Total Dissolved Solids Values Research Articles

Simultaneous Hydroponic Nutrient Control Automation System Based on Internet of Things

Hydroponic is one of the solutions of gardening methods using water as a nutrition medium. Usually, maintaining hydroponic plant quality and water nutrients are done manually and require human efforts, such as the degree of acidity or wetness (pH), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), and nutrient temperature. With the Internet of Things technology, we can automate hydroponic control by measuring the nutrients' TDS, pH, and temperature values and controlling water nutrition by pump nutrition needs for hydroponic plants. This research uses the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) for the hydroponic system and uses lettuce as the nutrition parameter. The lettuce parameters are pH, TDS, and Water Temperature equal to the sensor we used in the proposed IoT system. The condition has 27 classifications, and we use this classification as a reference in decision-making, using the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm to activate the actuator. We improve the simultaneous actuator from previous research with specified intervals and duration to achieve ideal nutritional conditions. The other improvement is that we collect more data and more testing times. The accuracy was 91.2%, with k = 3. From the evaluation results, the accuracy of KNN is quite high and has an advantage, which has better accuracy than the other algorithms and can activate actuator simultaneously. We conclude that the hydroponic nutrient automation system using the Internet of Things method is ready for real planting use with this improvement.

Spatial variations on the hydrochemistry, controls, and solute sources of surface water in the Weihe River Basin, China.

The Weihe River Basin (WRB), the largest tributary of the Yellow River Basin (YRB), is located in the northwest of China. As the "mother river" of the Guanzhong Plain, it plays an important role in the development of Guanzhong City Group. Based on pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ionic concentrations of 227 samples collected from the main stream (MS), northern tributaries (NT), and southern tributaries (ST) of the WRB, we explored spatial differential characteristics of hydrochemistry and their controlling factors, solute sources, and water quality of surface water. The results revealed mildly alkaline pH and much higher TDS values than the global average with mean values of 7.9 and 1037.7mgL-1, respectively. Except NO3-, the concentrations of major ions in the MS and NT were higher than those of the ST, with similar spatial distribution patterns of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, SO42-, and Cl-. Na+ and SO42- were the most dominant cation and anion in the MS and NT controlled by both rock weathering and evaporation-crystallization processes. Ca2+ and HCO3- were the most dominant cation and anion in the ST mainly controlled by rock weathering process. Evaporite dissolution contributed the most to dissolved solutes in the MS and NT, while carbonate weathering dominated dissolved solutes in the ST. These findings were confirmed by the results of correlation matrix, principal component analysis (PCA), stoichiometric plots, and different water types identified as Na-SO4·Cl in the MS and NT, and Ca-HCO3 in the ST. Atmospheric and anthropogenic inputs had a minor effect on the surface water chemistry. However, human activities could not be ignored in the ST accounting for 10.9% of the total dissolved solutes, mainly because of the fertilizer application. And the surface water of the ST was more suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes than that of the MS and NT. Knowledge of our findings could contribute new insights to the solute geochemistry and sustainable management of water resources in the lithologically distinct segments of the WRB and other similar areas.

Spectral indices for estimating total dissolved solids in freshwater wetlands using semi-empirical models. A case study of Guartinaja and Momil wetlands

ABSTRACT Water is one of the most important and abundant resources on earth; therefore, determining easier and more accurate methods of measuring water quality has become challenging in recent years. Images of the Sentinel-2 multispectral (MSI) sensor and field measurements for three seasons and 39 spectral indices were evaluated to identify those that can be used as patterns for the generation of semi-empirical bio-optical models to predict the total dissolved solids (TDS) in surface water of freshwater wetlands. The Guartinaja and Momil wetlands, located in the Wetland Complex of Bajo Sinú, Northern Colombia, were used as references in the field. The individual bands of the Sentinel 2 MSI sensor and the spectral indices derived from these bands were tested (and will be referred to in this paper as spectral indices). They were classified as follows: 10 individual spectral bands of the MSI sensor of the Sentinel 2 satellite; 11 indices reported by the literature to determine water, vegetation, or soils; 11 indices reported to estimate salinity; and 7 to estimate total dissolved solids and proposed in this research. The indices were evaluated based on three exclusive conditions: 1) the correlation between the TDS values measured in the field and indices spectral values >0.7 for at least two sampling seasons; 2) for the three seasons, the regression models derived from the indices have a determination coefficient >0.7; and 3) the spatial correlation matrix between the images derived from the models is >0.8 for at least two out of the three analysis seasons. We achieved important results: 1) seven indices (B3, Brightness-3, SI-3, SI-5, Ferdous-2020, TDS-1, and TDS5) met the three conditions proposed above and therefore, they were preliminarily defined as patterns for estimating TDS in the selected wetlands; 2) Additionally, this research provided two new efficient indices for calculating TDS through bio-optical models: TDS-1 and TDS-5. The validation of the regression models derived from these indices indicated a high accuracy of the prediction surfaces, expressed in values <10% of the normalized root-mean-square deviation. The results of this study contribute to the determination of semi-empirical bio-optical models for predicting optically inactive water quality parameters, which are generally predicted with empirical models whose use is spatiotemporally limited. Additionally, the research contributions that are carried out to improve the methods of evaluating water quality from remote sensing products become investigations that positively impact the evaluation of water resources, especially in geographical locations in which there is no with sufficient financial resources for on-site sampling.

Hydrodynamic and Geostress Controls on CBM Enrichment in the Anze Block, Southern Qinshui Basin, North China

The coalbed methane (CBM) resource in the southern Qinshui Basin, North China, is abundant. Proper understanding of the geological control factors on CBM enrichment in Anze Block of southern Qinshui Basin is critical to design efficient CBM development plan in this area. Field and laboratory data including well logging, well testing, hydraulic fracturing, and groundwater chemical analysis of were used to evaluate the characteristics of the hydrodynamic and geostress, and then, the combined effect of hydrodynamic and geostress field on CBM enrichment was analyzed. The results show that the total dissolved solids (TDS) of groundwater in the west is generally lower than that in other areas in the block, and the primary formation water is NaHCO3-type. The geostress field shows a σ H &gt; σ v &gt; σ h dominated geostress type in this area, and the western block has a lower value than the eastern block. The strong hydrodynamic field with low TDS also has a lower gas content while the weak hydrodynamic field with high TDS has a higher gas content. Both the TDS value and the horizontal stress differences are positively related to the gas content, indicating that inactive hydrodynamics and large horizontal stress difference of coal reservoir is favorable for CBM preservation.

Research on a small-scale drinking water quality detection system based on detection of laser-induced fluorescence

In this paper a small-scale drinking water quality detection system that can be used for real-time evaluation of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is presented. The DOM detection is based on the principle that the intensity of the laser-induced fluorescence signal is proportional to the DOM concentration. In experiment, the DOM concentration of sodium humate solution and the TDS value of NaCl solution are tested, respectively. In addition, drinking water and tap water before and after purification are also detected by the system. The quality of purified water is significantly higher than that before purification. Detection results obtained in our laboratory indicate that the system described in this paper can detect the organic and inorganic contents of drinking water. Advantages of our system are small volume, high sensitivity and high precision.

Groundwater quality evaluation for potable and irrigation uses in the semi‐arid region of southern Iran

AbstractIran is in a serious freshwater shortage crisis because its major part is located in arid and semi‐arid areas. This research evaluated the groundwater quality in terms of potable and irrigation uses in the wet and dry seasons in the Kazeroon plain, southern Iran. In this study, a total of 408 groundwater samples were gathered from 68 boreholes to measure water quality indices, such as acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Geographical information system technology was also applied to draw maps of spatial changes of water quality parameters. The results showed that groundwater quality indices had the minimum and maximum values of pH (6.9–8.6), EC (414–9,813 μmho cm−1) and TDS (278–6,180), TH (175–3250), HCO3− (152–518), Cl− (5–1950), SO42− (17–2371), Ca2+ (30–681), Mg2+ (12–607), Na+ (1–1303) and K+ (0.8–18) (mg L−1). Based on World Health Organization standards, the results indicated that all of the aquifer water in the plain except for the northern region was of poor and very poor quality for potable usages. Also, the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram showed that the groundwater quality is doubtful for irrigation. Therefore, the cultivation pattern in this plain should be switched towards salt‐tolerant crops.

Salt Free Preservation of Raw Goat Skin Using Swietenia Mahogany (Seed) Extract

Curing of hides and skins using sodium salt is a well-established and economical preservation technique worldwide. But it contributes to generating a large amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) and increasing the salinity of water during leather processing which is a threat to the environment. The current research is an attempt to preserve goat skin using mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) seed’s extract. In real practice different percentages of mahogany seed extract were applied on raw goat skin and 3% (by weight of skin) of it showed best result. To evaluate the preservation efficiency, related parameters of preservation viz. odor, hair slip, shrinkage temperature, moisture content, bacterial count etc. were monitored regularly for 30 days. The obtained results were compared with conventional salt curing process. The experimental trial showed efficiency in lessening TDS value and chloride content. The preserved goat skins of both trials were treated following conventional leather processing techniques and physical properties were studied. The discussed preservation method exhibited comparable result in every index.

Data-driven soft computing modeling of groundwater quality parameters in southeast Nigeria: comparing the performances of different algorithms.

In recent decades, the simulation and modeling of water quality parameters have been useful for monitoring and assessment of the quality of water resources. Moreover, the use of multiple modeling techniques, rather than a standalone model, tends to provide more robust and reliable insights. In this present paper, several soft computing techniques were integrated and compared for the modeling of groundwater quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), modified heavy metal index (MHMI), pollution load index (PLI), and synthetic pollution index (SPI)) in Ojoto area, SE Nigeria. Standard methods were employed in the physicochemical analysis of the groundwater resources. It was found that anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic activities influenced the concentrations of the water quality parameters. The PLI, MHMI, and SPI revealed that about 20-25% of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for drinking. Simple linear regression indicated that strong agreements exist between the results of the water quality indices. Principal component and Varimax-rotated factor analyses showed that Pb, Ni, and Zn influenced the judgment of the water quality indices most. Q-mode hierarchical and K-means clustering algorithms grouped the water samples based on their pH, EC, TDS, TH, MHMI, PLI, and SPI values. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms were used for the simulation and prediction of the pH, EC, TDS, TH, PLI, MHMI, and SPI. The MLR performed better than the ANN model in predicting EC, TH, and TDS. Nevertheless, the ANN model predicted the pH better than the MLR model. Meanwhile, both MLR and ANN performed equally in the prediction of PLI, MHMI, and SPI.

Extraction, Characterization and Rheological Behavior of Tamarind Gum Under High Salinity

The objective of this work was to obtain tamarind gum from Tamarindus indica L. seeds, which are waste from the food industry. Tamarind gum was extracted by two methods and the highest yield achieved was 32.6% w/w, containing 69.25% w/w of organic matter, which was composed mostly of the nonionic polysaccharide xyloglucan. The greatest molar mass of the tamarind gum was Mw=7.16 x 105 g/mol with polydispersity index (PI) of 1.7. Evaluation of the rheological behavior of tamarind gum samples were carried out in two brines (total dissolved solids values of 29,711 mg/L and 68,317 mg/L, containing divalent ions) that simulated petroleum reservoir salinity levels, with different temperatures (25, 60 and 80°C). The rheological curves indicated high salt resistance of the gum samples. Under a shear rate of 7.3 s-1 the highest viscosity values found were approximately 86, 41 and 50 cP with at concentration of 5,000 ppm and temperatures of 25, 60 and 80ºC, respectively.

PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED GROUNDWATER SAMPLES IN PART OF PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

The quality of groundwater depends on its physiochemical and microbial characteristics. This study is aimed at analyzing the physiochemical quality of groundwater and was carried out to assess the quality of groundwater samples obtained from five different boreholes within Eliozu (the study area). Total of seven major parameters were analyzed, they are potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity and concentration of nitrate (NO3 ̅) and sulphate (SO ■(2-@4)). The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and showed that groundwater samples from these boreholes have PH value between 3.9 and 4.5 thus, are acidic and not suitable for drinking purposes, electrical conductivity value range from 50 to 208µΩ/cm, BH3 has low organic matter contaminants because its DO value is the least, TDS values is between 66 and 114.4mg/L which is within the limit desirable for drinking water supplies by WHO, salinity values range from 16.5 to 29.7mg/L, indicating that BH3 and BH5 have the most suitable water for drinking. The knowledge of this study can be applied in water resources management, hydrological activities and environmental and health management.

Teaching Coagulation Using Bio Coagulant from Mango Skin Against Cement Wastewater to Vocational School Students through Experimental Demonstrations

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of video learning on the coagulation process using a mango peel-based bio-coagulant on cement wastewater for vocational school students. The bio-coagulant fabrication is done by drying the mango peel in an oven at 60 degrees Celsius, mashing it in a blender, then uniforming the powder particle size using a 200 mesh sieve. The mango peel bio-coagulant powder was then applied to cement wastewater that had been conditioned to an acidic atmosphere with variations of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/L. Cement wastewater was tested through pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS) tests before and after adding the bio-coagulant powder to determine the effect of the bio-coagulant application. This research was also conducted by providing pretest questions, learning videos, and posttest questions to vocational students. The results showed that giving bio-coagulants to cement wastewater could increase the pH value, had no effect on temperature changes, and could decrease the TDS value. Then, the learning outcomes for vocational students show that the use of video learning media has a low effect on students' understanding of the coagulation process. Keywords: bio-coagulant, coagulation, mango peel, teaching, students

Fish Community Structure in River Ossiomo, Niger Delta, Nigeria in Relation to Some Selected Environmental Variables

In the past decade, it has been reported that water quality of rivers are deteriorating increasingly. In this study we examined the state of River Ossiomo to assess the current health of the river for a period of 24 months from April 2019 to March 2020, then July 2020 to May 2021 in three well marked out stations. The study was to determine the relationship between environmental variables and fish species assemblage in the river. From the results of the physico-chemical variables, the mean values of pollution indicating physico-chemical variables such as sulphate (1.26+0.32mg/l) and total suspended solids (TSS) (5.53+1.89mg/l) were higher in station 2. On the other hand, pH (5.94+0.48), DO (8.64+1.57mg/l), turbidity (7.48+7.63NTU), TDS (29.64+14.65mg/l) and phosphate (0.43+0.31mg/l) mean values were highest in station 1. Conductivity (70.87+26.42µS/cm) and nitrate (0.49+0.34mg/l) mean values were highest in station 3. Further, dissolved oxygen (DO) was higher in station 1, the reference station. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), we performed for the physico-chemical variables revealed that temperature, conductivity, DO, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, TSS, sulphate, phosphate and nitrate were significantly different among the three stations sampled (P&lt;0.05), while pH, BOD and turbidity were not significant among the three stations sampled (P&gt;0.05). The result of the principal component analysis showed that conductivity was positively associated with station 3, and temperature, TDS and alkalinity were negatively associated with stations 1 and 2. A total of 2,324 fish individuals belonging to 29 taxa were recorded in the entire study period. Station 1 harbours more fish species (1018), followed by station 2 (809), and we recorded the lowest number of fish individuals in station 3 (497). Auchenoglanis occidentalis was the most preponderant fish species probably occasioned by its level of adaptation to prevailing environmental conditions in the study river. The least abundant fish species was Synodontis eupterus.The canonical correspondence analysis we used in visualizing the relationship between fish species and physico-chemical variables showed that fish taxa such as Distichodus brevipinni, Cteropoma kinsleyae, Tilapia zillii, Malapterarus electricus, Mormyrus engystoma, and Synodontis nigita that were positively associated with pollution indicating physico-chemical variables were suggested as indicators for monitoring riverine health in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. We recommend that more detailed studies should be carried out in River Ossiomo to confirm this result. However, this study serves as a baseline study in the present study area.

Artificial floating islands as a tool for the water quality improvement of fishponds

In this study, the ecotechnology artificial floating islands (AFIs), colonized by Eichhornia crassipes, have been tested as a tool for water quality improvement of fishponds. The experiment was carried out in semi-intensive production during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia, comprising one production cycle. It was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without AFIs) and three replications. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), transparency (Secchi) and concentrations of chlorophyll a (CL a), total nitrogen (TN), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (PO43--P) were analyzed fortnightly in the fishponds. Two groups ordered based on environmental characteristics were formed by applying the Principal Component Analysis (70.68% of explicability). The fishponds with AFIs were assigned to higher values of Secchi and lower values of pH, turbidity, TDS and concentrations of nutrients. On the other hand, the fishponds without AFIs were assigned to the highest values of these variables, except for Secchi. In 30 days, the AFIs showed the lowest concentrations of TP and PO43--P, and for CL a, TN and TAN, the differences were recorded after 90 days. The use of AFIs has demonstrated potential to conserve water quality in fishponds, notably for biologically assimilable elements (PO43--P and TAN) and for those directly related to eutrophication (P and N). Artificial floating islands should be encouraged for small and medium-sized farmers as tool to improve water quality in fishponds. However, new AFIs coverage rates must be evaluated, as well as the control of hydraulic retention rates.&#x0D; Keywords: aquaculture, ecotechnology, free-floating aquatic macrophytes.

Forecasting water quality parameters using artificial neural network for irrigation purposes

This study was aimed at analyzing the water quality of Ele River Nnewi, Anambra State for irrigation purposes with a view to predicting a one-year water quality index using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Water pollution has posed a major problem and identifying the points of pollution in the River system is a very difficult task. To overcome this task, the need to determine the pollution level arose by modeling and predicting four water quality parameters at four (4) different locations using the Artificial Neural Network. These parameters include the pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Sodium (Na), respectively. The water quality results showed that the pH values which ranges from 6.01 to 6.87 were within the FAO standard in all the points for both rainy and dry seasons, whereas the TDS (mg/l), EC (dS/m) and Na (mg/l) parametric values range from 2001 to 2506, 3.01 to 5.76, and 40.42 to 73.45 respectively, were above the FAO standard from point 1 to point 3 and falls within the FAO standard at point 4 with values ranging from 1003 to 1994, 2.01 to 2.78 and 31.24 to 39.44, respectively. However, during the dry season, the TDS, EC, and Na values range from 2002 to 2742, 3.04 to 5.82 and 40.14 to 88.45 respectively, were all above the FAO standard. Generally, the artificial neural network modeled the actual water quality data set very well with good prediction. The training model performance evaluation shows that the R2 values ranges from 0.981 to 0.990, 0.981 to 0.988, 0.981 to 0.989 and 0981 to 0.989, for pH, TDS, EC, and Na. The testing model performance shows that the R2 value ranges from 0.952 to 0.967, 0.953 to 0.970, 0.951 to 0.967and 0.953 to 0.968, for pH, TDS, EC and Na while the forecast performance evaluation shows that the R2 values ranges from 0.945 to 0.968, 0.946 to 0.968, 0.944 to 0.967 and 0.949 to 0.965 for pH, TDS, EC and Na respectively. It was also observed that the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) ranges from 0.022 to 0.088, 0.012 to 0.087, 0.015 to 0.085 and 0.014 to 0.084 for pH, TDS, EC and Na, respectively. Information from this study will serve as a guide to researchers on the water quality index for irrigation purposes. Also, it will guide the government and agencies on policy, management and decision-making on water resources.

Seawater Intrusion Assessment based on Hydrochemical Data in Gapura Sub-district of Sumenep Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Gapura is a sub-district with a large salt pond in Sumenep Regency, Madura Island, Indonesia. In this area, many residents’ houses have drilled wells to meet their water needs. One factor is that Municipal Waterwork (PDAM) does not reach the area due to limited water sources and difficult accessibility. Residents in the area claimed to have found some groundwater that tasted brackish. This study aims to apply hydrochemical analysis to identify the possibility of seawater intrusion in the area. The assessment of seawater intrusion uses the total dissolved solids (TDS) value and major ion of groundwater samples. In the analysis of thirty samples, two samples have different values from the samples of freshwater. However, the value of these two samples is relatively low to be classified as seawater intrusion. It is described on the TDS values that belong to the class of brackish water, from Simpson ratio values classified as slightly contaminated, and from the piper diagram plot that is still in the mixing zone in the middle of the diagram. The presence of brackish water in these samples can be caused by a location close to salt pond activities.

Production of bioethanol from wild cassava crude starch (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) using different microbial types and fermentation times

Wild cassava (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) is one of the varieties of cassava that contains toxic compounds cyanogenic glucosides, which cause unmarketable food products more suitable to be processed into bioethanol. This wild cassava plant produces tubers four times in weight compared to that of ordinary cassava, and the flesh contains about 40–70% starch by dry weight. This study aimed to determine the effect of the microbial types and fermentation times on bioethanol production from M. glaziovii Muell. Arg crude starch and to determine the type of microbes and fermentation time that can produce the highest bioethanol product from M. glaziovii Muell. Arg crude starch. This study consists of two factors using a factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was the type of microbe which consists of 2 different microbes, namely R5I3 isolates and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763. The second factor was the fermentation time which consists of 4 levels, namely 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. The observed parameters were total dissolved solids value, pH value, reducing sugar content, and ethanol content. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests. The results showed that fermentation using R5I3 isolates with a fermentation time of 5 days was the best treatment to obtain a maximum ethanol of 21.64±3.03 g/L, with a final pH value of 4.70±0.14, total dissolved solids 4.10±0.14°Brix and reducing sugar content of 0.91±0.02 g/L. Therefore, the new isolate R513 was highly potential for producing bioethanol from wild cassava crude starch.

Analysis of the distribution of seawater intrusion using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid data and intelligence for residents in Sayung District, Demak Regency

Massive groundwater extraction from production wells can trigger seawater intrusion, such as what happened in Sayung District, Demak. Seawater intrusion can be identified using quality analysis in the form of the electrical conductivity of each water sample taken. The research area is located in Sayung District, Demak Regency and is on the north coast, and is composed of alluvium quaternary deposits in the form of clay, sand sediments, and organic material of the plant. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of seawater intrusion in Sayung District and to know the prediction of the direction of seawater intrusion to provide an overview of groundwater quality recommendations in the study area to residents. To determine the distribution of seawater intrusion, you can use Electrical Conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) data, from the results of the analysis there is a decrease in groundwater quality as indicated by the electrical conductivity value in the range 2,800-3,265 μmnos/cm with slightly brackish salinity and damage levels. categorized as critical and has a relatively high TDS value in the range 1,904-2,220.2 mg/L which is spread in the northern part near the coast including Timbulsloko and Sidorejo villages.

Role of PGPR on the physiology of sunflower irrigated with produced water containing high total dissolved solids (TDS) and its residual effects on soil fertility

The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioremediation potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) PGPR isolates from high total dissolved solids (TDS) bearing produced water on the water quality, soil physicochemical properties and growth and physiology of sunflower irrigated with high TDS bearing produced water having salinity level 130 times higher above seawater and also containing traces of oil and grease. Seeds of sunflower hybrid Parsun 3 were soaked for 3–4 h prior to sowing in 72 h old culture of PGPR strains W1 and W2 isolated from high TDS bearing polluted water. The control plants were irrigated with 90% diluted TDS water supplemented with 5 ml LB media. Whereas, the inoculated plants were irrigated with 90% diluted TDS water supplemented with 5 ml PGPR inocula.in LB media. The plants were grown under natural conditions. The 16S rRNA sequence analyses identified the isolate W1 bearing 100% similarity with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Ralstonia pickettii and W2 bearing 99.7% similarity with Brevibacillus invocatus. Both the isolate were catalase and oxidase positive. The Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus treatments decreased the EC and TDS values significantly such that the EC and TDS values of 90% diluted TDS water were 29 times and 19 times higher than tap water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and carbon content were 1.96, 1.10, 2.28 1.20, 6.63 and 1.00 times greater than control in the rhizosphere soil of Ralstonia pickettii inoculated plants irrigated with high TDS bearing water There were significant increases in plant growth, sugar, flavonoids and phenolics, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids content and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in plants inoculated with Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus. The flavonoids, phenolics and proline contents were 0.54, 0.72 and 0.30 times higher in Ralstonia pickettii inoculated plants. Shoot/root dry weight ratio was about (50%) lower than control in Ralstonia pickettii and Brevibacillus invocatus treatments. Ralstonia pickettii was more effective than Brevibacillus invocatus to combat oxidative and osmotic stresses. It is inferred that the high TDS bearing produced water from oil factory harbor Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) having the potential to combat high salinity stress in plants when used as bioinoculant. The broth culture containing the bacteria may be supplemented with the saline water used for irrigation as it provides nutrients for the growth and proliferation of bacteria present in the saline water and hence the synergistic action of bacterial inocula with the indigenous bacteria present in saline water may better alleviate osmotic and oxidative stresses of plants encountered under salinity stress. The residual effect of Ralstonia pickettii on organic matter and Ca, Mg, K and P content of the rhizosphere soil was notably higher for succeeding crops. Novelty statement This is the first report demonstrating that rhizobacteria can proliferate in water containing salinity higher above seawater in addition to oil grease and TSS. Their efficiency to reduce TDS can be augmented by an exogenous supply of LB broth culture of PGPR isolated from the polluted water. These indigenous rhizobacteria when used as bioinoculant on the plant can act as plant growth promoters as well as bioremediation of salinity effects.

Water Quality Index Analysis for Water Drinking and Irrigation in the Sumowono Groundwater Basin

The Sumowono Groundwater Basin is a cross-district basin located in Central Java Province, between Temanggung Regency, Kendal Regency, and Semarang Regency. The people in this area obtain fresh water from either dug wells or springs. The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility of groundwater for drinking water and irrigation purposes. The method used was hydrogeological mapping and physical and chemical analysis of 10 groundwater samples. The samples were subjected to empirical testing of the Groundwater Quality Index to determine the feasibility of drinking water and irrigation using Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) analysis and Wilcox diagram. The results showed that all samples physically have tasteless and odorous properties. For the chemical properties produced in the ten samples, the pH value ranges from about 6.85 - 7.27. The electrical conductivity is between 71.6 - 511 µS/cm. Total Dissolved Solids values are between 45.82 and 327.04 mg/L, with total hardness values ranging from 10 to 170 mg/L. From the results of the SAR analysis, it is found that the groundwater classes were included in S1C1 and S1C2, so that groundwater has low alkaline in both sodium and salinity, respectively. Thus, groundwater is considered suitable for consumption and irrigation purposes,

Techno-commercial Assessment of Concurrent Municipal Brown Field Reclamation Procedures: A Pivotal Case study of Jawahar Nagar Dump Site

Techno-commercial Assessment of Concurrent Municipal Brown Field Reclamation Procedures: A Pivotal Case study of Jawahar Nagar Dump Site