Total Manganese Content Research Articles

Smart ore blending methodology for ferromanganese production process

This study is carried out to develop a smart ore blending methodology for high carbon ferromanganese production units. Geometallurgical characterisation of the ores collected from 10 different mines has been carried out to estimate variation in their aptness for the alloy production process. An evolutionary algorithm-based methodology has been adopted for ore blending to maximise the total manganese content of the ore blend under applied physico-chemical constraints. Analysis provides various blends of the same chemical composition but of different geometallurgical ranks. An artificial neural network model has been developed to predict the operational parameters such as slag and metal composition. This method allows the operator to visualise the impact of combinations of different ore blends on slag–metal composition as well as on electric power and coke required for smelting reduction of ores in the submerged arc furnace. It was observed that best blends could reduce power and coke consumption by 100 kWh ton−1 and 30 kg ton−1, respectively, but optimum values can be established in long run considering conservation of natural resources.

Migration and transformation of manganese during the artificial recharging of a deep confined aquifer

Field tests and laboratory experiments were performed, using an artificial groundwater recharging site in Southeast China as an example, to investigate the migration and transformation of manganese during the artificial recharging of a deep confined aquifer. The migration and transformation of total manganese and divalent manganese (Mn(II)) were influenced by mixing, oxidation reactions, and the dissolution of minerals containing manganese, and increasing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was found to promote the dissolution of minerals containing manganese. The laboratory experiments showed that the retardation factors were higher upstream than downstream of the recharging hole. The amount of dissolution that occurred decreased, and the amount of mixing that occurred increased as the distance from the recharging hole increased. The DO concentration decreased as the amount of dissolution of minerals containing manganese that occurred decreased. A high temperature, a high DO concentration, and the presence of microorganisms were found to promote the dissolution of minerals containing manganese, which caused the total manganese and Mn(II) concentrations to increase.

The Bioavailability of Manganese in the Marigold <i>(Calendula officinalis L.)</i> Grown on Alkaline Soil

The research includes analysis of: pH value, organic matter content, and the total concentration of manganese in eleven soil samples from different localities northeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sequential extractions of soil samples were also performed to determine the content of some form of binding manganese. Concentration of manganese in the flowers of calendula were also found and tested at these sites. From the obtained measurement, BCF (Bioconcentration Factor) values were calculated for the tested metal. Soil pH had values from 7.84 to 8.54, which puts them in the category of alkaline and strongly alkaline soil. The total concentration of manganese measured in soil samples do not exceed the limit values or are above average values. In the analyzed soil samples, the minimum content of manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the largest in the residual fraction and bound for oxides of manganese and iron. The concentrations of manganese in the flowers of calendula have not exceeded the permitted value. Statistical analysis of the results showed a weak linear correlation between pH value of an aqueous solution of the soil and the content of manganese in the flower, and linear correlation between manganese in the exchangeable fraction and the content of manganese in the flower. The calculated BCF values are very low and suggest that calendula growing on alkaline soil hasn’t got an expressed potential for accumulation of manganese.

Production of high-manganese steel in arc furnaces. Part 1

An improved oxidative production technology for 110Г13Л manganese steel in a 25-t arc furnace is considered. The basic periods of the process are described. The slag conditions in steel production are discussed. The activity of oxygen in the metal is assessed on the basis of practical data regarding the slag composition in the oxidative and reductive periods. The oxygen activity in the metal is plotted as a function of the total content of manganese and iron oxides in the slag. In addition, a method is proposed for determining the required aluminum content for reduction of the metal, so as to obtain the required quantity in the final melt. The influence of the steel’s aluminum content on its impact strength is investigated.

Synthesis and properties of MnO(OH) particles

MnO(OH) particles were produced by reacting KMnO4 with MnCl2 in an alkaline medium. It was found that the specific surface area of MnO(OH) particles grows within the range 160–360 m2 g–1 as temperature is lowered and the total concentration of manganese in solution decreases. The extraction efficiency of Ce, Eu, Co, and Sr metals from aqueous solutions was studied. IT was shown that the degree of extraction of all the metals exceeds 90% at pH 3–9. The specific surface area has no significant effect on the sorption capacity for Ce, Eu, and Sr, which is 100, 49, 45 mg g–1 at pH 5, respectively. The sorption capacity for cobalt (pH 6.5) grows with the specific surface area increasing from 20 to 32 mg g–1.

Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition

AbstractThe effect of pyrolysis temperature on the nutritional quality of agricultural biochar is unclear, so better understanding of its properties and how it affects soil nutrient availability and plant growth is needed. Biochars obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures (250, 300, 350 and 400 °C) were characterized by thermogravimetric analyser and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biochars were applied at a rate of 10 g/kg to find out their effects on the mineral nutrition and growth of lettuce. The experimental results suggested that high biochar temperatures caused oxidation of the mineral elements, breaking of C–C and C–H bonds and removal of aliphatic and peptide groups from the pyrolysed materials. The total concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and boron (B) were increased by increasing pyrolysis temperatures, although water‐soluble concentrations of those elements were greatly reduced (with the exception of K and B). Compared to the control, dry weights of lettuce and maize crops were significantly increased by the biochar treatments obtained at 300 and 350 °C. Biochar treatments significantly increased the P and K concentrations of both plants compared to the control, while concentrations of Ca and Mg in lettuce plants were decreased. Iron, Mn and B concentration of the lettuce plants were reduced and Zn concentration of maize increased by the biochar treatments. It was concluded that in terms of an agricultural product, biochars produced at low temperature are better.

Chemistry of Arsenic in Semi-Arid Alkaline Soils of the Southern High Plains, USA: Sorption Characteristics and Interactions with Soil Constituents

Limited information is available on the chemistry of arsenic (As) in the semi-arid alkaline soils of the Southern High Plains (SHP), USA. This study examined As sorption characteristics and its interactions with soil constituents in important agricultural soils (Amarillo, Arvana, Patricia, and Pullman) of the SHP using sorption isotherm models and sequential fractionation techniques. Results from fractionation of As into five distinct pools showed that about 52.4 % of the added As was found in the exchangeable and non-adsorbed pool in the Amarillo soil, suggesting this soil could have the highest tendency to release sorbed As to the environment, whereas the Pullman soil exhibited the greatest capacity to fix As as over 45 % of the added As was found in the residual fraction. The distribution of As among the soil constituents was a reflection of the characteristics of these soils. Arsenic sorption behaviors were well described by both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. Arsenic sorption maxima (q max) was highest in the Amarillo soil (~2124 mg kg−1), followed by the Pullman, Arvana, and Patricia soils with q max values of 1692, 1370, and 1317 mg kg−1, respectively. The Freundlich distribution coefficient (K d) was highest in the Pullman soil (21.6 L kg−1) and lowest in the Amarillo (1.38 L kg−1). Sorption parameters such as K d, N (sorption intensity constant) and qmax, varied among the soils, and the variability associated with K d and N in these semi-arid soils was explained by soil properties such as pH, organic matter, calcium carbonate, total free iron (Fe), sand, clay, total aluminum, total Fe, and total manganese contents. Findings from this study are important in understanding the environmental fate of As in semi-arid/arid climates and could be extended to other regions with similar soil characteristics.

Speciation of metals and their distribution in tropical estuarine mudflat sediments, southwest coast of India

Two sediment cores collected from a mudflat sedimentary environment of Swarna estuary (S3) and Gurpur estuary (MF6), representing the middle estuarine region, Karnataka, India, were investigated to understand bioavailability of metals and their toxicity. The subsamples were analyzed for sand, silt, clay, organic carbon and total metal concentration of Aluminum (Al), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co) and Chromium (Cr) at 2cm intervals. Sediments (average) are relatively coarser in Gurpur estuary whereas silt, clay, organic carbon along with the studied metals (except Mn and Cu) is noted to be higher in the Swarna estuary. Significant correlations were observed of Al, Fe with finer sediments and most of the trace metals in both the cores indicating a mainly lithogenic source. Further, metal speciation analysis carried out for Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Co and Cr on selected samples of both the cores indicated that Fe was largely associated with the residual fraction with 93±0.5% in Gurpur and 84±6% in Swarna estuary. The concentration of studied metals in the residual fraction in the sediments of Gurpur estuary was in the order Mn(90±5%)>Cr(85±1%)>Ni(72±5%)>Zn(69±3%)>Cu(57±5%)>Co(55±2%) and; Cr(80±7%)>Mn(77±10%)>Ni(76±7%)>Zn(67±10%)>Cu(67±10%)>Co(50±7%) in Swarna estuary. When the total (bulk) metals were compared with the Sediment Quality Values (SQV) following Screening Quick Reference Table (SQUIRT), Co values of both the cores fell above Apparent Effect Threshold (AET) values. When the sum of the average bioavailable fractions in sediments was considered, Co values exceeded the AET in core S3 (Swarna estuary). When the variations are viewed with depth, bioavailability of Mn, Ni, Cu and Co in Gurpur estuary indicated anthropogenic addition in recent years whereas in Swarna estuary most of the studied metals showed diagenetic remobilization and diffusion to the water column from surface sediments. Metal speciation study indicated no harm to the aquatic life, except of Co, in Swarna estuary wherein it posed a high risk of toxicity to organisms associated with the sediments.

Impact of short-term climate variation and hydrology change on thermal structure and water quality of a canyon-shaped, stratified reservoir.

Climate variation can have obvious effects on hydrologic conditions, which in turn can have direct consequences for the thermal regime and quality of water for human use. In this research, weekly surveys were conducted from 2011 to 2013 to investigate how changes of climate and hydrology affect the thermal regime and water quality at the Heihe Reservoir. Our results show that the hydrology change during the flooding season can both increase the oxygen concentration and accelerate the consumption of dissolved oxygen. Continuous heavy rainfall events occurred in September 2011 caused the mixing of the entire reservoir, which led to an increase in dissolved oxygen at the bottom until the next year. Significant turbid density flow was observed following the extreme rainfall events in 2012 which leading to a rapid increase in turbidity at the bottom (up to 3000 NTU). Though the dissolved oxygen at the bottom increased from 0 to 9.02 mg/L after the rainfall event, it became anoxic within 20 days due to the increase of water oxygen demand caused by the suspended matter brought by the storm runoff. The release of compounds from the sediments was more serious during the anaerobic period after the rainfall events and the concentration of total iron, total phosphorus, and total manganese at the bottom reached 1.778, 0.102, and 0.125 mg/L. The improved water-lifting aerators kept on running after the storm runoff occurred in 2013 to avoid the deterioration of water quality during anaerobic conditions and ensured the good water quality during the mixing period. Our results suggest preventive and remediation actions that are necessary to improve water quality and status.

Effects of Long-Term Inorganic and Organic Fertilization on Soil Micronutrient Status

Soil micronutrients were studied on loess soil with an 18-year long-term experiment. The results indicated that total soil iron and copper contents were similar under all treatments, but total soil manganese and zinc contents were significantly greater at the surface soil in the fertilized plots than in the controls, and total manganese contents were significantly greater in the whole soil profile under manure plus inorganic fertilizers than under controls. Generally, application of inorganic fertilizers had no effects on available soil micronutrient contents. The straw plus inorganic fertilizers significantly increased available manganese content at surface soil and available iron in subsurface soils. However, manure plus inorganic fertilizers significantly augmented soil-available iron contents throughout the profile, and raised available manganese, copper, and zinc contents, respectively, at surface soil relative to controls. The results suggest that long-term input of organic amendments alter the properties of soil and increase its plant-available micronutrient contents.

Assessment of the role of silicon in the Cu-tolerance of the C4 grass Spartina densiflora

An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of silicon supply (0 and 500μM) on Spartina densiflora plants grown at two copper (Cu) concentrations: 0 and 15mM. Growth parameters together with total concentrations of calcium, Cu, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium and nitrogen were determined in roots and leaves. Photosynthetic traits were followed by measurement of leaf gas exchange, efficiency of PSII biochemistry, total content of photosynthetic pigments and concentration and carbamylation of Rubisco sites concentration ([Rubisco]). Respiration and oxygen isotope fractionation were measured in roots to study the in vivo activities of cytochrome oxidase (COX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways, as well as AOX capacity. The results confirm that Si supply improves growth of S. densiflora under Cu stress. Improved growth was associated with higher net photosynthetic rate. Beneficial effect of Si on S. densiflora photosynthetic apparatus was associated with a reduction of the Cu impact on active Rubisco sites, as well as on the photochemical apparatus and chlorophyll concentration. Moreover, ameliorative effects of Si were associated with the avoidance of Cu translocation from roots to leaves. Finally in vivo activities of COX and AOX pathways were strongly inhibited in Cu-treated plants, and this reduction was not mitigated by Si-treatment.Therefore, Si appears to play an important role in Cu-tolerance of S. densiflora, not by avoiding its uptake by roots, but via some mechanism to avoid Cu translocation from roots to leaves, resulting in a general reduction of Cu-induced deleterious effects on the leaf photosynthetic apparatus.

Evaluation of Effectiveness Technological Process of Water Purification Exemplified on Modernized Water Treatment Plant at Otoczna

The article presents the work of the Water Treatment Plant in the town of Otoczna, located in the Wielkopolska province, before and after the modernization of the technological line. It includes the quality characteristics of the raw water and treated water with particular emphasis on changes in the quality indicators in the period 2002 -2012 in relation to the physicochemical parameters: the content of total iron and total manganese, the ammonium ion as well as organoleptic parameters(colour and turbidity). The efficiency of technological processes was analysed, including the processes of bed start up with chalcedonic sand to remove total iron and manganese and ammonium ion. Based on the survey, it was found that the applied modernization helped solve the problem of water quality, especially the removal of excessive concentrations of iron, manganese and ammonium nitrogen from groundwater. It has been shown that one year after modernization of the technological line there was a high reduction degree of most parameters, respectively for the general iron content -99%, general manganese - 93% ammonia - 93%, turbidity - 94%. It has been proved, that chalcedonic turned out to be better filter material than quartz sand previously used till 2008. The studies have confirmed that the stage of modernization was soon followed by bed start-up for removing general iron from the groundwater. The stage of manganese removal required more time, about eight months for bed start-up. Furthermore, the technological modernization contributed to the improvement of the efficiency of the nitrification process.

Influence of coal ash from fluidized-bed combustion and EM-1 preparation on the content of Fe and Mn in spring wheat and barley

The object of the research was to analyze the influence of coal ash from fluidized-bed combustion applied to light soil, and combined with the microbiological preparation Effective Microorganisms (EM-1), on changes of the iron and manganese content in cultivated plants of spring wheat and spring barley. Commissioned by the company Vattenfall, a field study on seven fertilizer variants was carried out in 2007-2009. The experiments were set up in Malyszyn near Gorzow Wielkopolski (Hodowla Roślin Strzelce sp. z o.o. Oddzial Malyszyn) on light soil, soil valuation class IVb. Each plot covered 10 m2. The research was carried out in completely randomized blocks with four replications. Plant samples (grain and straw) were mineralized in a solution of nitric acid(V) and chloric acid(VII); afterwards the total content of iron and manganese was assessed. Application of coal ash to the soil resulted in a decrease of iron and manganese in spring wheat and spring barley grain and straw, especially in the second and third year of the experiment. Additionally, the enrichment of soil with the microbiological preparation EM-1 decreased the concentrations of iron and manganese in the plants. It was noted that the quantities of iron and manganese in the grain and straw of both wheat and barley were decreasing in the subsequent years of the experiment, as a result of which the plant content of these microelements in individual years was varied. To some extent, the above relationship can be explained by the fact that in the last growing season was characterized by the least rainfall. No influence of the applied coal ash on the Fe:Mn weight ratio was determined in grain from cv. Nawra wheat or cv. Lot barley.

Effects of Limestone, Ash from Biomass and Compost Use on Chemical Properties of Soil

AbstractThe aim of this research was to assess the use of biomass ash for fertilisation of mineral soil. The study involves the analysis of the effects of biomass ash applied to soil on the changes of pH and the content of the available forms of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as on total content of zinc, copper, manganese, nickel, cadmium and lead. The field experiment was conducted in 2013 in Duninowo near Ustka. In experiment grown two plants spring: Spring barley - var. Sebastian, and wheat - var. Bombona. The use of ash from biomass and Biotop compost as fertilisers did not result in any significant changes of soilpH. The use of ash from biomass and Biotop compost caused a significant increase in the contents of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in soil. The threshold values of the analysed trace elements in soil, as specified by the Regulation of the Minister of Environment, were not exceeded in any of the fertilising variants in the experiment.

Fractionation analysis of manganese in Turkish hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

In this study, an analytical fractionation scheme based on water, diethyl ether, n-hexane, and methanol extractions has been developed to identify manganese-bound fractions. Additionally, in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, n-octanol extraction, and activated carbon adsorption were used to interpret the manganese-bound structures in hazelnuts in terms of bioaccessibility. The total content of manganese in the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted digestion, and additional validation was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Water fractions were further evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the identification of water-soluble manganese fractions in hazelnut samples. The limits of detection and quantification were 3.6 and 12.0 μg L(-1), respectively, based on peak height.

Chemical fractionation of heavy metals and nutrients in sludge and waste water generated by Coca-Cola soft drink industry

Coca-Cola soft drinks industry generates three sludge types, viz., water treatment sludge (WTS), effluent treatment plant sludge (ETPS) and filter cake sludge (FCS), and two waste waters, viz., effluent and influent. Total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), potassium (TK) and sulfur (TS) concentrations were significantly higher in ETPS than in WTS and FCS, indicating that Coca-Cola sludge is a good source of macronutrients. Among micronutrients, total iron (T-Fe) and copper (T-Cu) concentrations were significantly higher in ETPS, and total zinc (T-Zn) and manganese (T-Mn) concentrations were significantly higher in WTS compared with other sludge types. Among heavy metals, total cadmium (T-Cd) and arsenic (T-As) concentrations were significantly higher in ETPS, and total mercury (Hg) and nickel (T-Ni) concentrations were significantly higher in WTS than other sludge types. Speciation of micronutrients/heavy metals in sludge performed by using sequential extraction showed their predominance as crystalline and specifically adsorbed components. Only a small portion of each micronutrient/heavy metal was retrieved in readily exchangeable {water soluble (WS) + exchangeable (EXCH)} form. The existence of micronutrients/heavy metals in organic matter (OM) and oxide {manganese-oxide (MnOX) + amorphous iron and aluminum oxide (AMPOX) + crystalline iron and aluminum oxide (CRYOX)} bound fractions revealed very restricted release potential of sludge in soil solution.

Depositional environment of mudflats and mangroves and bioavailability of selected metals within mudflats in a tropical estuary

Four sediment cores representing adjacent mudflat and mangrove sub-environments of middle estuary (Shastri) were analyzed for sand, silt, clay, and organic carbon. Total metal concentration of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) and chemical speciation of Fe, Mn, and Co on selected samples was also carried out on mudflat cores. The sediments in the upper middle estuary were found to be deposited under highly varying hydrodynamic energy conditions; whereas lower middle estuary experienced relatively stable hydrodynamic energy conditions with time. The tributary joining the river near the upper middle estuary is found to be responsible for the addition of enhanced organic carbon and metal concentrations. Speciation study indicated Fe and Co are from natural lithogenic origin while Mn is derived from anthropogenic sources. Higher Mn and Co than apparent effects threshold can pose a high risk of toxicity to organisms associated with these sediments.

MANGANESE SPECIATION IN SELECTED AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Manganese speciation in selected agricultural soils of Peninsular Malaysia is discussed in this study. Manganese concentration in the Easily Leacheable and Ion Exchangeable (ELFE), Acid Reducible (AR), Organic Oxidizable (OO) and Resistant (RR) fractions of soils developed on weathered rocks, soils of mixed nature, alluvium and peat deposits are descri bed. The total manganese concentration in soils developed on weathered rocks was found to be higher than that in soils of mixed nature, alluvium and p eat deposits because of the occurrence of resistant man ganese oxide at the topsoils. Manganese speciation in paddy soils is influenced by the redox condition re sulting from the alternate flooding and drying of t he soils. Under reducing conditions, this metal tends to get dissolved and be available for plant uptake. Upon oxidation, manganese is precipitated into the acid reducible fraction as poorly crystalline manganese oxide and hydroxide and/or the resistant Fe-Mn mottles. I n non-paddy cultivated alluvial soils, manganese speciation varies widely and is less understood. Fo r the non-paddy cultivated peat soils, manganese is mainly associated with organic material, as indicat ed by the high manganese concentration in the OO fraction.

THE EFFECT OF ANTITRANSPIRANT ON THE CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SWEET CHERRY LEAVES AND FRUITS

The conducted study was aimed at evaluation of the effect of antitranspirant produced with natural resins under the trade name Vapor Gard on the content of microelements and trace elements in sweet cherry leaves and fruits. A single-factor experiment was conducted in the randomised block design, with five replications, in 2010–2011. Ex aminations were performed on 13-year-old sweet cherry trees of the cultivar ‘Burlat’, being grafted on the ‘PHL-A’ rootstock. Tree spraying with antitranspirant Vapor Gard, at a 0.75% concentration, was applied at the stage of fruit colouration. The total content of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium in the leaves and fruits was determined by the AAS method. Antitranspirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing significantly the manganese, copper, zinc, nickel and cadmium quantities and decreasing the content of lead in the sweet cherry leaves. The antitranspirant being applied did not have any effect on the quantity of microelements and trace elements in the sweet cherry fruits of the cultivar ‘Burlat’.

Influence of Backwashing Time on Iron, Manganese, Ammonia and Turbidity Removal Using a Pilot-Scale Biological Filter

Backwashing time is one of the most critical operational parameters for biological filter. In order to investigate the effect of backwashing time on iron, manganese, ammonia and turbidity removal, three backwashing time (5 min, 4 min and 3 min) were adopted. Results showed that the average concentration of total iron, manganese and ammonia in effluent was 0.025 mg/L, 0.007 mg/L, and 0.022 mg/L; 0.012 mg/L, 0.001 mg/L and 0.017 mg/L; 0.013 mg/L, 0.000 mg/L and 0.016 mg/L, respectively, which illustrated varying backwashing time had little influence on the removal efficiency of them. The turbidity in effluent was 0.28 NTU, 0.38 NTU, 0.57 NTU, respectively. The shorter backwashing time, the higher turbidity in effluent. Turbidity was almost completely removed in 0~0.4m of the media. After backwashing, the turbidity in effluent was decreased to less than 1 NTU in 40 min, droped to less than 0.5 NTU in 90 min.