Total Dry Weight Ratio Research Articles

PRODUCTIVITY Asystasia gangetica (L.) Subsp. Micrantha FERTILIZED BY DRAGON FRUIT WASTE


 
 
 The experiment aimed to determine the productivity of A. gangetica (L.) Subsp. Micrantha fertilized by dragon fruit waste. The experiment lasted for 3 months, with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treat- ments and 8 replications. The treatments were: D0: 0 l ha-1, D1: 2.500 l ha-1, D2: 5.000 l ha-1, D3: 7.500 l ha-1 and D4: 10.000 l ha-1. Variables observed: plant height, number of tillers, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area per pot, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems, ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight, total dry weight of forage, root dry weight, and weight ratio total dry weight of forage by root dry weight. The results showed that the utilization of dragon fruit waste as liquid organic fertilizer could increase the productivity of A. gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha. Treatment with fertilizer dosage of 2.500-10.000 l ha-1 was able to increase plant productivity in all variables except for the ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight and the ratio of total dry weight of forage to root dry weight gave the same results. The dosage 10.000 l ha-1 is the best dosage in producing the highest produc- tivity compared to other treatments. It can be concluded that the utilization of dragon fruit waste as liquid organic fertilizer can increase the productivity of A. gangetica (L.) subsp. Micrantha the best dosage with at 10,000 l ha-1
 
 

PRODUCTIVITY Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume WITH DIFFERENT TYPES AND DOSAGE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER


 
 
 This study aims to determine the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume with different types and dosage of organic fertilizer. The trial was for 2 months, with factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor were type of organic fertilizer: S (cow manure); K (goat manure); and SK (cow and goat manure), and second factor was dosage of organic fertilizer: D0 (0 ton ha-1); D1 (10 tons ha-1); D2 (20 tons ha-1); and D3 (30 tons ha-1). There were 12 treatment combinations and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The observed variables : growth variables, yield variables and growth characteristics variables. The results showed that there was no inter- action between the type and dosage of organic fertilizer in increasing the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume. The use of cow and goat manure (SK) can increase the number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight of forage, leaf area per pot, ratio of leaf dry weight to stem and weight ratio completely dry forage with roots. Dosage of organic fertilizer from 10-30 tons ha-1 can increase the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume on the variable number of tillers, number of leaves, number of branches, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems, total dry weight of forage, leaf area per pot, ratio of dry weight of leaves to stem and ratio of total dry weight of forage to roots, and the best results in dosage of 30 tons ha-1. It was concluded to increase the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume with cow and goat manure fertiliza- tion at dosage 30 tons ha-1.
 
 

RESPONSE Panicum maximum CV. Trichoglume FERTILIZED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES AND DOSAGE OF WASTE VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO)


 
 
 An experiment to determine the response of Panicum maximum cv. trichoglume fertilized with different types and dosage of waste Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). The experiment lasted for 3 months, using 2 factor factorial com- pletely randomized design (CRD). The first factor were waste type of virgin coconut oil (VCO): LA (Original waste VCO) and LT: (fermented waste VCO), and the second factor is fertilizer dosage: D0: 0 l ha-1; D1: 2,500 l ha-1; D2: 5,000 l ha-1; D3: 7,500 l ha-1 and D4: 10,000 l ha-1. From these two factors, 10 treatment combinations were obtai- ned and the treatment was repeated 5 times, there were 50 experimental pots. The variables observed: plant height, number of tillers, number of branches, number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems, dry weight of roots, total dry weight of forage, leaf area per pot, ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight, and the ratio total dry weight of forage with dry weight of roots. The results showed that there was no interaction between different types and dosage of VCO waste in increasing the growth and production of Panicum maximum cv.Trichoglume. The type of original VCO waste (LA) was able to increase growth on the variable plant height and number of leaves of Pani- cum maximum cv. Trichoglume. Increasing the dosage of VCO waste starting at a dosage of 2,500-10,000 l ha-1 on Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume can increase growth and production in all variables except root dry weight, leaf dry weight ratio to stem dry weight and total dry weight ratio of forage to root dry weight. It was concluded that the growth and production of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume can be increased by fertilizing the original VCO waste type (LA) with the best VCO waste dosage 10,000 l ha-1 (D4).
 
 

Temperature affects morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plug seedlings of Astragalus membranaceus

Astragalus membranaceus is widely used to improve human immune system. However, the standardization of growth conditions for the commercial production of A. membranaceus is not yet available. Therefore, the effect of temperature on A. membranaceus seedlings growth was investigated in this study. Seedlings were grown for 4 weeks under different daytime/nighttime temperatures, 25 °C/15 °C, 20 °C/20 °C, or 20 °C/15 °C, in controlled growth chambers with a 16 h photoperiod and 150 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density provided by white light-emitting diodes and 70% relative humidity. Results showed that 25 °C/15 °C significantly increased root and shoot mass, stem diameter, and the ratio of total dry weight to whole plant length. Besides, photosynthetic related reactions including chlorophyll level, internal carbon dioxide, photosynthetic assimilation rate, and stomatal conductance were also enhanced in seedlings grown under 25 °C/15 °C. In addition, 25 °C/15 °C accelerated the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites containing carbohydrates, protein, phenol, and flavonoids. A higher reactive oxygen species level and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in seedlings grown under 20 °C/20 °C and 20 °C/15 °C than 25 °C/15 °C. Therefore, the results suggested that 25 °C/15 °C promoted the growth of A. membranaceus seedlings, and higher average daily temperature and the difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures may induce compact shoots and strong roots with improved nutrient quality and medical care value.

Rapid Screening of Potato Cultivars Tolerant to Nitrogen Deficiency Using a Hydroponic System

Increased cultivar tolerance to nitrogen (N) deficiency may increase productivity and reduce environmental impact of potato crops. In this study we screened 20 cultivars for the tolerance to N-deficient (0.05 mM nitrate) in comparison with N-abundant (7.5 mM nitrate) nitrate supply using plantlets grown for 15 days in a recirculating hydroponic system. Nitrogen deficiency increased the root-to-shoot ratio in 18 cultivars. Plant total dry weight (TDW) was reduced by an average of 61% under N-deficient nitrate supply. Tolerance to N deficiency was assessed as the TDW ratio (TDWR), calculated as the ratio of TDW under N-deficient to N-abundant nitrate supply. The cultivars Norland, Raritan, Nipigon and Langlade were significantly more tolerant to nitrogen deficiency (greater TDWR) than Eramosa, Carleton, and Epicure. The results indicate that the hydroponic system has capacity to rapidly screen a large number of cultivars for tolerance to N deficiency.

PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN LEGUMINOSA (Centrocema pubescens DAN Clitoria ternatea) YANG DIPUPUK DENGAN PUPUK BIO SLURRY

This study aims at determining the productivity of legume fertilized with bio slurry. The study was conductedby using a complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors as factorial design. The first factor is the type oflegume plants, namely Centrocema pubescen and Clitoria ternatea. The second factor is the dosage of bioslurryfertilizer such as fertilizer as control; 10 tons/ha of bioslurry fertilizer; 20 tons/ha of bioslurry fertilizer; 30 tons/ha of bio slurry fertilizer. Variables observed were growth (plant height, number of tillers, and number of leaves);production variables (leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight and total dry weight of forage); and growthcharacteristics (leaf area, leaf dry weight ratio of dry weight rod, and ratio of the total dry weight of forage with rootdry weight). The results showed that the bio-slurry fertilizer increase productivity and legume plants (Centrocemapubescen and Clitoria ternatea). The differences of 10-30 tons/ha bioslurry treatment significantly (P<0.05)increase number of tillers, number of leaves, total forage dry weight, dry weight of leaf, stem dry weight, root dryweight, leaf area, ratio of total dry weight of forage with roots and leaves with the stem ratio). It can be concludedthat higher productivity of legume plants species found significantly (P<0.05) on Clitoria ternatea with 30 tons/hadosages of bioslurry fertilizer as the best result.

Growth, water use efficiency, and proline content of hydroponically grown tomato plants as affected by nitrogen source and nutrient concentration

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Counter) were grown in 12-L polyethylene containers in aerated and CaCO3-buffered nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of complete stock solutions with either nitrate (stock solution N) or ammonium (stock solution A) as the only nitrogen source (X1 = standard concentration with 5 mM NO3−-N or NH4+-N, and X3, X5.5, X8 and X11 = 3, 5.5, 8, 11 times the standard concentration), or a mixture of both stock solutions (N:A ratio = 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) at moderate nutrient concentration (X3). Total dry matter production and fruit dry weight were only slightly affected by increasing nutrient concentration if nitrate was supplied as the sole nitrogen source. Compared to nitrate, ammonium nitrogen caused a decrease in total dry weight (32–86% between X1 and X11), but led to an increase in both total dry weight and fruit dry weight (11% and 30%) at low concentration if supplied in addition to nitrate nitrogen (N:A ratio = 75:25). Dry matter partitioning in plants was affected by the strength of the nutrient solution, but even more by ammonium nitrogen. Fruits accumulated relatively less dry matter than did the vegetative parts of tomato plants when supplied with nutrient solutions containing ammonium as the only nitrogen source (fruit dry weight to total dry weight ratio 0.37 and 0.15 at low and high nutrient concentration), while nitrate nitrogen rather supported an increase in dry matter accumulation in the reproductive organs (fruit dry weight to total dry weight ratio 0.39–0.46). The water use efficiency (WUE) was only slightly affected by the strength of the nutrient solutions containing nitrate nitrogen (2.9–3.4 g DW (kg H2O)−1), while ammonium nitrogen led to a decrease in WUE from 2.4 to 1.3 g DW (kg H2O)−1at low (X1) and high (X11) nutrient concentration, respectively. The proline content of leaves fluctuated (0.1–5.0 μmol (g fresh weight)−1) according to nutrient concentration and global radiation, and reflected enhanced sensitivity of plants to these potential stress factors if ammonium was the predominant N source supplied. It was concluded, that proline is a reliable indicator of the environmental stress imposed on hydroponically grown tomato plants.

Differences in resource allocation to stolon branches of Kopu white clover genotypes induced by manipulation of rooting

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes of the cv. Grasslands Kopu which had differing numbers of vascular bundles within their stolons were tested for potential for resource sharing between shoot branches on either side of parent axis. Genotypes with a high (10-13) number of vascular bundles (H-genotypes) had larger leaves, thicker stolons but lower node appearance rates than genotypes with a low (8-9) number of vascular bundles (L-genotypes). In the first experiment all roots on one side of the parent axis were severed two days before plants were labelled with 32P (uptake period 24 h). In H-genotypes, distribution of radioactive phosphorus (32P) exported from a nodal root was restricted largely to near-side branches, i.e. branches which were on the same side of the parent axis as the source root, with only 4% allocated to far-side branches. In contrast about 20% of 32P exported from the source root was transported to far-side branches in L-genotypes. In the second experiment, where all far-side roots were severed three weeks before harvest, growth of far-side branches was similarly reduced in L-genotypes and Hgenotypes. When root formation along one side of the parent axis was prevented during the entire experimental period the mean ratio of total dry weight between nearand far-side branches was higher in H-genotypes compared to L-genotypes. Keywords: branch development, nutrient distribution, phosphorus, vascular bundle, white clover, Trifolium repens L.

各種野菜実生の生長に及ぼすVA菌根菌接種の影響

Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) inoculation on seedling growth in 17 species of vegetable crops were investigated, using two lines of VAMF (Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices).1. Growth was noticeably enhanced by VAMF inoculation to roots in Welsh onion, asparagus, pea, celery, and cucumber. The degree of growth enhancement varied with the host-fungus combination. VAMF inoculation caused both leaf sheaths and leaf blades to thicken in Welsh onion, and enhanced the formation of shoots and crowns in asparagus.2. Fresh weights of shoot and root increased when the plants were inoculated with VAMF. In most vegetables, the increase in fresh weight of roots was caused by an increase of the number of roots, but in Welsh onion and asparagus, it was caused by an in- crease in the number of roots and a thickening of the main roots.3. VAMF infection was recognized in most vegetables except petsai. A high infection level (rate of infected portion in a root system) was obtained mainly in plants with a large growth response to the fungus. In most vegetables except Welsh onion, VAMF infection was observed only in lateral roots ; the root caps were uninfected. Vesicules (symbiotic organ) developed in the roots of plants with a large growth response to the fungus.4. Mycorrhizal dependency (ratio of total dry weight of 10 VAMF-inoculated plants to total dry weight of 10 non-inoculated plants) was maximum in Liliaceae (Welsh onion and asparagus) among 7 families with VAM fungus infection.

Analysis of the Change in Shoot: Root Ratio During the Vegetative Growth of Dactylis glomerata

The change in the partitioning of assimilates during vegetative growth is studied on the basis of a two-component kinetic model. The two components of the plant are differentiated in relation to their function in the processes of biomass production. It is postulated that the partitioning coefficients of the two components are constant over the entire growth process. According to this assumption, the root to the total dry weight ratio should vary linearly with the specific growth rate. This description agrees with experimental data on growth of Dactylis glomerata L. in controlled environments.

RELATIONSHIPS OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND PEPPER YIELD

Fruit yields, root dry weights, and total plant dry weights of Keystone Resistant Giant and Ladybell bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) increased linearly as the duration of vegetative growth was extended by defloration. The fruit:total dry weight ratio increased, while the root:total dry weight ratio remained the same; the shoot:total and leaf:total ratios decreased as duration of vegetative growth increased.Key words: Pepper, defloration, flower bud abscission, vegetative, reproductive growth, Capsicum annuum L.

Utilization of potatoes for life support systems. II. The effects of temperature under 24-h and 12-h photoperiods.

The growth and tuberization of Norland potatoes were studied under five different temperatures and two photoperiods. Treatment levels included 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 C with either a 24-h (continuous light) or a 12-h photoperiod at 400 micromoles m-2 s-1 PPF. Plants were grown in 6-liter containers and harvested at 56-days-age. Stem length increased with increasing temperature under both photoperiods. The highest tuber yield occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod (755 g/plant) and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod (460 g/plant). Little or no tuber formation occurred at 28 C under either photoperiod or at 24 C under continuous light. As with tuber yield, the highest total plant dry weights also occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod. Harvest index (tuber dry weight to total dry weight ratio) decreased with increasing temperatures and with continuous light. Results indicate that good growth and tuberization can occur under continuous light, and that increasing the photoperiod form 12 to 24 h effectively decreased the optimal temperature for tuber formation from near 20 C to 16 C. Alternatively, the results imply that a cooler temperatures, the potato becomes less obligate for dark period stimulation of tuberization.

The use of physiological condition indices in marine bivalve aquaculture

The physiological condition indices most commonly used in bivalve aquaculture are reviewed and evaluated. Two general categories of indices may be distinguished: static and dynamic. Of the static indices reviewed, only one is recommended for use in the culture of early developmental stages — the dry ash weight: total dry weight ratio. In the case of juveniles and adults, the easily-measured dry tissue weight: dry shell weight is recommended for most routine work. The dynamic indices reviewed are based on production estimates, and hence reflect physiological changes over specified time intervals. Of these indices, only net growth efficiency is recommended for use in bivalve aquaculture, and it is applicable to all life stages. While this index gives the most information about the physiological state of the animals comprising a population, it is very difficult to evaluate and is thus most appropriate as a research tool.

Effect of aeration and carbon dioxide on cell morphology of Candida utilis.

The effect of CO2 availability on cell size, shape, and aggregation in continuous cultures of Candida utilis was studied in minimal medium with glucose or ethanol as the sole carbon and energy source. Enrichment with CO2 was achieved (i) by using the substrate with more C atoms, (ii) by using pure oxygen and thus decreasing aeration intensity at the same dissolved-oxygen concentration, or (iii) by adding CO2 to the aeration gas. The cells were always of yeast shape, and no filaments were formed. In cultures with a biomass concentration above 6 g (dry weight) per liter, no cell aggregates were observed. In cultures with a lower biomass, the daughter cells failed to separate from the parent cells and formed aggregates with thickened walls. The average cell number per aggregate was found to be higher, and the average protoplast volume lower, under conditions of probable CO2 limitation. Simultaneously, the ratio of total dry weight to wet weight of protoplasts was considerably higher, indicating an increased share of wall or extracellular material. The possible effect of the observed morphological changes for maintaining a suitable concentration gradient of CO2 around the cell is discussed.