the greatest reduction in the economic development scenario. The research could provide new methods for multi-scenario land use simulation and ESV prediction and have scientific and practical significance for optimizing land space layout, land resource planning management, and sustainable development path strategy of urban agglomerations.

Analysis and prediction of the impact of land use/cover change on ecosystem services value in Gansu province, China

The effects of land use/cover change (LUCC) on the spatial distribution and change of ecosystem service value (ESV) are still ambiguous, and cannot effectively guide the formulation of land use (LU) management policies based on the concept of harmonious development. Therefore, based on LUCC data from 1980 to 2020, this study adopted the MCE-CA-Markov model to simulate and predict the LUCC under the Business As Usual (BAU) and Ecological Development Priority (EDP) scenarios in 2030 and 2050. The historical and future ESVs as well as the effects of LUCC on ESV change were calculated in Gansu province, Northwest China. The results showed that the LU and ESV of Gansu province changed greatly between 1980 and 2020, with an increase in Forest (568.62 km2), medium- and high-coverage grassland (1517.58 km2), and Construction land (2264.58 km2), and a decrease in Farmland (-730.17 km2) and Unused land (-2858.58 km2), resulting in an increase of 8.162 billion CNY in total ESV. From 2020 to 2050, the LUCC under the EDP scenario will be more conducive to the increase in ESV, with the increment (52.765 billion CNY) being much higher than that under the BAU scenario (3.885 billion CNY). The growth of ESV will mainly result from the expansion of Forest, Water, and Grassland, accounting for 55.4%, 48.6%, and 19.1% of the total ESV increment, respectively, while the decrease in ESV will be attributed to the changes in Farmland and Unused land, accounting for −16.2% and −10.8% of the total ESV increment, respectively. The results have a certain reference for the future LU structure optimization and ecological benefit growth in northwest China.

Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Value of Homegarden in Chengdu Plain and Relevant Protection Strategy

The Homegarden (HG) in Chengdu Plain is an important agricultural heritage in China, and is viewed as a sustainable land use pattern. HGs are damaged continuously under the backdrop of urbanization and land use changes, thus influencing ecosystem services and residents’ welfare. This study investigates the distribution characteristics of HGs in Chengdu and their ecosystem service value and proposes HG protection strategies on this basis. Results demonstrate that (1) there are 71,892 HGs in Chengdu, covering an area of 558.70 km2. The average density is 9.94 HGs/km2. (2) The total ecosystem service value of HGs is about USD 30562.70 million/year. Among them, the material product, regulating services, biodiversity maintenance value, and cultural services account for 15.46%, 37.90%, 14.19%, and 32.45%, respectively. (3) The number, area, and ecosystem service value of HGs in Chengdu decreased by 11.45%, 20.89%, and 6.92% in the last ten years, respectively. (4) The area of the extremely important protection zone of HGs accounts for 21.14%. We suggest giving priority attention to these areas. Protection strategies of HGs include, among others, formulating HG protection plans, keeping traditional features, maintaining biodiversity, and increasing the economic income of residents.

Optimization of tropical rainforest ecosystem management: implications from the responses of ecosystem service values to landscape pattern changes in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, China, over the past 40 years

Exploring the comprehensive impact of landscape pattern changes on regional ecosystem service values (ESVs) over a long time series is significant for optimizing ecosystem management. This study took Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTRNP) as a case and first assessed its five vital ecosystem services (ESs): water supply (WS), water purification (WP), carbon storage (CS), soil retention (SR), and habitat quality (HQ). Based on the ESs assessment results, we further calculated their ESVs and quantified the responses of ESVs to landscape pattern changes during 1980–2020. The results revealed that: (1) Forestland is the basal landscape type of HTRNP. Landscape patterns changed significantly after 2000; the proportion of both cultivated land and grassland decreased, while the proportion of forestland, water, and construction land increased; with the areas and landscape dominance of both forestland and water increased, the agglomeration and connectivity of the overall landscape increased and its homogenization decreased. (2) WS, WP, CS, and SR services tended to weaken, and HQ service tended to strengthen. The spatial heterogeneities of WS and SR changed significantly over time. WS, HQ, SR, and CS are the main contributors to the total ESV. During 1980–2020, the four ESVs of WS, WP, SR, and CS showed a decreasing trend; HQ’s ESV tended to increase, and the total ESV tended to decrease. (3) The increase of areas and dominance in forestland and water was the main reason that HQ’s ESV tended to increase, and WP’s ESV and CS’s ESV tended to decrease. The construction land scale was relatively small, so its impacts on ESVs were limited. The responses of both WS’s ESV and SR’s ESV to landscape pattern changes were insignificant due to the impacts of topographic and climatic factors. The study results provide a reference for managing and optimizing HTRNP’s ecosystem to improve its integrated benefits of crucial ESs.

Analysis of the relationship between landscape fragmentation and ecosystem service value in northern Shaanxi, China.

Landscape fragmentation affected the structure and function of the ecosystem, resulting in an impact on ecosystem service value (ESV). This paper analyzed the correlation between landscape fragmentation and ESV using land-use data from northern Shaanxi covering three periods from 2000 to 2020. The paper employed the granularity deduction method, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and value equivalent method to study the fragmentation characteristics of the regional landscape and the spatial-temporal evolution of ESV. The research findings indicated that the optimal granularity was 150 m, and the amplitude was 5 km × 5 km. The study found that the degree of landscape fragmentation was positively correlated with patch density (PD), division index (DIVISION), and Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), while negatively correlated with the largest patch index (LPI), patch cohesion index (COHESION), and effective mesh size (MESH). Moreover, the total ESV in the study area showed a decreasing trend, with grass, forest, and cultivated land being the three land-use types that contributed the most value. The analysis indicated that there was a negative correlation between the degree of landscape fragmentation and ESV. As the degree of landscape fragmentation increased, ESV decreased. The correlation between landscape fragmentation and ESV discussed in this paper provided valuable insights into the optimal utilization and sustainable development of regional land resources.

Assessment of Land Ecological Security from 2000 to 2020 in the Chengdu Plain Region of China

The purpose of land ecological security (LES) assessment is to evaluate the influence of land use and human activities on the land ecosystem. Its ultimate objective is to offer decision-making assistance and direction for safeguarding and rejuvenating the well-being and effectiveness of the land ecosystem. However, it is important to note that there are still significant uncertainties associated with current land ecological safety assessments. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation model that combines the strengths of subjective and objective weighting methods. The model is built upon an index system developed using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework. To verify the level of LES, theThe results of classifying the total ecosystem service valueTotal Ecosystem Service Value are utilized to verify the level of LES. Furthermore, spatial distribution patterns of regional land ecological safety levels are analyzed using statistical techniques, such as Moran’s I, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Kruskal–Wallis H-test. The findings indicate that: (1) theThe evaluation model developed in this paper achieves a validation accuracy of 75.55%, indicating that it provides a more accurate reflection of the level of land ecological safety in the region; (2) The ecological security index is generally safe, with a mean value in the moderate safety range. It experienced a turning point in 2010, showing initial deterioration followed by improvement, mainly due to the transition between unsafe and relatively safe zones. (3) The level of economic development, topography, and urban-–rural structure are significant factors influencing the spatial concentration of LES in the region, ultimately shaping the spatial pattern of LES in the Chengdu Plain region.

Integrating landscape ecological risk into ecosystem service value assessment: A case study of Nanjing City, China

The scientific assessment of ecosystem service value (ESV) and landscape ecological risk (LER) is important for ecological security and sustainable development. However, existing studies often separate ESV and LER for a single evaluation, and the single evaluation is limited in guiding ecological conservation. Therefore, proposing an evaluation framework that integrates ESV and LER is urgent. Taking Nanjing City as an example, this study evaluated LER based on the risk evaluation cell and introduced it into ESV evaluation. Then, the influence of land use/land cover change on LER and ESV from 2000 to 2020 was analyzed. The results showed that built-up land and water body/wetland increased by 881.96 km2 and 41.41 km2, and farmland and forest land decreased by 875.46 km2 and 55.83 km2 from 2000 to 2020. The LER was low in the middle and high in the north and south. From 2000 to 2010, the LER increased from 0.67 to 0.68, and it then decreased to 0.61 in 2020. Medium-low risk regions decreased during 2000–2010, and low-risk regions increased and medium-high risk regions decreased during 2010–2020. The ESV increased by 0.77 billion United States dollars (USD) during 2000–2010 but decreased by 0.40 billion USD during 2010–2020. Under the impact of LER, the ESV per unit area of the farmland, forest land, and water body decreased during 2000–2020. The ESV of the water body dominated the total ESV and had an important influence on the change in total ESV. The ESV in Nanjing City during 2000–2020 mainly showed High-High autocorrelation and a few Low-High autocorrelations. Ecological restoration programs increased ESV during 2000–2010, but rapid urbanization reduced ESV during 2010–2020. Integrating social, economic, and ecological resources is necessary to realize the coordinated development of the economy and ecology. The results can provide an important reference for landscape planning and ecosystem management.

Understanding the intricate tradeoffs among ecosystem services in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration across spatiotemporal features

Revealing the intricate interactions between ecosystem services and their values is essential for the comprehensive management of diverse ecosystems. However, understanding tradeoffs among various ecosystem services and their influencing factors, especially at different spatial scales, remains challenging, primarily due to the difficulty in quantifying cultural services. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the ecosystem service value (ESV) at both grid and county scales in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2020, considering the representation of different ecosystem services. Our investigation aimed to elucidate tradeoffs among ecosystem services and identify key natural-social-economic-climate drivers. The key findings are as follows: (1) Over the study period, the overall ESV in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration exhibited an upward trend, with regulation of waterflows, water body, and forest land making the largest contributions. (2) At the grid scale, there were 3 tradeoffs and 52 synergies among multiple ecosystem services in 2000, which increased to 18 tradeoffs in 2020, indicating a considerable degradation of numerous ecosystem services. Conversely, at the county scale, all ecosystem services exhibited a synergistic relationship. (3) The most significant synergistic effect was observed between regulation of waterflows and maintenance of soil fertility, while the most prominent tradeoff effect was identified between food production and waste treatment. (4) Social-economic factors exerted a more substantial influence on ESV, followed by climate factors, whereas the impact of natural factors was limited. GDP emerged as the primary single driver of total ESV, while farmland production potential played a crucial role in shaping the 11 ecosystem services. Notably, GDP-temperature and GDP-farmland production potential output were identified as the most influential dual factors. These findings underscore the importance of simultaneously enhancing economic development, controlling temperature rise, and improving food production as essential measures to enhance ESV.

How does water diversion affect land use change and ecosystem service: A case study of Baiyangdian wetland, China

Baiyangdian wetland is the biggest plant-dominated shallow freshwater wetland in Huabei Plain, providing a wide range of ecosystem services. In the past few decades, the water scarcity and eco-environmental problems resulted from climate changes and human activities have become more and more serious. To relieve the pressure of water scarcity and ecological degradation, the government has implemented ecological water diversion projects (EWDPs) since 1992. In this study, land use and land cover change (LUCC) caused by EWDPs over three decades was analyzed to quantitatively assess the impact of EWDPs on ecosystem services. Coefficients of ecosystem service value (ESV) calculation were improved for regional ESV evaluation. The results showed that the area of construction, farmland and water increased by 6171, 2827, 1393 ha, respectively, and the total ESV increased by 8.04 × 108 CNY primarily due to the increase of regulating service with water area expansion. Redundancy analysis and socio-economic comprehensive analysis showed that EWDPs impacted water area and ESV with threshold and time effect. When the water diversion exceeded the threshold, the EWDPs affected the ESV through influencing LUCC; otherwise, the EWDPs affected the ESV through influencing net primary productivity or social-economic benefits. However, the impact of EWDPs on ESV gradually weakened as time passed, which could not keep sustainability. With the establishment of Xiong'an New Area in China and implementation of carbon neutrality policy, rational EWDPs will become crucial to achieve goals of ecological restoration.

Navigating nature’s toll: Assessing the ecological impact of the refugee crisis in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The Rohingya crisis in Myanmar’s Rakhine state has resulted in a significant influx of refugees into Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. However, the ecological impact of this migration has received limited attention in research. This study aimed to address this gap by utilizing remote sensing data and machine learning techniques to model the ecological quality (EQ) of the region before and after the refugee influx. To quantify changes in land use and land cover (LULC), three supervised machine learning classification methods, namely artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and random forests (RF), were applied. The most accurate LULC maps obtained from these methods were then used to assess changes in ecosystem service valuation and function resulting from the land use changes. Furthermore, fuzzy logic models were employed to examine the EQ conditions before and after the Rohingya influx. The findings of the study indicate that the increased number of Rohingya refugees has led to a 9.58% decrease in forest area, accompanied by an 8.25% increase in settlement areas. The estimated total ecosystem services value (ESV) in the research area was $67.83 million in 2017 and $67.78 million in 2021, respectively. The ESV for forests experienced a significant decline of 21.97%, equivalent to a decrease of $5.33 million. Additionally, the reduction in forest lands has contributed to a 13.58% decline in raw materials and a 14.57% decline in biodiversity. Furthermore, utilizing a Markovian transition probability model, our analysis reveals that the EQ conditions in the area have deteriorated from “very good” or “good” to “bad” or “very bad” following the Rohingya influx. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating ecological considerations into decision-making processes and developing proactive measures to mitigate the environmental impact of such large-scale migrations.

Exploring the Spatial Pattern of Urban Forest Ecosystem Services based on i-Tree Eco and Spatial Interpolation: A Case Study of Kyoto City, Japan.

Urban forest, as an essential urban green infrastructure, is critical in providing ecosystem services to cities. To enhance the mainstreaming of ecosystem services in urban planning, it is necessary to explore the spatial pattern of urban forest ecosystem services in cities. This study provides a workflow for urban forest planning based on field investigation, i-Tree Eco, and geostatistical interpolation. Firstly, trees across an array of land use types were investigated using a sampling method. Then i-Tree Eco was applied to quantify ecosystem services and ecosystem service value in each plot. Based on the ecosystem services estimates for plots, four interpolation methods were applied and compared by cross-validation. The Empirical Bayesian Kriging was determined as the best interpolation method with higher prediction accuracy. With the results of Empirical Bayesian Kriging, this study compared urban forest ecosystem services and ecosystem service value across land use types. The spatial correlations between ecosystem service value and four types of point of interest in urban places were explored using the bivariate Moran's I statistic and the bivariate local indicators of spatial association. Our results show that the residential area in the built-up area of Kyoto city had higher species richness, tree density, ecosystem services, and total ecosystem service value. Positive spatial correlations were found between ecosystem service value and the distribution of urban space types including the tourist attraction distribution, urban park distribution, and school distribution. This study provides a specific ecosystem service-oriented reference for urban forest planning based on land use and urban space types.

Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Values and Topography-Driven Effects Based on Land Use Change: A Case Study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is rich in natural and marine resources, and it is scientifically valuable to study the evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of the ecosystem service values (ESVs) of the GBA for the governance and conservation of its ecosystems. Based on the land use changes in the GBA from 2000 to 2020, the ESVs in the GBA were measured at the grid scale, and the Markov model was used to predict the ESVs in 2030; the calculated results were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the ESVs during the 30-year period, while the driving role of the topographic factors on the ESVs is revealed through the construction of the geographically weighted regression model (GWR). The results show the following: (1) During the 20-year period, the area of arable land and water in the GBA fluctuated greatly, with the area decreasing year by year and shifting mainly into construction land; in terms of shifting the center of gravity of the land, and the center of gravity of the grassland and unused land shifted the greatest distance due to the expansion of construction land, with the center of gravity shifting westward as a whole. (2) The ecosystem services (ESs) in the GBA show obvious aggregation in the spatial distribution, with the total ESVs decreasing year by year. Among them, the areas with an increasing total value are mainly located in the cities of Zhaoqing and Huizhou in the GBA, accounting for 27%, and the areas with a decreasing total value year by year are mainly located in the dense urban areas in the central part of the GBA, accounting for 35%, and the area is increasing, indicating that the habitat quality is deteriorating, and the model prediction shows that the value of ecosystem services in 2030 have a decreasing trend under the development of the natural state. (3) Topographic factors have a significant influence on the ESVs, and in terms of spatial distribution, the areas with the strongest effect are distributed in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the GBA, and the main uses for the land are wood land, arable land, water and the area of the water–land intersection near the sea.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Coupled Coordination of LUCC and ESV in Cities of the Transition Zone, Shenmu City, China

This study investigates the spatial-temporal evolution and the interconnectedness of land use/cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem service value (ESV). Such analysis can offer theoretical guidance and support decision-making for sustainable land resource development and ecological preservation in ecologically vulnerable cities within the Loess Plateau-Maowusu Desert transition zone. Utilizing Landsat data spanning 2000–2020, the paper examines the synergistic relationship between ESV and land use intensity in Shenmu City through bivariate spatial autocorrelation and the coupled coordination degree (CCD) model. Our findings indicate that the area of construction land in Shenmu City experienced the most significant change between 2000 and 2020, with a dynamism rate of 76.8%. This shift resulted in a decrease in the total ESV, from RMB 10.059 billion in 2000 to RMB 9.906 billion in 2020. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals a significant positive spatial correlation between ESV and land use intensity, while the CCD levels for both demonstrate a fluctuating yet overall upward trend over the 20-year period. The paper uncovers the spatial-temporal evolution of LUCC and ESV in Shenmu City along with their interconnected dynamics. The research outcomes can contribute valuable insights for reinforcing land resource utilization and promoting sustainable regional development within cities in the Loess Plateau-Maowusu Desert transition zone.

Multi-Dimensional Spatial and Temporal Variations of Ecosystem Service Values in the Li River Basin, 1990–2020

Changing landscape patterns would alter ecosystem components and functions, affecting the supply of ecosystem services. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of ecosystem services is an important basis for ecosystem management and planning decisions and is of great significance for the realization of regional sustainable development. Based on Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing images from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 in the Li River Basin, we explored the spatial and temporal variabilities of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin over the past 30 years, from both horizontal and vertical dimensions, using modified equivalence factor method and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The research findings are as follows: (1) Forestland has consistently been the dominant landscape type in the Li River Basin, with its area continuously increasing, while farmland, water bodies, and grassland have decreased, and construction land and bare land have increased. (2) The value of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease trend, with a net increase of 9.20 × 108 yuan. Forestland contributed the most to the value of ecosystem services. (3) Hydrological regulation and climate regulation are the dominant functions of the Li River Basin’s ecosystems, accounting for over 50% of the total contribution. (4) The value of ecosystem services per unit area increases with increasing slope and elevation. The segments with slopes ranging from 15 to 25 degrees and elevation zones between 200 and 500 m have the highest total value of ecosystem services. (5) The overall level of ecosystem services in the Li River Basin is relatively high and continues to rise, but areas with a low ecosystem service value are gradually concentrated. (6) The Moran’s I values for ecosystem services in all four periods are greater than 0, indicating a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The overall pattern of ecosystem services is relatively stable, but there are significant spatial variations, which are characterized by lower values in the central area and higher values in the surrounding areas. The research findings provide a scientific basis for watershed ecological environment construction, optimal allocation of land resources, and sustainable landscape management.

Impact of expanded built-up land on ecosystem service value by considering regional interactions

During rapid economic development and urbanisation, land expansion in built-up areas is China's dominant land-use change type, resulting in the loss of ecosystem service value (ESV). Economic development is China's main driving force for built-up land expansion. Under the trend of the spatial separation of production and consumption, expanded built-up land embodied in trade flows between regions as a scarce land resource. Through trade, a region can indirectly use built-up land from outside areas, which may affect land use within the user and provider regions. Regional ESV loss may be affected by outer regions, although previous studies have seldom considered it. Accordingly, this study quantified ESV for the whole of China in high resolution and determined ESV loss caused by expanded built-up land for each province and ESV loss flows embodied in interregional interactions. The results found that China's total ESV of terrestrial ecosystems was 37.44 trillion yuan in 2015, and the expanded built-up land resulted in a loss of 13.7 billion yuan in ESV. Due to the north–south differences in natural and economic levels in China, there was significant spatial heterogeneity in ESV and ESV loss caused by built-up land expansion, with the high-value areas mainly in the southern coastal areas. With regional interaction, the leading regional flow direction of built-up land and ESV loss was from north to south, mainly from economically developing regions to economically developed regions. However, there was a discrepancy between the actual users of the built-up land and the ESV loss-bearers. Evident regional inequalities existed in several provinces with regional interactions. Overall, this study provides a reference for developing China's interregional economic and ecological harmony strategies in the context of sustainable development.