Total Carbohydrate Content Research Articles

Composition and antioxidant properties of water lily (Nymphaea nouchali) tuber and development of composite biscuits

Various parts of plant like flower, leaves, and seeds are valued as food and medicine, they are usually considered as underutilized and disregarded food item. This study was conducted to analyse the composition and antioxidant properties of water lily tuber (WLT) and assess the possibilities of utilizing such tuber as food supplement for the development of value added food products. The major compositions were moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and total carbohydrate content measured about 8.04%, 3.11%, 2.8%, 8.57%, 9.78%, and 67.7% respectively. Antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and total phenolic contents were found as 87.7%, 5.78% and 0.188 mg GAE/g respectively. Consequently, water lily tuber (WLT) was also utilized for the development of composite biscuit by incorporating with 20% and 30% of tuber powder. Nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of the composite biscuits were studied to develop the most acceptable formulation of water lily tuber (WLT) incorporated biscuits. From the composition of finished products, it was found that fat, protein, and fiber content were increased with the incorporation of water lily tuber (WLT) powder as compared with control and 30% incorporated biscuit rated highest content of fat (27.29%), protein (9.52%) and fiber (2.74%). On the other hand, more carbohydrate content (65.03%) was found in 20% water lily incorporated biscuit and from the sensory evaluation it was found comparatively more acceptable than 30%. From the overall observation it was found that water lily tuber (WLT) could be utilized as a good natural source of nutrients and antioxidant components in the development of composite food products and as functional ingredient in the food industries.

Food preferences and nutrient composition in captive Southern brown howler monkeys, Alouatta guariba clamitans.

Studies of food preferences in captive primates have so far mainly been restricted to frugivorous species. It was therefore the aim of the present study to assess the occurrence of spontaneous food preferences in a mainly folivorous primate, the captive Southern brown howler monkey, and to analyze whether these preferences correlate with nutrient composition. Using a two-alternative choice test, we presented ten male and five female adult Alouatta guariba clamitans with all possible binary combinations of ten types of food that are part of their diet in captivity and recorded their choice behavior. We found the howler monkeys to display the following rank order of preference: banana > mango > watermelon > papaya > beetroot > apple > pear > orange > cucumber > tomato. This preference ranking significantly and positively correlated with the total carbohydrate content and with the sucrose content of the food items. We also found significant positive correlations between the food preference ranking and the content of the minerals copper and magnesium. Male and female howler monkeys did not differ significantly in their food preference rankings. These results suggest this howler monkeys under human care are not opportunistic, but selective feeders with regard to maximizing their net gain of energy as only the content of carbohydrates, but not the contents of total energy, proteins, or lipids significantly correlated with the displayed food preferences. Thus, the food preferences of this primate are similar to those reported in several species of frugivorous primates tested with cultivated fruits and vegetables.

Extraction and characterization of polysaccharides from Schisandra sphenanthera fruit by Lactobacillus plantarum CICC 23121-assisted fermentation

Improving the yield of polysaccharides extracted from Schisandra sphenanthera is a major challenge in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. In this study, we investigated the potential of Lactobacillus plantarum CICC 23121-assisted fermentation as an extraction tool for S. sphenanthera polysaccharides (SSP). We observed that 11.12 ± 0.28 % of polysaccharides were extracted from S. sphenanthera using strain CICC 23121 -assisted fermentation (F-SSP), which was 53.38 % higher than that using hot water extraction (NF-SSP). The optimized parameters were a fermentation time of 15.5 h, substrate concentration of 4 %, and inoculum size of 3 %. Lactic acid produced by strain CICC 23121 increased the release of intracellular polysaccharides by breaking down cell walls. Compared to NF-SSP, F-SSP contained higher and lower total carbohydrate and protein contents, respectively, and its monosaccharide composition was the same as that of NF-SSP; however, their distributions were different. F-SSP had a higher molecular weight, better aqueous stability, and looser surface morphology, and strain CICC 23121-assisted fermentation did not change the molecular structure of SSP. Both NF-SSP and F-SSP showed the potential to regulate human intestinal microflora. Our findings revealed that strain CICC 23121-assisted fermentation is an efficient method for extracting S. sphenanthera polysaccharides without affecting their physicochemical and bioactive properties.

Potencial fitorremediador de mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla King) em exposição ao níquel: respostas anatômicas, bioquímicas e antioxidantes

Abstract The advancement and intensification of industrial and mining activities has generated a series of impacts on natural ecosystems, combined with the inappropriate use of agrochemicals and the erroneous disposal of electronic products, contributing to soil contamination with a diversity of chemical elements, including heavy metals. Due to this, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing dosages of nickel on the anatomy, biochemistry and oxidative system of Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a forest species from the Amazon, seeking to indicate the potential use of this species in phytoremediation programs. of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The seeds were grown under a constant temperature of 28°C, relative humidity (RH) of 90% with a 12-hour photoperiod for 43 days. The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC), with five treatments (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg.L-1 of Nickel), with six replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were tested for significant differences using the Tukey test at 5% significance. Changes in the anatomy of the different organs were observed, with differences in the cells in the central region of the leaf, the stem and the root. The concentration of total carbohydrates had no statistical differences with the application of nickel, however changes were observed in photosynthetic pigments, reducing sugars and sucrose as an adaptive form to nickel. The increase in nickel dosages was accompanied by the synthesis of ammonium, amino acids and proline in the root, while the synthesis of glycine was reduced. In the leaf, there was an increase in amino acids with an increase in metal, accompanied by a decrease in glycine. The plant antioxidant defense system was efficient in attenuating the toxic effects of ROS, with significant actions of CAT and SOD enzymes in the root, while the leaf had the main action of APX and CAT. The cultivation of mahogany plants can be advocated to mitigate Ni pollution in these areas, as this forest species has a particular characteristic of resistance to stressful conditions in contact with the heavy metal.

Influence of GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) supplementation on biomass, pigments, lipid and protein content of Pseudochlorella pringsheimii under salinity stress

Microalgae synthesize valuable compounds like pigments, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates under stress conditions, which make them an interesting feedstock for different industries. The effect of GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) supplementation under salinity stress conditions was investigated on growth, biomass, pigments, lipid and protein content of Pseudochlorella pringsheimii. Between the varying treatments, 5 g/L NaCl combined with 2.5 mM GABA was observed as the best concentration for stimulating the production of bioactive compounds in microalga P. pringsheimii. The results revealed a significant increase in biomass content by 93.24 %, compared with the control. Moreover, a significant increase was also observed in the production of chlorophyll (chl) a, chlorophyll (chl) b, total carotenoids (car), protein and lipid content by 112.15 %, 84 %, 29.94 %, 23.08 % and 35.63 %, respectively. However, as compared to control and salinity stress alone, the total carbohydrate content was sharply declined by 52.30 % and 101.79 % in GABA supplemented groups. In addition, the presence of fatty acids and different biomolecules were also confirmed by GC–MS and FTIR analysis. The existence of different essential and non-essential amino acids in substantial amounts was validated by UHPLC analysis. Collectively, the present work contributes to a novel strategy for boosting the coproduction of biomass, lipids, proteins and pigments in P. pringsheimii under unfavorable conditions.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities Evaluation, Phytochemical Characterisation of Rhizome from Angiopteris helferiana and Barks from Saurauia fasciculata in Nepal

Ethnomedicinally, more than 2000 plants were found to be used in Nepal. Among them, the red colored rhizome of Angiopteris helferiana and the bark of Saurauia fasciculata have been used widely to treat muscle fatigue, bone pain, fever, postpartum hemorrhage, and thirst by healers in Kaski and Tanahun districts, Nepal. However, scientific evidence towards their traditional uses is lacking till December, 2023. Therefore, we report the phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total carbohydrate content (TCC), antioxidant and antibacterial activities of A. helferiana and S. fasciculata extracts. Phytochemical analysis indicated that A. helferiana and S. fasciculata extracts were potential sources of chemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and carbohydrates. The TPC, TFC, and TCC of extracts were determined by using an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer. Among the extracts tested, A. helferiana extracts showed the highest phenolic and carbohydrate contents of 208.33 ± 12.96 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g and 564.16 ± 2.92 mg of D‐glucose equivalent/g of dry extract, respectively. Similarly, S. fasciculata revealed the highest flavonoid content of 30.35 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract. The extract of A. helferiana and S. fasciculata exhibited potent antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals with an IC50 of 25.9 µg/ml and 31.07 µg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the A. helferiana and S. fasciculata extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was determined using an agar‐well diffusion protocol that revealed the potential antibacterial activity of A. helferiana against E. coli. The present study will help validate the traditional uses of A. helferiana rhizomes and S. fasciculata barks as a healing medicine and inspire the researcher towards further research, development, and formulation.

In vitro colon fermentation behaviors of Ca2+ cross-linked guluronic acid block from sodium alginate.

The degradation of sodium alginate by human gut microbiota was found to be retarded via calcium cross-linking in our previous study. We hypothesized that the guluronic acid block (GB) on the alginate molecule might be the key structural region affecting alginate degradation by the gut microbiota when cross-linked with calcium. This study aims to prove this hypothesis by studying the structural features of the cross-linked GB on its in vitro fecal fermentation behaviors concerning the aspects of total carbohydrate contents, monosaccharide contents, short-chain fatty acids production, calcium state variations, and structural variations. Herein, GB isolated from sodium alginate was cross-linked under ranges of molar ratios of [Ca2+]/[-COOH] that further restricted the degradation by gut microbiota similar to the cross-linked alginates. First, total carbohydrate contents, short-chain fatty acids production, monosaccharides contents, and calcium state analyses confirmed that the degradation of GB by gut microbiota was restricted by calcium cross-linking. Furthermore, the tracking analysis of structural variations during in vitro fermentation revealed that the "granules" structure could further restrict degradation by the gut microbiota, leaving more cross-linked GB fragments surviving in comparison to the "networks" structure. In addition, Bacteroides xylanisolvens showed a significant positive correlation to the "cross-linking porosity (R = 0.825, p < 0.001), which supported our previous findings on fermentation behaviors of cross-linked alginate. Together, guluronic acid blocks are the key structural regions that retard the degradation of sodium alginate by the gut microbiota when cross-linked with calcium.

Exploring pisciculture potentiality in Samdihi OCP: A comparative study on trace elements, potentially toxic metals and basic nutritive components of two edible cultured fish species of Samdihi OCP, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Opencast coal mining results into formation of huge pit like void locally called khadan which eventually being filled with water serves as a reservoir of aquatic resources. Present study intends to explore the pisciculture potentiality in one abandoned Samdihi opencast coal pit using two economically important edible fish species, viz. Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal) and Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia). Analysis of trace elements of fish samples were done by using energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry, dominant potentially toxic metals of water and fish samples were done using atomic absorption spectroscopy, and basic nutritional evaluation through AOAC FAM (2012) and Lowry et al. (1951) protocols. The comparative analysis of trace elements, viz., sodium and potassium revealed that the fish from culture pond had slightly elevated concentrations compared to opencast coal pit bred fish and they ranged between 1116.54±1.54 and 3791.01±1.35 mg/kg and 5321.96±1.11 and 6797.96±2.78 mg/kg for sodium and potassium respectively. On the other hand, the comparative values of calcium and chloride revealed similar trends, where the opencast coal pit bred fish had higher concentrations (6658.46±2.03 to 9767.91±1.10 mg/kg for calcium and 3266.55±1.08 to 4238.54±1.71 mg/kg for chloride respectively) than fish from culture pond. Analysis of potentially toxic metals viz., cadmium, arsenic, lead and nickel of fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond revealed values within the standard FSSAI limit, where, cadmium concentration in mrigal and tilapia from opencast coal pit were much lower (0.25±0.02 and 0.24±0.02 mg/kg respectively) than fish from culture pond and similar trends were followed by arsenic, lead and nickel. The comparative study on nutritive components of fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond revealed that the total protein content, total carbohydrate and total fat content were within 77.20±0.25 and 85.82±0.40 mg/g, 1.75±0.02 to 4.14±0.15% and 14.42±0.34 and 18.51±0.42 mg/g respectively, where in most of the cases the opencast coal pit bred fish were found having a little higher values. Results revealed that there is no significant difference in comparing the macronutrients like sodium, calcium, potassium and chloride in fish from opencast coal pit and culture pond. Whereas, average values of potentially toxic metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead and nickel) concentration in opencast coal pit and culture pond were within the safe limits as per FSSAI, as well as lower values of target hazard quotient (THQ&lt;1) predicting no potential risk of metal toxicity for human. Also, both the opencast coal pit and control pond bred fish maintained a good status in respect to protein, carbohydrate and fat content. In terms of estimated daily intake, estimated fish nutritional index, basic nutritional profiling and macronutrients study, the fish cultured in opencast coal pit showed relatively higher values than that of fish from culture pond. Thus, the current investigation features the intense potential of sustainable pisciculture in Samdihi abandoned opencast coal pit directing the sustainable development of socio-economy of local community along with environmental resource reclamation.

Impact of artificial diets on the biological and chemical properties of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).

One of the most common palm pests is the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier. Five artificial diets were evaluated to rear RPW, and to facilitate its behavioral and biological studies. The developmental of R. ferruginus was studied on the tested artificial diets based on primarily composed of sugarcane stem pieces (1st diet; control), sweet pumpkin (2nd diet), ground sugarcane + sweet pumpkin (3rd diet), sweet potato (4th diet) and ground sugarcane + sweet potato (5th diet) under rearing room (28 ± 1 °C and 75 ± 5 RH%) at Faculty of Agriculture in Benha district. The biological aspects, pre-oviposition, oviposition, larval & pupal durations, the longevity of male and female adults and the generation period of R. ferrugineus have all been estimated. Moreover, the impact of these artificial diets on the quantities of total proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were determined in the full-grown larvae. Obtained results showed that the insect manifested the shortest larval and pupal periods and the longest longevity for males and females when rearing of R. ferruginus took place on an artificial diet based on sweet potato as a successful and economical for mass rearing of the red palm weevil under laboratory conditions. Larvae fed on diet 4 (sweet potato) was exhibited the shortest duration (114.80 days), while 1st diet (Sugarcane stem pieces) was recorded the longest period (125.00 ± days). Similarly for pupation and both male and female longevity, the shortest periods resulted from larvae feeding on 4th diet (14.65, 49.40 and 48.0 days, respectively). Contrariwise, the longest pupal period was reported with 5th diet (15.70 days). The highest of eggs hatchability % (96.53%) resulted from the rearing nof R. ferruginus larvae on the 4th diet. Chemical analyses of the full-grown larva were indicated that the highest contents of total carbohydrates (45.57 µg/g), lipids (28.46 µg/g) and proteins (20.01µg/g) were obtained in case of larvae reared on 1st and 4th diets, respectively. Consequently, the development of R. ferruginus stages was slightly lower on both 1st and 4th artificial diets. So that, both of them were a successful and economic artificial diet for RPW development under laboratory conditions. Therefore, this study added valuable alternative ingredients to prepare more practical and economical feeding substrate for weevil rearing to help for proposal of its management and conservation in palm plantations.

A Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Leaves of Five Potential Medicinal Plants in Paschim Medinipur District, W. B., India

The physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization of five selected medicinal plants viz., Acalypha indica, Senna tora, Euphorbia hirta, Physalis angulata and Ziziphus mauritina are the essence and has been carried out to assess bioactive potential and to establish traditional belief in the light of scientific interpretation. Fresh leaves were collected from Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India, dried and powdered for Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and compositional analysis, FTIR and GCMS. The study revealed that the highest concentration of Volatile matter (75.452%), Bulk density (0.256 %), Swelling index (1.456 %), Cellulose content (61.727 %), Hemicellulose content (4.372 %) and Tannins (0.635 g/ 100g) was observed to occur in Acalypha indica leaf than other experimental plants. In Physalis angulata the percentage composition of fixed carbon (15.251%) and extractive content (1.974 %) was higher than others. Ash content (12.327 %), hemicellulose content (4.372 %), and lignin content (5.531 %) were observed to be higher in the Senna tora leaf than others. Total carbohydrate concentrations (9.619 gm/100 gm) and nitrogen content (2.050 %) were observed to be higher in Euphorbia hirta than others. Total protein (2.321 gm/100 gm), total fat (0.655 gm/100 gm), oxygen content (34.222 %) and Higher heat value (HHV) (16.546 %) were higher in Ziziphus mauritina than others. The existence of functional groups and the relevance of the presence of a specific bioactive component were determined using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) of the leaves of five plant samples. According to GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy), five different medicinal plants contain significant bioactive chemicals. By using GC-MS analysis, a total of 10 bioactive compounds (Acalypha indica, Senna tora) and 8 bioactive compounds (Ziziphus mauritina, Euphorbia hirta, Physalis Angulata) were found in the peaks of methanolic extracts of five potential medicinal plants. The bioactive compounds like Cyclotrisiloxane, Hexamethyl-, Dodecane, 1-Fluoro-, Myo-Inositol, 4-C-Methyl obtained from Acalypha indica leaf extract, Palmitic Acid, Phthalic Acid, Cyclopentadecanol obtained from Senna tora leaf extract and 4-Tert-Octylphenol, TMS Derivative obtained from Euphorbia hirta leaf extract has no records of individual bioactivity as per Dr. Duke’s ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical database and are considered as novel bioactive compounds. Isolation of these compounds and successive bioactivity studies should be the thrust area for future researchers. Also, the current study confirms that specific plant leaves are a great source of important phytochemicals and can be used to make herbal formulations, practical medications, and complementary medicines.

Nutritional Composition and Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Cocoa Pod Husk using Response Surface Methodology

Cocoa pod husks (CPH) are usually disposed of from the farm, and this can lead to environmental problems, such as being a breeding ground for the cocoa pod borer. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition and concentration of ultra-trace elements (As, Cd, Pb &amp; Hg) in CPH. The optimization of the extraction conditions of CPH in response to the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by using response surface methodology (RSM) was also conducted. The findings show that the total carbohydrate and crude fibre content of CPH are high (35.75% &amp; 35.47%, respectively) while having low levels of moisture, ash, crude protein, and fat (11.86%. 8.60%, 7.46% &amp; 0.86, respectively). In addition, the results demonstrate that CPH has a low content of toxic metals As, Cd, Pb, and Hg (0.0046 mg/kg, 0.0028 mg/kg, 0.0011 mg/kg &amp; 0.00003 mg/kg respectively) which is considered as a safe range. The optimized extraction conditions were a solvent concentration of 93.64%, a temperature of 38.18°C, and a time of 73.64 min. The actual value of the flavonoid content of CPH obtained was 1038.94 µmoL Fe2+/L, which is acceptable compared to the predicted value of 1039.40 µmoL Fe2+/L. The discovery from this research represents a significant contribution towards finding cocoa pod husk from a plentiful, affordable, and feasible source, which could potentially be used in various fields such as pharmaceutical, medical, and nutraceuticals.

Response of varying combined nutrients on biomass and biochemical composition of marine diatoms Chaetoceros gracilis and Thalassiosira weissflogii

Marine diatoms have high adaptability and are known to accumulate lipids under nutrient stress conditions. The present study involves determining the effect of varying macro and micronutrients on growth kinetics and metabolite production of oleaginous marine diatoms, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Chaetoceros gracilis. The results highlighted that C. gracilis and T. weissflogii showed maximum biomass yield of 0.86 ± 0.06 g/L and 0.76 ± 0.01 g/L in the 2f and f supplemented medium respectively. A 2.5-fold increase in cellular lipid content was recorded in the 2f culture setup of both strains ranging from 20 % to 26.7 % (w/w). The study also reveals that high eutrophic nutrient media (f, 2f and 4f) triggered biomass productivity as well as total protein and carbohydrate content in both strains. Thus, providing a reproducible insight of trophic flexibility of diatoms, concomitant with the increment in multiple commercially valuable products.

Diapause-induced shift in the content of major carbohydrates in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe).

Although several aspects like diapause determining factors, population structure, reproductive physiology, and genetics of diapause have been investigated, there is no clarity on carbohydrate energetics during larval diapause in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Present studies revealed significant variation between the nondiapausing and diapausing C. partellus for total carbohydrates, glycogen, sorbitol, and trehalose contents in different body parts, life stages, and for body parts × life stages interaction. Total carbohydrate content started declining, while sorbitol and trehalose increased in all the body parts as the C. partellus larvae progressed from prediapausing to diapausing state. However, glycogen content spiked in all the body parts at prediapausing stage, which then declined during diapause. Among the body parts, total carbohydrate content was significantly greater in the hemolymph as compared to other body parts of both larvae and pupae of C. partellus. Glycogen content was significantly greater in the larval fat bodies and pupal hemolymph as compared to their other body parts. In diapausing larvae, sorbitol and trehalose were greater in the integument than in other body parts. Furthermore, there was spike in trehalose and decrease in sorbitol in all the body parts of pupae from diapausing than those from nondiapausing larvae. These findings suggest that the diapause alterate and/or fluctuate major carbohydrates in different body parts of both larvae and pupae of C. partellus. This information will be helpful in better understanding the diapause energetics and overwintering metabolic cryoprotection in insects.

Effect of Detergent on Biochemical Profile of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

As we know that, the washing soaps and detergent powders are important one to the human for washing cloths and other items of houses. It indirectly mixed with aquatic environment and create problem to aquatic organism. Hence, the study was carried out the biochemical analysis of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in different concentrations of detergent powder in different hours. The sub lethal dose of detergent against the fish was 6ml for 24 hrs. The Chi-Squire test revealed that the significant difference was observed statistically (X2= 146.244, P=0.000, Df 16). Vast behavioral changes were recorded against the detergent exposure. One way analysis of variance showed a significant different among the total carbohydrate content of various experimental group fishes (F=35.365; P=0.00). The SNK test revealed that the total carbohydrate content fish was significantly differed (P&lt;0.05). For total lipid content the one way analysis revealed that the lethal concentration and median lethal concentration were highly influenced (F=11.150; P=0.01). For total protein content that the one way analysis observed that the lethal concentration and median lethal concentration were highly influenced (F=45.124; P=0.00).

Combined Toxic Effect of Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Freshwater Carp Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Aquatic ecosystems are vulnerable to the detrimental effects of various agrochemicals, including synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on a commonly found freshwater fish species Labeo rohita. The fish Labeo rohita was divided in to four groups, Group I treated as Controls, Group II treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Cypermethrin (0.015 mg/kg bw), Group III treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Chlorpyrifos (0.042 mg/kg bw) and Group IV treated with 1/20th of the LC50 of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in combination (i.e.,0.0075 mg/kg bw and 0.021 mg/kg bw respectively) for 7 days. After stipulated time the fishes were sacrificed and the contents of carbohydrate metabolites were observed in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. It is observed a declining trend in total carbohydrate and pyruvate contents in all selected tissues showing significant differences, in the order of Liver &gt; muscle &gt; kidney. Conversely, there was an increasing trend in lactic acid content, with the order of muscle &gt; liver &gt; kidney. Importantly, these changes were more pronounced in the combined treatment compared to individual exposures, suggesting a potential synergistic effect of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos.

Exogenously applied 5-aminolevulinic acid modulates growth, yield, and physiological parameters in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions

Lentils are a significant source of plant protein and are cultivated across Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Plants are subjected to various environmental stresses, which can hinder growth, yield, and productivity. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a compound that acts as a precursor in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles and can increase plant tolerance to different abiotic stressors. However, the effects of exogenously applied ALA on lentil growth, yield, and physiological parameters under rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions are not well-known. In this study, a split plot experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of ALA foliar application and supplemental irrigation on lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). The experiment was designed based on a randomized complete block with three replications. The main plot included four levels of supplemental irrigation [(supplementary irrigation in the flowering and early seed-filling stages, supplementary irrigation in the flowering stage, supplementary irrigation in the early seed-filling along with rain-fed conditions (no irrigation)]. The subplot considered foliar application of ALA at varying levels [(0 (control), 50 and 100 ppm)]. The results showed that water regimes and foliar spray with ALA significantly (P ˂ 0.01) affected plant height, number of pods per plant, pod weight, number of seeds per pod and weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index. The highest total chlorophyll content was observed in plants that were subjected to supplementary irrigation in flowering and early seed filling stages and foliar sprayed with 100 ppm ALA. The study also found that exogenous ALA improved drought tolerance in lentil plants under rain-fed conditions mainly by regulating antioxidant enzymes, which ultimately protected the cellular membranes against overproduction of H2O2. Furthermore, ALA application increased total carbohydrate contents at all supplemental irrigation levels, but the rate was higher in complementary irrigation conditions during flowering and early seed-filling stages. Malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and proline contents were increased in field-grown plants under rain-fed conditions without exogenous ALA application. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the effects of ALA foliar spray and supplemental irrigation on lentil growth, yield, and physiological parameters. The findings suggest that exogenous ALA can improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stressors and enhance plant growth, yield, and physiological parameters.

The potential of Moringa oleifera extract as a phytobiotic candidate for the growth of Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria by in vitro

Moringa oleifera is used to explore the biodiversity of the ability of herbal plants as a candidate phytobiotic. The total carbohydrate content in the ethanol extract is 42% consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides which are gut micro-flora nutrient. The study aimed to discover the effect of moringa leaf extracts with different dosages to improve Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria’s growth. The study employed moringa leaf extracts and Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria then divided them into four groups, i.e., control group (P0), treatment P1 with moringa leaf extracts of 0.1% dosage, treatment P2 with moringa leaf extracts of 0.2%, and treatment P3 with moringa leaf extracts of 0.3% dosage. At the end of the treatment, each colony was calculated using the Total Plate Count method. Data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to the Duncan test. The study results show that moringa leaf extracts with dosages of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% could improve Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria’s growth. The average growth log of Lactobacillus fermentum bacteria on treatment P0 was 3,532 log CFU/ml, 4,320 log CFU/ml for treatment P1, 4,368 log CFU/ml for treatment P2, and 4,480 log CFU/ml for treatment P3 as the highest value.

Improved Feed Efficiency and Nutritional Property Effects of Honey from Apis mellifera L. as an Additive for Broiler Chickens’ Drinking Water

Antimicrobial usage is particularly high in poultry production. Honey as a water supplement to poultry has been explored as a natural and safe antibiotic alternative. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of honey as a water supplement on broilers' growth performance and chemical properties. Five dietary treatments were used: no supplement (T1), commercial electrolytes (T2), 5mL honey (T3), (7.5mL honey (T4), and 10mL honey (T5) per liter of water. The experiment used 150 1-day-old Cobb-400 broiler chicks, assigned to five treatments with three replications of ten (10) birds each (N=30) employing the Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three blocks. Results indicated that 5mL/L-10mL/L honey supplementation led to a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease of 4.3% to 7% in feed consumption compared to those with electrolytes. Similarly, using 5mL/L of honey showed 12.5% lower FCR compared with T2 and 24.3% compared with T1. However, a higher level of honey was comparable to T2, indicating that honey supplementation improved feed utilization and reduced feed cost at a certain level. Results of the proximate analysis, particularly on moisture content (MC), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), and total carbohydrates ((TC), revealed numerical differences. Samples with 5mL/L to 7.5mL/L levels of honey showed a higher MC, CP, and TC content and lower CF than T2. This implies that honey as a drinking water supplement offers practical advantages in feed consumption and efficiency and in improving the chemical and nutritional properties of chicken meat. A choice for healthier production.

Bioprospecting Microalgae from Sewage Water: Assessment of Biochemicals for Biomass Utilization.

Microalgal species from sewage treatment plant were identified by 18S rRNA sequencing and were explored for total lipids, carbohydrate, and protein contents, to serve as a potential candidate for biorefinery. Seven unicellular microalgae were identified as Chlorella sorokiniana, Dictyosphaerium sp., Graesiella emersonii belonging to Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmus sp., Desmodesmus sp., Tetranephris brasiliensis, and Coelastrella sp. belonging to Scenedesmaceae family. Biochemical assessment of all isolates revealed total lipid content from 17.49±1.41 to 47.35±0.61% w/w, total carbohydrate content from 12.82±0.19 to 64.29±0.63% w/w, and total protein content from 8.55±0.19 to 16.65±0.20% w/w. FAME analysis of extracted lipid was found to be rich in Hexadecane (C16:0), Tetradecane (C17:0), Octadecane (C18:0), Eicosane (C20:0), Tetracosane (C24:0), Pentacosane (C25:0) fatty acids, the presence of which makes excellent candidate for biodiesel. Being rich in lipid, microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, Coelastrella sp., and Scenedesmus sp. have high potential for biofuels. Due to the presence of high protein content, Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sorokiniana can serve as food or feed supplement, whereas the high carbohydrate content of Dictyosphaerium sp., Coelastrella sp., and Scenedesmus sp. makes them an ideal candidate for fermentative production of alcohol and organic acids. Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp., being dominant microalgae across all seasons, demonstrate remarkable resilience for their cultivation in sewage water and utilization of biomass in biorefineries.

Improving the Nutritional Value and Physical Properties of Gluten-Free Mushroom Soup by Substituting Rice Flour with Quinoa Seed Flour

Gluten-free products were initially for people with gluten-related disorders but are now popular with regular consumers. Research is investigating the health benefits of other gluten-free pseudo cereals, like quinoa, with higher nutritional value. This study aimed to explore the impact of substituting 30% rice flour (RF) in gluten-free mushroom instant dry soup with quinoa seed flour (QSF) at different levels on its nutritional, physicochemical, sensory characteristics, and the antioxidant activity. The results showed that replacing RF with QSF led to a significant improvement in the nutritional profile of the soup, with a linear increase in crude protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, total polyphenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity levels as the substitution rate increased. Moreover, macro- and microelements and essential amino acids increased significantly in the soup samples by adding QSF instead of RF, from 10 to 30%, compared to the control, which contained 30% of RF. However, the other total carbohydrate content decreased with the rise in the QSF concentration in the soup. In addition, substituting RF with QSF improved the soup samples’ rehydration ratio and total soluble solids. However, the color parameters (a* and b*) were increased with a decrease in L*. The sensory analysis revealed that the maximum substitution rate of QSF maintained the highest consumer acceptability, odor, flavor, texture, and appearance of the gluten-free mushroom instant soup samples. In conclusion, adding QSF to non-gluten soups improves their physical and chemical characteristics, nutritional impact, and organoleptic properties due to phytochemicals.