The current problems of pediatrics are the individual approach and optimization of the quality of life of primary school children. The aim of our research was to study the quality of life among children of primary school age according to their cognitive development and gender and age characteristics. Materials and methods of research: cognitive development was studied using the D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). As a result, 573 primary school children were divided into 2 groups: I with a high cognitive level (82 people) and II with an average level (491 people). The PedsQL 4.0 questionnaire, used by children attending schools in cities of Rostov-on-Don and Lugansk for 4 years, served as a tool for quality of life. Physical, emotional, social functioning, psycho-social health have been studied, as well as an overall quality of life score. More reduced quality of life indicators were found in children with a high cognitive level, with the exception of school functioning. Girls levels of cognition have been found to have lower levels of physical and emotional functioning than boys, but higher levels of social functioning. Conclusions: there is a need to change the way children are taught in gym classes and to provide additional counseling for child psychologists and pediatricians in order to optimize children’s education.