Torsional Properties Research Articles

Torsion analysis of the anisotropic behavior of FDM technology

Several reports have studied the mechanical properties of the material extrusion additive manufacturing process, specifically referred to as fusion deposition modeling (FDM) developed by Stratasys. As the applications for 3D printed parts continue to grow in diversity (e.g., gears, propellers, and bearings), the loading conditions applied to printed parts have become more complex, and the need for thorough characterization is now paramount for increased adoption of 3D printing. To broaden the understanding of torsional properties, this study focused on the shear strength of specimens to observe the impact from additive manufacturing. A full factorial (42) design of experiments was used, considering the orientation and the raster angle as factors. XYZ, YXZ, ZXY, and XZY levels were considered for the orientation parameter, as well as 0°, 45°, 90°, and 45°/45° for the raster angle parameter. Ultimate shear strength, 0.2% yield strength, shear modulus, and fracture strain were used as response variables to identify the most optimal build parameters. Additionally, stress-strain diagrams are presented to contrast elastic and plastic regions with traditional injection molding. Results demonstrated an interaction of factors in all mechanical measured variables whenever an orientation and a raster angle were applied. Compared to injection molding, FDM specimens were similar for all measured torsion variables except for the fracture strain; this led to the conclusion that the FDM process can fabricate components with similar elastic properties but with less ductility than injection molding. The orientation in YXZ with the raster angle at 00 resulted in the most suitable combination identified in the response optimization analysis.

Designing an External Collar Torsional Damper Based on the Backlash Excitation Measurements and the Calculated Torsional Elastic Properties of the Engine Cold Test Driveline

The elastic properties of the cold test driveline are essential in predicting the torsional dynamic behavior of the system. The occurrence of torsional vibrations compels designers to apply several approaches to shift the critical speeds away from the machine operating range. This study reviews existing conventional methods for reducing the torsions deformation caused by the compliance backlash. A systematic approach is proposed for the backlash calculation through the torque signatures differentiation and for designing an external collar dampener for the suppression of backlash periodic impact.

Limited Dynamic Hip Screw for Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Biomechanical Study.

BackgroundThe aim of this article is to introduce a novel technique of limited dynamic hip screw (LDHS) in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures and to evaluate its biomechanical effects.Material/MethodsBased on the principle of providing both dynamic and static pressure to stabilize the fracture, we improved the dynamic hip screw (DHS) and designed the LDHS. Six fresh cadavers were collected and intertrochanteric fracture models were established, including Evan’s type I fracture (n=3) and type II (n=3). We used the left-to-right comparison in this study. LDHS technique was performed on the left femoral head of each cadaver (LDHS group: n=6), while DHS was performed on the right side (DHS group: n=6). After fixation by either LDHS or DHS, compressive strength, rigidity, shear stress and strain, torsional properties, and ultimate loads were measured and compared in both groups.ResultsUnder the 1200 N pressure, compressive strength, rigidity, shear stress and strain, and ultimate loads of LDHS were better than those of DHS in the 2 groups. All differences were statistically significant. Although LDHS enhanced the torsional properties, there was no significant difference.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that the biomechanical effects of LDHS are superior than those of DHS, and there was no screw failure after implantation. Armed with those better properties, LDHS, as a new internal fixation device, may be a good alternative option in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures.

Fatigue crack initiation and propagation of 100Cr6 steel under torsional loading in very high cycle regime

Cyclic torsional fatigue properties of a high strength steel 100Cr6 are investigated using an ultrasonic torsional fatigue testing machine, and the results are compared with those obtained with fatigue tests under axial loading. Fatigue crack initiation and growth under torsion loading are observed in the very high cycle regime. Results show that fatigue cracks initiated from specimen surface as well as subsurface inclusions under torsion loading. However, subsurface MnS inclusions play a dominant role in crack initiation under torsion loading in the very high cycle regime. The initiation and early propagation of fatigue cracks are mostly controlled by the direction of the maximum shear stress. For surface crack initiation, cracks initiated in parallel to the longitudinal direction of the specimens. Once the shear crack propagated to a crack length of about 20-30 μm, crack branched to the angle close to the direction perpendicular to the remote maximum principal stresses. As for the subsurface fatigue crack initiation, the cracks parallel to the longitudinal direction of the specimens could not be observed, and crack propagation followed a spiral shape on a plane with an orientation of 45° with respect to the loading direction, which corresponds to the maximum principal stress plane.

A normal form à la Moser for diffeomorphisms and a generalization of Rüssmann’s translated curve theorem to higher dimensions

We prove a discrete time analogue of 1967 Moser's normal form of real analytic perturbations of vector fields possessing an invariant, reducible, Diophantine torus; in the case of diffeomorphisms too, the persistence of such an invariant torus is a phenomenon of finite co-dimension. Under convenient non-degeneracy assumptions on the diffeomorphisms under study (torsion property for example), this co-dimension can be reduced. As a by-product we obtain generalizations of R\"ussmann's translated curve theorem in any dimension, by a technique of elimination of parameters.

Micro-CT and micro-FE analysis of pedicle screw fixation under different loading conditions

Anchorage of pedicle screw instrumentation in the elderly spine with poor bone quality remains challenging. In this study, micro finite element (µFE) models were used to assess the specific influence of screw design and the relative contribution of local bone density to fixation mechanics. These were created from micro computer tomography (µCT) scans of vertebras implanted with two types of pedicle screws, including a full region-or-interest of 10 mm radius around each screw, as well as submodels for the pedicle and inner trabecular bone of the vertebral body. The local bone volume fraction (BV/TV) calculated from the µCT scans around different regions of the screw (pedicle, inner trabecular region of the vertebral body) were then related to the predicted stiffness in simulated pull-out tests as well as to the experimental pull-out and torsional fixation properties mechanically measured on the corresponding specimens. Results show that predicted stiffness correlated excellently with experimental pull-out strength (R2 > 0.92, p < .043), better than regional BV/TV alone (R2 = 0.79, p = .003). They also show that correlations between fixation properties and BV/TV were increased when accounting only for the pedicle zone (R2 = 0.66–0.94, p ≤ .032), but with weaker correlations for torsional loads (R2 < 0.10). Our analyses highlight the role of local density in the pedicle zone on the fixation stiffness and strength of pedicle screws when pull-out loads are involved, but that local apparent bone density alone may not be sufficient to explain resistance in torsion.

Torsional fatigue resistance of pathfinding instruments manufactured from several nickel-titanium alloys.

To evaluate the torsional properties of pathfinding nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments manufactured from several NiTi alloys, ProGlider (M-wire), Hyflex GPF (conventional NiTi Wire and controlled memory wire), Logic (conventional NiTi wire and controlled memory wire) and Mtwo (conventional NiTi wire). A total of 56 NiTi instruments from Glidepath rotary systems (n=8) were used: Logic (size 25, .01 taper), Logic CM (size 25, .01 taper), ProGlider (size 16, .02 taper), Hyflex GPF (size 15, .01 taper), Hyflex GPF CM (size 15, .02 taper; size 20, .02 taper) and Mtwo (size 10, .04 taper). The torsion tests were performed based on ISO 3630-1 (1992). Three millimetres of each instrument tip was clamped to a small load cell by a lever arm linked to the torsion axis. Data were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey test with a significance level at a=5%. The Logic size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher torsional strength values (P<0.05). The ProGlider was significantly different when compared with Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper and size 15, .02 taper (P<0.05). The Logic CM size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher torsional strength than Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper and size 15, .02 taper (P<0.05). No difference was found amongst Mtwo size 10, .04 taper and Hyflex GPF groups (size 15, .01 taper; size 15, .02 taper; size 20, .02 taper). In relation to the angle of rotation, Logic CM size 25, .01 taper and Hyflex GPF size 15, .01 taper had the highest angle values (P<0.05). The ProGlider had the lowest angle values in comparison with all the groups (P<0.05) followed by Mtwo size 10, .04 taper. The Logic size 25, .01 taper had significantly higher angle of rotation values than ProGlider and Mtwo size 10, .04 taper (P<0.05). The Logic size 25, .01 taper instrument made of conventional NiTi alloy had the highest torsional strength of all instruments tested. In addition, the ProGlider instrument manufactured from M-Wire alloy had the lowest angle of rotation to fracture in comparison with the other instruments.

Reconstruction from scalar\u2013tensor theory and the inhomogeneous equation of state in f(T) gravity

General relativity (GR) characterizes gravity as a geometric properly exhibited as curvature on spacetime. Teleparallelism describes gravity through torsional properties, and can reproduce GR at the level of equations. Similar to f(R) gravity, on taking a generalization, f(T) gravity can produce various modifications its gravitational mechanism. The resulting field equations are inherently distinct to f(R) gravity in that they are second order. In the present work, f(T) gravity is examined in the cosmological context with a number of solutions reconstructed by means of an auxiliary scalar field. To do this, various forms of the Hubble parameter are considered with an f(T) Lagrangian emerging for each instance. In addition, the inhomogeneous equation of state (EoS) is investigated with a particular Hubble parameter model used to show how this can be used to reconstruct the f(T) Lagrangian. Observationally, the auxiliary scalar field and the exotic terms in the FRW field equations give the same results, meaning that the variation in the Hubble parameter may be interpreted as the need to reformulate gravity in some way, as in f(T) gravity.

On certain 𝐿-functions for deformations of knot group representations

We study the twisted knot module for the universal deformation of an SL 2 \textrm {SL}_2 -representation of a knot group and introduce an associated L L -function, which may be seen as an analogue of the algebraic p p -adic L L -function associated to the Selmer module for the universal deformation of a Galois representation. We then investigate two problems proposed by Mazur: Firstly we show the torsion property of the twisted knot module over the universal deformation ring under certain conditions. Secondly we compute the L L -function by some concrete examples for 2 2 -bridge knots.

Study on the Pure Torsion Performance of I-Type Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge with Double Girders

At present, the study of the torsion performance of the steel-concrete composite bridge with open sections are usually simplified to study the torsion performance of single-girder steel-concrete composite bridge added the influence of transverse vehicle distribution. Due to the existence of transverse connections between the bridge girders, the overall torsion performance of double-girder composite bridge is different from that of single-girder composite bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of different forms of the connections on the torsional properties of the double-girder composite bridge through experiments. In this paper, three double-girder steel-concrete composite model bridges are designed to study the effect of different forms of transverse connections and the effect of different shapes of steel webs on torsional properties of composite bridges.

Combined complete active space configuration interaction and perturbation theory applied to conformational energy prototypes: Rotation and inversion barriers

A second-order multireference perturbation theory, termed as IVO-SSMRPT which allows the use of CASCI reference wave functions with improved virtual orbitals (IVO) for capturing static correlation and state-specific parameterization of the state-universal electronic wave function in an attempt to account for dynamic correlation has been utilized in an investigation of the torsional properties of ethylene, silaethylene, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, and oxalyl chloride. We also calculate the barrier to inversion of ammonia. IVO-SSMRPT is robust and useful to scan energy surfaces as it avoids the intruder-state problem, a troubling aspect of various established MRPT methods, without exploiting level-shifting or increasing the size of the active space. We find that IVO-SSMRPT with the use of a relatively small active space and basis set can be compared with recent reference estimates which are reproduced within the expected precision indicating the method is useful for the study of rotation and inversion barriers of challenging molecules.

Effects of axial compression and rotation angle on torsional mechanical properties of bovine caudal discs.

The intervertebral disc is a complex joint that acts to support and transfer large multidirectional loads, including combinations of compression, tension, bending, and torsion. Direct comparison of disc torsion mechanics across studies has been difficult, due to differences in loading protocols. In particular, the lack of information on the combined effect of multiple parameters, including axial compressive preload and rotation angle, makes it difficult to discern whether disc torsion mechanics are sensitive to the variables used in the test protocol. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate compression-torsion mechanical behavior of healthy discs under a wide range of rotation angles. Bovine caudal discs were tested under a range of compressive preloads (150, 300, 600, and 900N) and rotation angles (± 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5°) applied at a rate of 0.5°/s. Torque-rotation data were used to characterize shape changes in the hysteresis loop and to calculate disc torsion mechanics. Torsional mechanical properties were described using multivariate regression models. The rate of change in torsional mechanical properties with compression depended on the maximum rotation angle applied, indicating a strong interaction between compressive stress and maximum rotation angle. The regression models reported here can be used to predict disc torsion mechanics under axial compression for a given disc geometry, compressive preload, and rotation angle.

Torsional deformation properties of SMA tapes and their application to bias-type reciprocating rotary driving actuator

In order to develop the reciprocating rotary driving actuator with a simple mechanism using shape memory alloy (SMA) tapes, the graphical method to design the actuator was proposed based on the torsional deformation properties of SMA tapes. The torsional deformation properties of the SME tape showing the shape memory effect (SME) and the SE tape showing superelasticity (SE) were obtained. The bias-type reciprocating rotary actuator was composed of the pretwisted SME tape and the flat SE tape in series. The design chart expressed by the relationship between torque and twisting angle of the SME tape and the SE tape was proposed. The rotational angle and torque, which vary depending on temperature, can be estimated based on the design chart. The rotational angle is controlled by adjusting the mounting angle of the SME tape and the heating temperature. The automatically opening and closing blind driven by sunlight was demonstrated. The blind was controlled by using the reciprocating rotary element composed of the SME tape and the SE tape. The behavior of the blind can be achieved based on the proposed design method of the reciprocating rotary driving element.

Restricted Burnside problem for semigroups and its application to language theory

In this paper, we introduce the concept of strongly torsion property of semigroups. Then we prove that the strongly torsion property of a semigroup is a necessary and sufficient condition for a finitely generated semigroup to be finite, and hence, the strongly torsion property is equivalent to the torsion property together with the permutation property for the class of finitely generated semigroups. Finally, we give an application of our main result to language theory. A question proposed in [H. Prodinger, Congruences defined by languages and filters, Inf. Control 44 (1980) 36–46] is consequently answered.

Effect of surface hardness and roughness produced by turning on the torsion mechanical properties of annealed AISI 1020 steel

This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to study the influence of surface integrity, measured as hardness (HV) and roughness (Ra) on torsional properties of annealed AISI 1020 steel machined by turning using carbide insert tools. The results showed a reduction in ductility when hardness and roughness increase, caused by the plastic deformation induced after machining. It was shown that the shear yield strength increases, as a consequence of the material strengthening by work-hardening and the rise of stress concentrators. Further, the ultimate shear strength increases with surface hardness, having the opposite effect when the surface roughness caused greater stress concentration.

An Experimental Study of Torsional Properties of Polyvinylchloride

In this research, an experimental study has been performed to investigate the mechanical properties through torsion testing of polyvinylchloride (PVC) polymer specimens. For the purpose of the experimentation, specimens of PVC round bars have been prepared. Torsion testing machine apparatus of 200 Nm motor driven was used to evaluate the torsion properties of the tested bars. The apparatus provides four deformation speeds of 50°/min, 100°/min, 200°/min and 500 °/min. The tests conducted under different conditions in a room temperature and cooling of the samples and tested at different deformation speeds given by the torsion apparatus. Various tests produce the torsional moment- angle of rotation diagrams and thereafter both of torsional fracture resistance and shear modulus have been calculated. The results showed the effect of temperature change on the mechanical properties of PVC by making the material harder and can resist higher value of the applied torque where the range is from 2.9 N.m for the cooled sample to 2 N.m for the received samples tested at room temperature. Moreover the results showed an increase of shear modulus to 282 MPa for the cooled samples in compare to 140 MPa for as received samples. Finally the results provide a guideline for designers on how to use parts made of PVC in different applications where the range of both the maximum torque and failure torque with their mechanical properties of rigidity and torsional resistance were recorded.

Effect of structural parameters on the torsional behavior of C/SiC pipe

Abstract Based on the principles of classical laminate theory, the 3D finite element analysis model of C/SiC pipe has been established by using finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Tsai-Hill failure criterion was applied to identify the critical areas of failure in composite laminates. Through the finite element simulation, the torsional properties of C/SiC pipe under different length, internal diameters and wall thickness were studied. The simulation results show that with the increase of the pipe length, the angle of twist per unit length decreased. With the increase of internal diameters of the pipe, the anti-torsion performance of the pipe increases gradually, and the angle of twist per unit length gradually decreases until it remains the same, and the wall thickness of the pipe have little effect on the torsional performance. The experimental results show that the simulated torsional properties are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Peculiar torsion dynamical response of spider dragline silk

The torsional properties of spider dragline silks from Nephila edulis and Nephila pilipes spiders are investigated by using a torsion pendulum technique. A permanent torsional deformation is observed after even small torsional strain. This behaviour is quite different from that of the other materials tested here, i.e., carbon fiber, thin metallic wires, Kevlar fiber, and human hair. The spider dragline thus displays a strong energy dissipation upon the initial excitation (around 75% for small strains and more for a larger strain), which correspondingly reduces the amplitude of subsequent oscillations around the new equilibrium position. The variation of torsional stiffness in relaxation dynamics of spider draglines for different excitations is also determined. The experimental result is interpreted in the light of the hierarchical structure of dragline silk.

Coupled torsion–bending dynamic analysis of gear-rotor-bearing system with eccentricity fluctuation

• A new nonlinear dynamic model of a gear-rotor-bearing system is established. • The model describes torsional and bending vibration properties of the system. • The simulation focuses on the nonlinear responses of the system. • The eccentricity has greater effects on vibration responses. This study performs a coupled torsion–bending vibration responses of a gear-rotor-bearing system, which has taken time varying mesh stiffness, nonlinear bearing force and gear eccentricity into account. A 16 DOF nonlinear dynamic model of gear-rotor-rolling bearing transmission system with bending–torsion coupling is established to obtain the dynamic response to the changes of different parameters. Based on the Runge–Kutta numerical method, the dynamics of the system is investigated, which describes torsional and bending vibration properties of the system more comprehensively. The vibration responses of the gear-rotor-bearing system are discussed, and the effects of gear eccentricity and rotational speed on the system are investigated in detail. The results show that gear eccentricity and rotational speed have influences on the meshing state of gear teeth, the vibration amplitudes, the frequency multiplication and random frequency components. When the system is in a lower rotational speed, the eccentricity has greater effects on the vibration response. The proposed model and numerical results provide a useful source of reference for engineers in designing and vibration controlling such systems.

Effect of initial powder type on the hydrogen storage properties of high-pressure torsion consolidated Mg

While severe plastic deformation (SPD) on bulk samples has been widely applied for modifying the H-sorption properties, there has been little attention towards the use of SPD on powder materials. In this context, the aim of the present work was to compare the H-storage properties of high-pressure torsion (HPT) consolidated products obtained from two distinct Mg powder precursors: atomized micro-sized and condensed ultrafine powder particles. The results showed that the nature of the initial powder precursor had a pronounced effect on the H-sorption behavior. The HPT product obtained from the condensed ultrafine powder showed faster absorption kinetics than the consolidated product obtained from the atomized powder. However, the HPT product obtained from atomized powder could absorb more hydrogen and showed faster desorption kinetics corresponding to a lower activation energy. These results are discussed by taking into account the effectiveness of the HPT process to refine the grain sizes and differences in the dispersion of fine MgO oxide particles.