Total Dissolved Solids Values Research Articles

Karakteristik Organoleptik Dan Fisikokimia Minuman Fungsional Ekstrak Kulit Buah Mangga Golek dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Jahe Merah Dan Madu

Mango golek is one of the superior varieties in Indonesia. Utilization of local varieties of mango peel in a fresh form as raw material for functional drinks is not yet available. This study aims to develop ripe mango peel into a ready-to-drink functional beverage product with the addition of red ginger extract and rambutan honey which aims to improve the functional and sensory properties of mango peel extract as an effort to diversify food. The experimental design used a one factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatment levels (mango peel extract: red ginger extract: rambutan honey) namely A0 (100%: 0%: 0%), A1 (85%: 10%:5%), and A2 (75%:15%:10%). The analysis included organoleptic tests (sensory and hedonic quality), physical tests (total dissolved solids and pH), and chemical tests (antioxidant activity and total phenol). The decreased levels of mango golek peel extract as well as increase of red ginger and rambutan honey gave a tendency to increased the value of sensory, hedonic quality, total soluble solids, antioxidant activity and total phenol but gave a tendency to decrease the pH value of functional drinks. Selected product of functional drinks based on mango golek peel extract was A2 had a sensory quality of orange color (6.84), uncharacteristic aroma of mango peel (5.50), uncharacteristic taste of mango peel (5.48), non-bitter aftertaste (6.93), turbid appearance (3.35) and uncharacteristic overall of mango peel (5.83) and had a very high level of hedonic preference with a score of 6.18-6.99. The selected formula had a total dissolved solids value of 10.6°Brix; pH 4.83; antioxidant activity 51.07% and total phenol 0.48 mg GAE/g.

Preliminary study of sea water intrusion using geographic information system in Temon, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Temon Sub Districts is an administrative area of Kulon Progo Regency, which borders the South Sea (Indian Ocean). The Temon Sub District is directly adjacent to the waters, so it potentially experiences intrusion like other coastal areas in Indonesia. Therefore, groundwater conditions related to the phenomenon of water intrusion need to be identified. The purpose of this study was to estimate seawater intrusion using a geographic information system (GIS) and water quality variables in the Temon Subs Districts. In this study, we used data on electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and groundwater salinity. The sampling was carried out using a systematic random sampling method. Meanwhile, the data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner using the spatial interpolation feature in the Arc GIS 10.8 software. Based on the research results, it is suspected that seawater intrusion has occurred in several locations in Temon Sub Districts. The highest suspected seawater intrusion was found in the vicinity of Jangkaran Village, Kalidengen Village, and Plumbon Village. The EC, TDS, and salinity values suggested that around 26% or 9.68 km2 of the area has intruded. This research is expected to enrich references regarding the mapping of seawater intrusion in coastal areas.

Statistical Assessment of Water-quality Parameters for Different Flow Regimes

Groundwater and drainage-water sustainability is crucial to water management. Controlling the interaction between the groundwater and drain-water salinity at the watershed level has only been the topic of a limited number of studies. This study statistically compares salt concentration rate across time and four different flow regimes. We sampled water from 2014 to 2018. The study used R software to analyze water-quality parameters utilizing PCA and indices. Multiple water-quality indices were used to test irrigation water. A linear model with TDS as the response was fitted to the data. Another two-factor repeated-measurement covariate model was built. Water-quality indices suggest that measured water from varied flow regimes in the study area is suitable for irrigation. Based on the statistical models, Tukey's adjustment pairwise demonstrates considerable salinity variations between drain water and surface water. However, the main effect of the flow regime on TDS is significant. This indicates that the TDS value varies depending on the flow regime, not on time plus the interactions between these regimes. Keywords: Total dissolved solids (TDSs), Groundwater, ANCOVA, Flow condition, Tile drain, PCA

Development of Rainwater Filtration System with Porous Asphalt

Rainwater that is not properly collected causes stagnant water, where the water will be polluted by pollutants and contaminants. Thus, it is necessary to innovate to increase the availability of clean water using porous asphalt which is researched to reduce pollutants in polluted water. In this study, filtration of rainwater and stormwater runoff will be carried out using porous asphalt as a filter media with six different filtrate variations. Parameters analysed were pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and conductivity. The tests carried out were Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) testing using the Marshall test method with a percentage of asphalt content used was 4-6%, Cantabro Loss testing, porosity, and permeability tests on porous asphalt specimens, as well as testing the filtration effect of porous asphalt. Rainwater and stormwater runoff that flowed through porous asphalt samples without the addition of filter media increased pH, TDS, and conductivity. In rainwater and stormwater runoff filtration, the highest increase in pH occurred in variation 3, namely porous asphalt + aggregate + limestone. The largest reduction in TDS and conductivity values occurred in Variation 7, namely porous asphalt + aggregate + coconut shell activated carbon + sponge + cotton.

ANALYSIS OF ECO ENZYME CHARACTERISTICS WITH VARIATION OF “TAPE” YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Eco enzyme is a multipurpose liquid which produced from organic waste. The liquid made with the ratio of raw materials in the form of brown sugar: organic waste: water is 1:3:10 which is processed using a fermentation process for 90 days. One method to shorten the fermentation time is adding yeast as catalyst throughout the fermentation process. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of the eco enzyme with variations in “tape” yeast concentrations. Raw material used in this research included organic waste (orange and melon peels with a ratio of 1:1), brown sugar, water, and “tape” yeast (yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%w/v) through fermentation process for ten days. The eco enzyme products were tested to determine the pH value, TDS value, acetic acid content, aroma, color and protease enzyme activity. The analysis results showed that the pH value of eco enzyme products was in the range of 3.9 to 4.1, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) value of 1339 to 1405 ppm, acetic acid content of 0.81 to 1.08%w/w, had bright yellow and deep yellow color with a fermented aroma. The selected eco enzyme product in this research was on eco enzyme with yeast concentration of 3 %w/v which had pH value of 3.9 TDS value 1403 ppm, acetic acid content of 0.81%w/w, and the color was bright yellow with fermented aroma. However, there was no clear zone around the colony in the test indicating that there was no protease enzyme activity.

Preliminary assessment of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> seed as a flocculation agent for purification of drinking water

Sachet and borehole water are the major sources of drinking water for many in Nigeria. However, there are still concerns about drinking water purity in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the parasites associated with sachet and borehole drinking water and to determine the efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed in the flocculation treatment of sachet and borehole water. A total of 75 sachet water from 15 brands, and 10 different borehole water samples were collected from the study area. Moringa seed was processed and maceration was done to extract the active ingredients. Of the 75 sachet water samples from 15 brands examined, none had any parasites. However, all the brands contained varying degrees of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Brand N had the highest (147.1mg/L), while Brand G had the least (4.62mg/L). After treatment, the TDS values of all the water samples were reduced by more than 50% in each of the brands. There was no significant association in the particle load among the sachet water brands (P>0.05, P=0.141). All 10 borehole water samples examined also contained varying degrees of TDS. The highest level of TDS in the study (635.4mg/L) and Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides was observed in sample E. After treatment, the TDS values of all the water samples were reduced. Also, ova of A. lumbricoides was no longer observed in the sample E. In this study, M. oleifera seed has demonstrated a high level of efficacy as a flocculation agent for the purification of drinking water. Therefore, we recommend further studies to determine how the seed could be used safely as a household and industrial water flocculant.

Impact of magnetized water on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat and barley

Wheat and barley are considered as a world's number one in nutritional basis of humans and animals worldwide. The effects of magnetized water on the seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum durum L. c.v. umqais) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. c.v. athruh) were investigated. Static magnetic field (MF) of 0.15 T strength on four types of water; Tap Water (TW), Deionized Water (DIW), Distilled Water (DISW), and Rain Water (RW) were examined. Triplicate groups of wheat and barley seeds with triplicate of water types were studied under the influence of magnetized water with different time intervals. The magnetized (DIW) significantly increased the seedling root fresh weight in wheat and the germination rate in barley, while magnetized (TW) increased the seedling shoot fresh weight and seedling root fresh weight in wheat but decreased the seedling shoot dry weight and vigor index-II in barley. Significant reduction in barley seedling shoot length and vigor index-I was observed with magnetized (DISW). Moreover, it is shown that in the presence of a static magnetic field the water pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were significantly affected. In addition, the pH of DIW, DISW, and (RW) increased by 40%, 26%, and 1.1% respectively, after 25 min of exposure to MF, and the maximum increase occurred between 20 min and 25 min for DIW, DISW. A similar increase was observed in EC and TDS values for DISW. Data indicated that the best retention time for magnetized treated water is 15 min to maintain the pH (5.6–6.5), EC and TDS within the optimal range that are required for successful barley seed germination. These findings highlight the potentials of magnetized water as a novel approach in agricultural, proposing a new avenue to enhance crop growth and productivity, especially in challenging environmental conditions, thereby addressing critical challenges in modern agricultural engineering.

Developing a Soil Salinity Model from Landsat 8 Satellite Bands Based on Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms

AbstractSoil salinity is a significant challenge in numerous regions across the globe, including Egypt. The potential consequences encompass negative impacts on crop yield, human well-being, and eco-logical systems. The utilization of remote sensing and machine learning techniques is increasingly becoming recognized as cost-effective methodologies for the cartographic representation of soil salinity. The present work employed Landsat 8 satellite imaging data and sophisticated machine learning techniques to delineate and assess soil salinity levels in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. In this work, several machine learning techniques were employed to forecast the salinity values of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the designated geographical region. These algorithms encompassed support vector machines (SVM), regression trees, Gaussian linear regression, and tree-based ensemble in addition to linear regression analysis. A variety of instances were generated to develop an optimal model that accurately characterizes the salinity TDS values within the study area. This was achieved by utilizing the band values extracted from the Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The approach that demonstrated the highest performance was observed when employing the Blue, Red, and shortwave infrared bands in conjunction with the SVM-Quadratic SVM model. This particular configuration yielded an R2 value of 0.86 and an RMSE value of 175.98. The findings of this work demonstrate the feasibility of precisely mapping soil salinity through the utilization of Landsat 8 satellite imaging data and machine learning techniques. The provided data can be utilized to identify regions characterized by elevated levels of soil salinity, as well as for the formulation of effective approaches aimed at addressing this issue.

Hydrogeochemical characterization of the groundwater in northern and eastern areas of Kilwa district and Songosongo Island in, Tanzania

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the hydrochemical and hydrogeochemical facies and mechanisms controlling groundwater quality from the northern and eastern parts of Kilwa district and Songosongo Island in Tanzania. Multifaceted methods were used to analyze the hydrochemical properties of water in relation to local geology and proximity to the Indian Ocean. The pH of the groundwater ranged from 5.18 to 7.56 with an average value of 6.64 which is slightly acidic. Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged from 354 to 1429.50 μS/cm with an average value of 1652.6 μS/cm while Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) values varied from 170 to 1825 mg/L with an average value of 918.8 mg/L. The average values for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ were 36.9, 21.4, 152.5, and 13.31 mg/L, while for NO3−, Cl−, HCO3−, and SO42‐ were 2.1, 256.3, 156.6, and 45.8, respectively. The study found that groundwater closest to the ocean had elevated values of TDS, Na+, and Cl− and were more affected by seawater intrusion compared to those further inland. The dominant groundwater type was established to be Na‐Cl mostly nearest to the ocean while Ca‐Mg‐Cl was more encountered towards the inland. The groundwater in the northern and eastern parts of Kilwa is mainly controlled by seawater intrusion and recharge water. The Neogene formations consisting of clay, silts, coastal sands, and alluvium had lower Na+, Cl−, EC, and TDS values than the Paleogene which is more influenced by marine sediments. Thus, these findings call for improved groundwater monitoring to track changes in water quality since several parameters including sodium, magnesium, chlorides, TDS, EC, and pH were higher than recommended values for drinking purposes. However, the majority of the water samples were suitable for human consumption.

Environmental Fate Modelling of Lead Contamination in Water and Sediments of Hawizeh Marshes

Background: This study aimed to determine the maximum concentration of lead in the water and sediments of Hawizeh Swamp during 2020-2021. Methods: The ECOFATE model was employed to calculate ecological risk parameters (RQ) along with total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total organic carbon (TOC) at four stations during summer and winter. Using the framework of environmental fate model of ECOFATE, comprehensive data on hydrological sections, input chemical quantities, chemical characteristics, and ecosystem attributes were measured. Results: The findings indicated that lead concentrations were at the highest level in both sediment and water samples of the wetland across three-dimensional space during summer and winter. TSS, TOC and TDS values were estimated, of which the TDS was used to measure ecological risk due to its higher values. Conclusion: The RQ values of lead indicated high and medium risk within the sedimentary and aquatic environments of the wetland ecosystem, respectively. Statistical calculations further revealed that this wetland was at risk of environmental pollution, posing potential hazards to humans through the food chain. The increase in the biological pollution of this wetland is due to the increase in the population and urban sewage. Therefore, it is imperative to raise public awareness regarding the significance of the wetland and advocate for its regular monitoring.

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Natural Filtration and Solar Distillation Processes

Fresh water is most important daily requirement for human survival. On one hand many regions/countries are facing challenges related to availability of potable water for drinking and daily needs, on other hand water is wasted daily from different domestic applications. Processing and reuse of domestic waste water can help bridge gap between demand and supply. Present study describes a domestic waste water treatment process using combined natural filtration and solar distillation methods. In natural filtration process husk fibre, activated carbon and coconut husk fibre were used as filters. For solar distillation a pyramid shaped distillation unit is used. The samples of domestic waste water were collected from laundry, kitchen and house cleaning applications. The pH, TDS (total dissolved solids) and DO (dissolved oxygen) values of domestic waste water samples and water after treatment were tested. The results after treatment reveal that the values of TDS, pH, and dissolved oxygen are close to the standard values required for potable water which can be further used in different applications.

Preventing Unplanned Shutdown due to Injection Well Plugging with After Treatment Unit Integrated Membrane at Matindok CPP

Pertamina EP Pertamina EP Donggi Matindok Field realizes that sustainable development activities need to pay attention to environmental aspects, including efforts to reduce the load of water pollution. In the production process at Matindok Central Processing Plant (CPP), byproducts are produced in 2 forms: solid sulphur and wastewater from the Biological Sulphur Recovery Unit (BSRU). Sulphur solids carried in wastewater can cause blockages known as plugging in injection wells and disrupt the production process. This study aims to reduce the water pollutants by integrating a nanofiltration membrane in the Bleed Water Treatment (BWT) to reduce the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) content in wastewater after being processed in the After Treatment Unit (ATU). The experimental results showed a significant decrease in TDS values after nanofiltration membrane integration, from ≥14,000 mg/L to <4,000 mg/L. This program succeeded in reducing water pollution in 2023 by 272.68 tons of TDS.

Hydrogeological and hydrochemical condition in planned tunnel B route of the Yogyakarta-Bawen toll road

The Yogyakarta-Bawen toll road tunnel, located in Magelang Regency, Central Java Province, is a national strategic project that connects Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. It has geology resulting from volcanic processes, resulting in rocks with moderate aquifer properties and low to moderate permeability. The study covers 24 observation points, with 11 locations sampling groundwater for chemical analysis. The analysis results of hydrochemical facies are Na-K-HCO3. Water table depth varies from 623 m to 704 m above sea level, with the water table along the tunnel route at depths of 13-40 m above mean sea level, generally above the tunnel’s elevation. The groundwater flow pattern tends to move from southeast to northwest, perpendicular to the tunnel’s direction. Groundwater quality testing indicates that water in the research area falls under the category of fresh groundwater, based on electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids values. The overall acidity level is generally acidic, except at specific points. In general, the interaction of groundwater with concrete results in weak erosion. It can be concluded that the groundwater at the research location is shallow, situated above the planned tunnel elevation, exhibits hydrochemical facies variations, and has the potential to weakly erode concrete.

Machine learning in bovine sub-clinical mastitis: One-stop veterinary diagnostic model

Objective: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in cows is a major challenge in dairying not only in disease management but also in financial issues. The objective of this study is to predict an innovative and sustainable approach for the identification of bovine sub-clinical mastitis using machine learning techniques targetting milk biomarkers like electric conductivity and total dissolved solids. Materials and Methods: The field data on milk electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) will be assimulated and connected to a central network system for cross-matching with the library database to predict the result. The cut-off value of milk EC and TDS as standerdize previously would be the exploratory data in machine learning and the output of which need to be translated into language by artificial intelegnce. Results: The optimal EC cutoff value for SCM detection in dairy cows was standardize previously as 6159 μS/cm or 6.16 mS/cm and TDS as 3100 mg/l of milk by examining milk from 108 suspected animals. An automated machine learning based message (study in progress) is assuming to notify the onset of SCM and thus deliver the information to the veterinary/ regulatory authority or dairy owners to predict the severity of SCM and taking necessary actions. Conclusion: This model is assuming to serve the one-step veterinary diagnostic service for bovine subclinical mastitis in Bangladesh.

QUALITY OF ECO ENZYME PRODUCED THROUGH A FERMENTATION PROCESS IN VARIOUS "TEMPE" YEAST CONCENTRATIONS

Organic waste that accumulates and is not adequately managed causes disease and environmental problems. Therefore, one method to solve the problems is to convert it into eco enzyme, a liquid created from the fermentation of organic waste, specifically vegetable and fruit peels, sugar, and water. Anaerobic fermentation is utilized to produce eco enzymes, with yeast added to shorten the fermentation time. The goal of this research is to determine the effect of "tempe" yeast concentration on the quality of eco enzymes. Eco enzyme was made from brown sugar, fruit peels (oranges and melons), and water in a 1:3:10 ratio. "Tempe" yeast concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %w/v were used in the fermentation process for producing eco enzyme. The eco enzyme products were examined by analyzing pH value, acetic acid content, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value, organoleptic properties (aroma and color), and protease enzyme activity. The pH and TDS values of eco enzyme products increased as the concentration of "tempe" yeast increased. The results showed that eco enzyme products have pH values in the range of 3.5-4, acetic acid content of 0.81-1.08 %v/v, TDS value of 1000-2000 ppm, with fermented and orange aroma and a bright yellow color. According to the results, the addition of 3 %w/v "tempe" yeast in the production of eco enzyme was selected as a sample tested for protease enzyme activity and a clear zone was identified around the colony, indicating that there was protease enzyme activity.

Pengujian Kualitas Air Sumur Bor di Kelurahan Anaiwoi Dengan Menggunakan Parameter pH Dan TDS

Water is a natural resource that is crucial for the survival of all living beings, including humans. The quality of water is an important factor that can have a significant impact on human health. To ensure the well-being of the community, water quality testing was conducted at 2 drilled wells that are being used by residents of Anaiwoi Village. Based on the water quality testing results, it was found that the pH value at point 1 was between 4,6-4,8, while at point 2, it was between 4.6 - 5.9. Unfortunately, the pH values at both points were below the Environmental Health Quality Standards. On the other hand, the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) parameters at both points were found to be within the Environmental Health Quality Standards. This is because the TDS values obtained were less than 300 mg/L or less than 300 ppm.

Production Optimization of Chlorophyll Herbs Spice Powder from Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) Leaves with Response Surface Method

Jamu is a herbal drink obtained from the processing of plant parts which are non-toxic and do not have side effects. One way to extend the shelf life of herbal medicine is by changing the form of herbal medicine into powder. The method that can be used is foam mat drying which involves an emulsifying agent in the form of maltodextrin and a foam agent in the form of tween 80. Generally, herbal medicine is made from raw materials such as ginger. Ginger contains gingerols and shogaols as phenolic antioxidant components. Improving the quality, characteristics, attractiveness of herbal spice powders can be done by adding green coloring from chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment in plants that can absorb blue, red and purple light and reflects green in plants. Tapak liman leave (Elephantopus scaber) is one of the weeds that has a deep green color and can be used as medicine. The characteristics of herbal spice powders with chlorophyll are influenced by factors in each process, such as the mixing and drying processes. Optimizing the final result requires process engineering with one of the methods, namely the Response Surface Methodology. This study used the Behnken Box Design with 3 factors in the form of mixing time, drying time and power with a design that produced 15 treatments. Optimization response parameters used consist of response to chlorophyll content and response to water content. Optimum treatment conditions were obtained in the treatment with 26 minutes of stirring time, 10 minutes of drying time at 400 Watt power. The chlorophyll response is 14.138 ppm and the water content response is 2.5%. Analysis of herbal powder containing chlorophyll supporting optimum treatment conditions can be carried out by measuring color, pH and TDS. The L* value owned by is 73.7 which tends to be brightness. Meanwhile, the a* value is -2.5 and the b* value is 6.5. The degree of acidity or pH at is 6.03 with a total dissolved solids value of 7.75 °Brix.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Springs in Gokand Valley District Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: The quality of spring water in Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is a matter of public health importance due to its use as a primary source of drinking water. This study was initiated in response to concerns about potential environmental and anthropogenic contaminations that could affect the water quality. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the drinking water quality from six different springs in Gokand Valley, assessing their compliance with the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). Methods: Conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, the study involved the collection and subsequent chemical analysis of water samples from six springs in the valley. The parameters analyzed included Total Hardness as CaCO₃, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride as Cl, Sulphate as SO₄, pH, Sodium as Na, Nitrite as NO₂, Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃, Calcium as CaCO₃, Magnesium as MgCO₃, Potassium as K, and Conductivity. Results: The results indicated a variation in water quality across the springs. Total Hardness as CaCO₃ ranged from 96.45 mg/L to 286.36 mg/L, and TDS values varied between 132.33 mg/L and 367.33 mg/L. Chloride levels were found to be between 5.36 mg/L and 14.28 mg/L. Sulphate concentrations ranged from 9.54 mg/L to 17.96 mg/L. The pH levels of all samples were close to neutral, ranging from 6.98 to 7.30. Sodium levels varied from 5.67 mg/L to 17.47 mg/L. Nitrite was not detected in any of the samples. Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃ ranged from 93.66 mg/L to 240.39 mg/L, Calcium as CaCO₃ from 53.73 mg/L to 200.68 mg/L, Magnesium as MgCO₃ from 41.42 mg/L to 109.40 mg/L, Potassium as K from 1.30 mg/L to 3.50 mg/L, and Conductivity values varied from 210.00 µS/cm to 596.67 µS/cm. Conclusion: The study concludes that the water from the six springs in Gokand Valley generally meets the WHO and PSQCA standards for drinking water. This finding underscores the importance of these natural springs as a viable source of potable water for the local population. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure sustained water quality in the face of potential environmental changes and anthropogenic activities.

Changes in some quality properties of frozen mare milk during 6 months of storage

The aim of this study was to determine how storage in the frozen state affects the quality of mare milk. Therefore, physicochemical properties such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), particle size distribution and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, as well as changes in antioxidant activity and the total phenol content were determined during 6 months of storage at -18°C. All of the determined parameters were compared to those in raw mare milk prior to freezing. According to the obtained results, frozen storage caused certain changes in mare milk quality, including increase in pH, electrical conductivity and TDS values, changes in protein structure recorded by NIR spectroscopy and SDS PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), as well as changes in particle size distribution. There was also a continuous decrease in the antioxidant activity and the total phenol content of frozen mare milk throughout the 6 months of frozen storage. Thus, after 6 months of frozen storage, a decrease in the DPPH value of approximately 59%, in the FRAP value of approximately 26% and in the TPC of approximately 70% was observed, respectively. In conclusion, freezing and frozen storage affected the quality of mare milk, which might have negative consequences on its therapeutic value.

Groundwater Quality Assessment from a Hard Rock Terrain Kundalika River Basin, Beed District, Maharashtra, India

In the study area, the primary source of water is groundwater for the drinking and irrigation purpose. For the assessment of groundwater quality results of 48 groundwater samples in post& pre monsoon season for the year 2021 & 2022 were carried out from Kundalika River basin Beed District, Maharashtra. The pH values of groundwater reveal that slightly alkaline in nature. The electric conductivity varies from 290 to 2640 µS/cm; the total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride measured. Most of TDS values of groundwater samples less 1000 mg/l indicate suitable for drinking and irrigation purpose. In the piper trilinear diagram, it is observed that 80% groundwater samples in post monsoon season 2021 and pre monsoon season 2022 fall in the Ca-HCO3 region and remaining 20 % groundwater samples of both season falls in mixed type such as Ca-Na-HCO3 region. According to Wilcox’s diagram all groundwater samples are good for irrigation purpose except 2 % samples of post monsoon season 2021 and pre monsoon season 2022 are doubtful to unsuitable area for irrigation use. Various water quality indices like: EC, SAR, SSP, RSC, MAR and KR shows that most water samples are suitable for irrigation uses. U. S. Salinity Laboratory Diagram shows that all the groundwater samples belongs to C2-S1,C3-S1,C3-S1 and C3-S2 category suggesting a medium to high salinity and alkalinity; this can be good for irrigation purpose, with few exceptions under specific conditions.