Torque Variations Research Articles

Research on Multi-objective Optimization Torque Distribution Strategy for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Dung Beetle Optimizer

Abstract Distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEVs), characterized by compact structure, efficient transmission, and flexible control, have gradually become the mainstream in the development of new energy electric vehicles. This study focuses on DDEVs and employs a hierarchical control strategy. At the upper level, a sliding mode controller is used for vehicle yaw stability control, while torque distribution is performed at the lower level. Addressing the shortcomings of conventional average and load-based distribution methods in terms of energy consumption, this paper proposes a multi-objective torque distribution strategy that optimizes tire load ratio, torque variation rate, and motor energy consumption. The strategy integrates objective functions using weighting coefficients and imposes constraints based on road adhesion and motor output capabilities. To tackle this optimization problem, the Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) algorithm is introduced, known for its efficient global search capabilities and adaptability. By applying the DBO algorithm, the optimal torque distribution scheme under constraints is determined. Finally, through joint simulations using Carsim and Matlab/Simulink, comparative experiments are conducted under different conditions to evaluate the simulation results of average distribution, load-based distribution, and DBO multi-objective optimization distribution. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed multi-objective torque distribution strategy effectively balances tire load ratio, torque variation rate, and motor energy consumption, thereby enhancing the overall performance of distributed drive electric vehicles.

Four Quadrant Operation of Induction Motor Using H-Bridge in Harsh and Noxious Environment Field with Dust, Voltage Fluctuation and Major Load Variations

The investigation and findings show that the H Bridge variable frequency drive is the optimum choice for resolving intrinsic motor problems and energy conservation. Variable frequency drives outperform other strategies like soft starters because they offer numerous benefits over other techniques, including greater versatility and control over the motor's starting and stopping capabilities. Dynamic torque control, overload protection, and power reduction during idle are other essential aspects of variable frequency drives. Conserving energy to the greatest extent possible is one strategy to avoid energy shortages. It has been reported that 75% of the electrical energy generated globally is used by motors. It has been noted that the main problem with motors is that they use a lot of current to start. As a result, high inrush current produces excessive heat, reducing the lifespan of electrical equipment and using more electricity. Reducing the initial inrush current to a manageable level is advised. By using an induction motor and the H Bridge, this current can be decreased. H Bridge uses a technique known as variable speed drive, which is often referred to as variable torque drive, to control the speed and torque of AC induction motors. Pulse width modulation is used to monitor the motor's voltage and torque in this occurrence. Although there are several methods to reduce the motor's current, such as by employing soft starts, variable torque drives are more advantageous. The strong starting torque and flexible speed control of DC motors make them useful in a range of applications. However, because of the cost and commutation, there are a few significant problems. As a result, the PWM-powered H bridge inverter extends the life of machinery and provides electricity to electrical appliances in response to demand. The fact that it is an energy-saving gadget, however, is by far its greatest advantage. This is especially important in a country like India, where the energy crisis has halted economic growth.

Analysis of torque variation in bolt fastening on coated steel surfaces

As the number of parts ever increases, the push for automation in assembly processes is intensifying in advanced manufacturing industries. The drive to improve productivity through manufacturing automation is relentless, and minimizing torque variation in automated bolt fastening is crucial for achieving successful assembly. Therefore, a precise understanding of the mechanisms of interfacial friction between bolts and coated steel plates, along with a torque analysis based on the interactions of various involved parameters, is essential. This study examines the interactions between surface topography and mechanical properties of bolts and coated steel plates. We explain three primary friction modes (plowing, sliding, and penetrating) within the defined contact areas and propose a prediction model based on contact mechanics to estimate the frictional torque under the bolt head on coated surfaces. Additionally, we quantitatively evaluate how the proportions of these friction modes change under various axial loads and coating conditions, and how these variations affect torque values. We also assess how variations in key parameters influence changes in friction modes, providing insights into the critical factors that should be monitored for effective control of fastening torque. This study presents methods for analyzing and calculating friction torque, offering guidelines for monitoring bearing surfaces to address bolt topography deviations and solving key industrial challenges in automated assembly.

Time varying torsional stiffness analysis of RV reducer

The rotary vector reducer (RV reducer) is a key reduction mechanism for industrial robots, and its torsional stiffness directly determines positioning accuracy and dynamic characteristics. Unlike traditional time-varying torsional stiffness analysis methods considering limited factors and statics solution method, a time-varying torsional stiffness analysis method considering output torque variability and dynamic nonlinearity is proposed to assess the time-varying torsional stiffness of the reducer. Firstly, the rigid-flexible coupling multi-body dynamic model was built employing software ADAMS, with crank shaft and cycloidal gears being treated as flexible bodies. Its correctness was verified under standard condition through grey correlation theory and the torsional stiffness under different conditions was obtained, respectively. Secondly, a contact finite element model of the reducer was established, taking contact relationships between different shaft-gear-bearings into account. As a comparison, a rotating-join finite element model was also constructed. And their torsional stiffness under experimental condition was calculated. Finally, the torsional stiffness test was conducted to verify the accuracy of the three models under this condition. The results show that the time-varying torsional stiffness obtained by the proposed method is only 8.83% different from the test results and exhibiting a certain periodic pattern under standard conditions.

A Novel Enhanced Fire Hawks Optimization Approach for Improving the Efficiency of Converter‐Based Controllers in Switched Reluctance Motors

ABSTRACTSwitched reluctance motors (SRMs) have gained popularity in various industrial applications due to their advantages, including structural simplicity, high reliability, low cost, and operational stability over a wide speed range without relying on rare‐earth permanent magnet materials. However, these motors exhibit drawbacks such as weak torque density, low efficiency, and significant torque ripple, particularly in high‐speed operation. An efficient converter‐based control approach is proposed to manage speed and torque variations in SRM motors, addressing these issues. A multilevel converter (MC) is introduced as a fundamental component. The novel multilevel converter (NMC) accommodates SRMs with varying numbers of phases and exhibits quick demagnetization and excitation behaviors, enabling independent operation of each phase even during conduction overlaps. Subsequently, an effective controller is developed for the SRM motor, combining proportional integral derivative (PID) control with enhanced fire hawks optimization (EFHO). The EFHO optimizes the PID gain values to enhance controller performance. The converter operation minimizes torque ripple and facilitates speed management. The EFHO technique is a fusion of fire hawks optimization (FHO) and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA). This amalgamation improves the updating process of FHO by incorporating SCA. The proposed methodology is implemented in MATLAB and evaluated through various metrics, including SRM motor current, voltage, speed, and torque, under electric vehicle (EV) load conditions. Performance comparisons are conducted with traditional optimization algorithms such as the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and ant colony optimization (ACO). The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in achieving improved SRM motor control and performance.

Investigations on mesh stiffness functions in three-dimensional spur and helical gear models. Definitions and numerical simulations

A definition of mesh stiffness as a scalar function connecting spur and helical three-dimensional pinions and gears is presented along with its conceptual limitations. Since it relies on global parameters namely, variations in torque and transmission errors, it can therefore be applied to the vast majority of the models found in the literature. In parallel, a multi-foundation (MF) model of mesh interface is introduced with the objective of being as accurate as three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations for highly reduced computational costs. Numerous results on mesh stiffness and tooth contact conditions are presented for unmodified spur and helical gears. It is shown that the proposed mesh stiffness functions based on global parameters are sound and that the MF and FE results compare well, particularly when gear body deflections are limited. The contributions of off-line of action contacts, elastic couplings when several tooth pairs are loaded and axial deflections in helical gears are analysed. Finally, the notion of mesh stiffness function representative of the elasticity of a pinion-gear pair for static and dynamic conditions is examined.

Ankle torque variance is a better indicator of balance control performance than plantar perceptual sensitivity threshold.

We explored whether ankle torque variability or plantar perceptual threshold explains human balance control more effectively. We hypothesized that ankle torque variance is a better indicator of center of pressure (COP) velocity variance than plantar perceptual sensitivity. Two conditions were tested: loaded (23-kg vest added) and unloaded, as loading should diminish plantar sensitivity and increase COP velocity variability. We created a linear feedback model to assess the noise change in the sensorimotor loop induced by loading. Plantar sensitivity was quantified using a psychophysical approach while participants stood barefoot. A linear motor applied a force impulse on the participant's heel. A "yes-no" method of limits was selected to identify plantar sole sensory thresholds in both conditions. We observed reduced plantar sensitivity in loaded compared with unloaded conditions. In the loaded condition, participants exhibited greater COP velocity variance, with significant positive Pearson's correlations confirming a substantial association between ankle torque and COP velocity variances for both loaded [variance accounted for (VAF): r2 = 44.56%, P = 0.018] and unloaded conditions (VAF: r2 = 58.83%, P = 0.004). No significant correlation existed between COP velocity variance and plantar sensitivity threshold for both loaded (VAF: r2 = 0.002%, P = 0.99) and unloaded conditions (VAF: r2 = 21.81%, P = 0.35). The model confirmed an ∼88% rise in sensorimotor loop noise in the loaded condition. Ankle torque variance assesses the precision of nonperceptual and perceptual detection mechanisms in evaluating whole body motions and the accuracy in converting sensory cues into ankle torque.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Plantar cutaneous information contributes to balance control by modulating motor commands, but plantar perceptual sensitivity is a suboptimal indicator of balance performance. Multiple sensory cues encode whole body dynamics, guiding sensorimotor mechanisms to minimize body sway variability. Ankle torque variance is proposed as a superior measure for explaining balance control performance and evaluating the sensorimotor loop's functioning in balance control.

A novel method for identifying rock interfaces and fragmentation zones based on drilling response characteristics

The rapid measurement and acquisition of the fracture characteristics and strength of the surrounding rock are crucial for evaluating the stability of underground engineering. In this study, a laboratory/coal mine universal drilling test platform was developed to enable real-time measurement of drilling parameters. The testing results demonstrate that under identical rotation speed conditions, both thrust force and torque increase exponentially with increasing drilling speed, while under identical drilling speed conditions, both thrust force and torque decrease linearly with increasing rotation speed. In intact rock layers, variations in torque, thrust force, and drilling speed with depth remain relatively stable, in rock layer interfaces and fragmentation zones, sudden changes occur within a drill displacement range of approximately 3–7 mm, which become more pronounced as strength differences between adjacent rock layers increase.Based on the cutting mechanics model of drill bit, the evaluation index of drilling energy consumption of unit rock mass (Eη) is derived. Subsequently, based on drilling speed, rotation speed, thrust force, torque and energy index, a machine learning model for predicting rock strength is established using the LS-SVM nonlinear regression approach. Field practice has shown that drilling platform can effectively identify both the rock interface and range of fragmentation areas. The experimental results are of great value to the selection of supporting types in the process of coal mine roadway excavation.

Evaluating anchorage and torque control in adolescent patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion among 3 appliances

The objective of this study was to compare the differences in anchorage and torque control among the Tweed edgewise, Roth, and physiological anchorage Spee-wire systems (PASS) appliances (Zhejiang Xinya Technology Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, China). A sample of 90 adolescent patients with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion (30 Tweed edgewise appliances, 30 Roth appliances, and 30 PASS appliances) with maximum anchorage requirements in the maxilla were collected for this study. The pretreatment baseline levels of the 3 groups were compared initially, and then the differences between the 3 appliances in anchorage and torque control were analyzed after superimposing the pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and maxillary 3-dimensional (3D) digital models, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the pretreatment baseline levels of 3 groups, including gender, age, sagittal skeletal types (ANB), vertical skeletal types (SN-GoGn), anchorage requirements, and occlusal plane inclination (SN-OP). After superimposing the pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms and 3D digital models, respectively, no statistical differences were observed between the measurement results obtained from lateral cephalograms and 3D digital models. Among the measurement variables assessed in this study, statistical differences were observed in the mesial displacement of maxillary first molars, the incisor retraction, and the torque variation of maxillary central incisors among the 3 groups. Specifically, the Tweed group exhibited lower mesial displacement of maxillary first molars compared with the PASS and Roth groups. Furthermore, the Tweed group exhibited the greatest amount of incisor retraction and torque variation of maxillary central incisors, followed by the Roth group and then the PASS group. The remaining measurement variables for the 3 groups showed no statistical differences, including vertical variation of maxillary first molars and central incisors, torque variation of maxillary first molars and canines, mesiodistal inclination variation of maxillary first molars and canines, width variation between maxillary first molars, and width variation between maxillary canines. Compared with contemporary preadjusted straight wire appliances, the Tweed edgewise appliance has superiority in molar anchorage control. In contrast, compared with the Roth appliances, the PASS appliances without any auxiliary anchorage devices could make full use of physiological anchorage to achieve adequate control of molar anchorage. Clinical orthodontists may need to pay extra attention to physiological anchorage. The difference in torque control varies depending on the respective characteristics of bracket designs.

The Dynamics Stability Judging Method for a Gantry-type Welding Robot

In order to improve the dynamic performance of gantry-type welding robot, this paper introduces the structural dynamics model and Lyapunov stability criterion of the gantry-type welding robot frame with nine degrees of freedom. The dynamic equations of the welding robot satisfy the Euler–Lagrange form, and the calculation index of welding robot Lyapunov stability is judged by matrix eigenvalues. Combining with the specific design parameters of an industrial welding robot, the motion stability of the gantry-type welding robot frame and the displacement response of the welding torch are analyzed. The influence of the change of the frame design structure on the stability of the welding torch for end effector of welding robot is discussed, furthermore, the improvement direction of vibration damping and anti-interference of welding robot system is pointed out. Finally, the dynamics simulation of the optimized gantry-type welding robot end effector is carried out by using ADAMS software, and the torque variation curve of the end effector is obtained, which provides a strong basis for the selection of motor models and the design of control system.

Improved Performance of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Sensorless Control System Based on Direct Torque Control Strategy and Sliding Mode Control Using Fractional Order and Fractal Dimension Calculus

This article starts from the premise that one of the global control strategies of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), namely the Direct Torque Control (DTC) control strategy, is characterized by the fact that the internal flux and torque control loop usually uses ON–OFF controllers with hysteresis, which offer easy implementation and very short response times, but the oscillations introduced by them must be cancelled by the external speed loop controller. Typically, this is a PI speed controller, whose performance is good around global operating points and for relatively small variations in external parameters and disturbances, caused in particular by load torque variation. Exploiting the advantages of the DTC strategy, this article presents a way to improve the performance of the sensorless control system (SCS) of the PMSM using the Proportional Integrator (PI), PI Equilibrium Optimizer Algorithm (EOA), Fractional Order (FO) PI, Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) and FO Lead–Lag under constant flux conditions. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and FOSMC are proposed under conditions where the flux is variable. The performance indicators of the control system are the usual ones: response time, settling time, overshoot, steady-state error and speed ripple, plus another one given by the fractal dimension (FD) of the PMSM rotor speed signal, and the hypothesis that the FD of the controlled signal is higher when the control system performs better is verified. The article also presents the basic equations of the PMSM, based on which the synthesis of integer and fractional controllers, the synthesis of an observer for estimating the PMSM rotor speed, electromagnetic torque and stator flux are presented. The comparison of the performance for the proposed control systems and the demonstration of the parametric robustness are performed by numerical simulations in Matlab/Simulink using Simscape Electrical and Fractional-Order Modelling and Control (FOMCON). Real-time control based on an embedded system using a TMS320F28379D controller demonstrates the good performance of the PMSM-SCS based on the DTC strategy in a complete Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) implementation.

Covalent Adaptable Network of Semicrystalline Polyolefin Blend with Triple-Shape Memory Effect

A covalent adaptable network (CAN) of semicrystalline polyolefin blends with triple-shape memory effects was fabricated by the reactive melt blending of maleated polypropylene (mPP) and maleated polyolefin elastomer (mPOE) (50 wt/50 wt) in the presence of a small amount of a tetrafunctional thiol (PETMP) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD). The polymer blend formed a chemically crosslinked network via the reaction between the thiol group of PETMP and maleic anhydride of both polymers in the blend, which was confirmed by FTIR, the variation of torque during the melt mixing process, a solubility test, and DMA. DSC analysis revealed that the crosslinked polyolefin blends show two distinct crystalline melting transitions corresponding to each component polymer. Improved tensile strength as well as elongation at break were observed in the crosslinked blend as compared to the simple blend, and the mechanical properties were maintained after repeated melt processing. These results suggest that thermoplastic polyolefin blends can be transformed into a high-performance and value-added material with good recyclability and reprocessability.

A Mathematical Review Study on Dynamical Models of Symmetrical Three-Phase Induction Machine in Various Reference Frames

This paper presents dynamic models of a three-phase induction machine in various reference frames widely employed in alternating-current (ac) machine analysis. The main objective is to derive and explain the machine model in relatively basic terms by using the idea of rotating reference frame theory. Many matrix manipulations and complex frame-to-frame transformations performed to obtain an advanced model from primitive dynamical equations are presented in a more compact and easy-to-understand way. Therefore, this paper reviews a detailed, yet simple and understandable mathematical background on the dynamic models of the induction machine. Furthermore, a unified and broadly applicable simulation model is proposed for simulating the dynamic behavior of the machine in any desired reference frame. The simulation model has also a modular and user-friendly structure. For the simulation studies, Matlab/Simulink environment is preferred due to its popularity. A Simulink machine model with several subsystems is explicitly given. The simulation study is realized for a small power induction machine operating under both load and no-load conditions. The variations of three-phase currents, electromagnetic torque, and rotor mechanical speed as well as the rotor flux-linkage components are shown. The key features of each reference frame are discussed, especially through the measured rotor flux-linkage components.

Quantifying damping coefficients in a rhombic-drive β-type Stirling engine based on a novel CFD-mechanism dynamic model and experimental data

Effectively exploiting renewable thermal energy sources and reducing the operating costs of renewable thermal systems remain challenging. Stirling engines, which serve as the heart of some renewable thermal systems, significantly impact both the maintenance and overall efficiency of these systems. However, the lack of information on friction behaviors in Stirling engines hinders the achievement of these goals. Therefore, this study clarifies the behaviors of damping coefficients in a rhombic-drive β-type Stirling engine. A novel CFD-mechanism dynamic model is developed to compute numerical values of cyclic-averaged engine speed corresponding to various loading torques. By employing the steepest descent method, the unknown values of the damping coefficients are adjusted to ensure the best match between numerical and experimental variations of loading torque with cyclic-averaged engine speed. Consequently, the study sheds light on the variation of damping coefficients with the instantaneous engine speed. The damping coefficient between the cylinder and piston is consistently lower than that between the displacer and cylinder. Additionally, the damping coefficient between the cylinder and piston ranges from 15.8 to 63.4 N s/m, while the coefficient between the cylinder and displacer increases from 50.0 to 195.5 N s/m as the instantaneous engine speed decreases from 1650 to 450 rpm.

Design and Evaluation of a Novel Passive Shoulder Exoskeleton Based on a Variable Stiffness Mechanism Torque Generator for Industrial Applications

Design and Evaluation of a Novel Passive Shoulder Exoskeleton Based on a Variable Stiffness Mechanism Torque Generator for Industrial Applications

Load torque observation and compensation for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on sliding mode observer

Background Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are widely used in various industries. However, in practical applications, the time-varying nature of load torque may lead to speed fluctuations, negatively impacting the motor's control performance and stability. To mitigate these issues, this paper proposes a load torque observation method for PMSMs based on a sliding mode observer. Methods The sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the load torque and convert it into a current, which is fed back as a feedforward compensation to the q-axis current in the current closed-loop control system. The observer's dynamic performance is optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) between the observer and the actual system state. Experimental tests are conducted on a motor torque testing platform. After stabilizing the motor at 800rpm, a sudden torque of 0.5Nm is applied. Results Compared to the situation without load torque compensation, the motor speed fluctuations are reduced by approximately 60% after adding load torque compensation. Conclusions This enhancement improves the system's speed control performance during torque variations and increases the system's robustness and disturbance rejection capability.

Study on Mechanism of Stick–Slip Vibration Based on Torque Characteristics of PDC Bit

Stick–slip vibration (SV) of drill string systems is the main cause of fatigue failure of PDC bits under complex drilling conditions. Exploring its mechanism is helpful for identifying the causes of bit failure and developing preventive measures to prolong bit service life. In this study, the influence of various factors on torque characteristics is tested by drilling rock breaking with various PDC bits and the variations in torsion variables and torsion speed of drill string systems under different torque loading conditions of drill bits are ascertained. Through a finite element simulation of the drill string–bit system, the influence of the PDC bit on the torsional deformation with variable torque is determined, and the influence mechanisms of bit size, tooth structure, invasion depth, rock strength, and other factors on the SV induced by a PDC bit are established. The results show that the change in the reaction resistance moment of the formation rock leads to variation in the driving speed of the drill string system, which is one of the main reasons for the SV. Even if the torque change in the bit is minor, SV will occur if the drill string is too long.

A rotary self-sensing magnetorheological damper based on triboelectric nanogenerator

A rotary self-sensing magnetorheological (MR) damper(RSMRD) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed in this study, which can provide variable torque and state self-sensing without a power supply. Compared with traditional self-sensing devices, the sensing part of RSMRD has the advantages of small size, no external power supply, and good low-frequency response. The feasibility of the angular velocity self-sensing (AVS) function is verified through theoretical derivation and experimental verification. The experimental results demonstrate a linear relationship between the output voltage generated by the AVS component and the rotational speed of the rotating shaft. Additionally, the torque characteristics of the rotary self-sensing MR damper are tested, revealing a torque generation of approximately 9.26 N ⋅ m at a current of 1.6 A. Furthermore, a fuzzy control algorithm for vehicle braking is proposed, based on the model parameters of RSMRD. The simulink software is used to establish a dynamic model of 1/4 car braking, with an initial braking speed of 15 m s−1. The results indicate that the vehicle comes to a complete stop after 1.64 s, with a braking distance of 10.93 m. Throughout the braking process, the vehicle slip rate remains close to the optimal slip rate of 0.2.

Addressing variability in cell electrorotation through holographic imaging and correction factors

This study addresses the variations observed in electrorotation measurements due to cell positioning and movement. Electrorotation provides a non-disruptive method for inferring the electrical properties of individual cells. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by significant variation in the observed speed. By mitigating the impact of positional dependencies and other influencing factors, our methodology opens avenues for broader applications of electrorotation in single-cell analysis without the need for complex setups to trap and retain the cell in place. Our novel approach combines multi-plane imaging with mathematical treatment of rotation data. This method uses a conventional quadrupole chip and lens-free imaging to track cell movement, resulting in a simpler design and set-up. Through numerical simulations incorporating cell coordinates, chip design, and experimental parameters, we calculate the variation in torque for each position. These values serve as the basis for the correction factors. Validation experiments with T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts show that the correction factors reduce electrorotation speed variation due to cell movement, with an average reduction to 21% and 18%, respectively. These corrections also revealed previously concealed changes in cell properties, in response to external stimuli, thereby enhancing the reliability of measurements and enabling broader applications in single-cell analysis.

Exploring torque characteristics of an integrated ultra conducting magnetic coupling incorporating axial magnetic field through magnetic equivalent circuit modelling

Ultra-conductors are a recent class of materials that display superconducting attributes at room temperature and even at higher temperatures. In this paper, we introduce a novel hybrid ultra-conducting coupling (NHUC) where the secondary component includes copper and an ultra-conductor (considered as a room temperature superconductor in much research). We suggest a model based on magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) to evaluate the distribution of magnetic fields and characteristics related to torque. The 3D model accounts for boundary impacts during mating, and formulation for magnetic flux and torque are derived using Kirchhoff’s and Ampere’s loop laws, respectively. A 3D finite element (FEM) model is constructed, and simulations are performed using iodine-doped double-walled carbon nanotube (IDWCT) as the ultra-conductor for a wider operating range. At a high slip speed of 1200 rpm, a maximum torque of 309 Nm and stable torque of 113 Nm are observed. Adjusting air gap thickness or permanent magnet dimensions results in torque variations. Additionally, due to carbon nanotube (CNT) characteristics, a reduction in losses from the Joule effect is noted. The maximum error between torque results from simulation and the suggested model is 7.68%, confirming accordance. Comparison alongside the slotted eddy current coupling (SEC) reveals that the torque of the NHUC exceeds that of the SEC, diminishing as the air gap widens.