Research Tool Research Articles

Coherent high-power terahertz vortex generation with tunable orbital angular momentum based on transverse phase mask shaping

Abstract Terahertz (THz) radiation has become a significant tool in cutting-edge research due to its superior properties. THz vortices with tunable orbital angular momentum are particularly attractive to the scientific community due to their well-defined discrete azimuthal phase around the propagation axis. However, the generation of high-power THz radiation with orbital angular momentum remains a challenge for most existing technologies. In this paper, a new method for generating coherent high-power THz vortices with tunable orbital angular momentum and frequency is proposed by combining frequency beating and transverse phase mask shaping techniques. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations indicate that this method can generate coherent THz vortices with peak powers in the tens of megawatts and tunable topological charge numbers.

Leadership, management, and team practices in research labs: Development and validation of two new measures.

Effective leadership and management practices contribute to responsible, high-quality research and the well-being of team members. We describe the development and initial validation of a measure assessing principal investigators' leadership and management practices and a measure of research team practices. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 570 postdoctoral researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health reported on the perceived behaviors of their principal investigator (PI) and the research team. The PI leadership and management items factored into two dimensions: fostering relationships and directing research. Correlations of these new scales with existing, validated measures of ethical leadership and general leader behavior provided evidence of convergent validity. Providing evidence for criterion-related validity, scores on the new measures predicted lab climate for research ethics, self-reported productivity, and job satisfaction. Research team practices provided additional predictive value beyond leadership and management behaviors. This study provides construct validity evidence for the new Leadership and Management in Science (LAMPS) Measure and the Research Team Practices (RTP) Measure. Qualitative responses to an open-ended item reinforced the importance of relationships and directive supervision for a positive environment. These measures can be useful tools for future research or may be useful for PIs seeking feedback about their practices.

Catching Mind Wandering With Pupillometry: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges.

Mind-wandering (MW) refers to the shift of attention away from an ongoing task and/or external environment towards mental contents (e.g., memories, prospective thoughts) unrelated to the task. Physiological measures (e.g., pupil size, EEG, and fMRI) have often been acquired as objective markers for MW states, which has greatly helped their study as well as triangulation with other measures. Pupillometry in particular has been used as a covert biomarker of MW because it is reliably modulated by several distinct processes spanning arousal, emotion, and attention, and it signals attentional lapses. Yet, coupling MW and the measurement of pupil size has led to seemingly contrasting results. We argue that, common to the studies reviewed here, one reason is resolving to the measurement of tonic pupil size, which reflects low-frequency, slow changes in one's physiological state, and thus implicitly assumes that MW is a static, long-lasting process. We then additionally focus on three major axes of variability in the reviewed studies: (i) the definition and measurement of MW; (ii) the impact of contextual aspects, such as task demands and individual arousal levels; (iii) the identification and tracking of MW in combination with pupillary measures. We provide an overview of these differences and put forward recommendations for using physiological measures-including, but not limited to, pupil size-in MW research effectively. In conclusion, pupillometry can be a very informative tool for MW research, provided that it is used with the due methodological caution.

A Digital Engineering Analysis of an Additively Manufactured Turbine Vane

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed the ability to accelerate gas turbine component research and development at a fraction of the cost and time associated with conventional manufacturing. However, whereas prior works have assessed manufacturing variability in cast turbine airfoils, limited data are available to understand the impact of as-built deviations in AM turbine parts. As metal additive airfoils are becoming more prevalent in research turbine architectures, it is increasingly important to understand the effects of potential hardware deviations specific to additively manufactured parts. With this goal in mind, the current study utilizes a digital engineering approach to evaluate the aerodynamic impact of surface deviations on a high-pressure turbine vane design created for research purposes. RANS-based CFD studies derived from structured light scans of as-built turbine vanes are used to quantify performance relative to design intent geometries. Further computational analyses compare results from individual serialized parts with an average vane doublet geometry serving as a surrogate for the entire wheel. Particular emphasis in the study focuses on external surface defects caused by internal cooling features that are inherent through additive manufacturing and how these features can impact the vane performance. Ultimately, this study identifies specific regions of the vane that are subject to increased sensitivity, which benefits future designers intending to use AM as a tool for turbine research and development.

Adapting the Social Norms Exploration Tool in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Identify Social Norms for Behavior Change.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), male engagement, social norms, and social networks mitigate family planning behavior. We discuss the adaptation of the Social Norms Exploration Tool (SNET), which identifies relevant social norms and community members upholding these norms, to inform the development of family planning interventions in the DRC. The SNET provides activity tools and templates to guide users through the following steps: (1) plan and prepare, (2) identify reference groups, (3) explore social norms, (4) analyze results, and (5) apply findings.The SNET approach resulted in discussion of social norms, particularly around birth spacing and gender norms framing the man as the decision-maker. However, despite applying a methodology specifically designed to identify social norms, other factors limiting use of contraceptive methods were identified in the process, including lack of education, rumors, and misconceptions. Adaptations were needed to include the full range of reference groups due to narrow phrasing of primary questions, and some of the participatory methods were overly complicated. Feedback from experienced data collectors suggested that the social norms framework is not intuitive, is difficult to apply correctly, and may require that data collectors have a stronger foundation in the relevant concepts to produce valid and actionable results.Although the SNET provides language for discussing normative factors and techniques to identify reference groups and social norms, modifications to the implementation process are recommended when adapting the tool for research.

Advanced three-dimensional X-ray imaging unravels structural development of the human thymus compartments

BackgroundThe thymus, responsible for T cell-mediated adaptive immune system, has a structural and functional complexity that is not yet fully understood. Until now, thymic anatomy has been studied using histological thin sections or confocal microscopy 3D reconstruction, necessarily for limited volumes.MethodsWe used Phase Contrast X-Ray Computed Tomography to address the lack of whole-organ volumetric information on the microarchitecture of its structural components. We scanned 15 human thymi (9 foetal and 6 postnatal) with synchrotron radiation, and repeated scans using a conventional laboratory x-ray system. We used histology, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to validate the x-ray findings.ResultsApplication to human thymi at pre- and post-natal stages allowed reliable tracking and quantification of the evolution of parameters such as size and distribution of Hassall’s Bodies and medulla-to-cortex ratio, whose changes reflect adaptation of thymic activity. We show that Hassall’s bodies can occupy 25% of the medulla volume, indicating they should be considered a third thymic compartment with possible implications on their role. Moreover, we demonstrate compatible results can be obtained with standard laboratory-based x-ray equipment, making this research tool accessible to a wider community.ConclusionsOur study allows overcoming the resolution and/or volumetric limitations of existing approaches for the study of thymic disfunction in congenital and acquired disorders affecting the adaptive immune system.

Development of Morality and Ethics in Educational Institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission Pathum Thani Province

Background and Aims: Developing a nation to compete with advanced countries requires prioritizing human resource development, with education serving as the foundation of this progress. Quality education establishes a sustainable knowledge base, essential for achieving economic, social, and political growth. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the level of moral and ethical development among staff in vocational institutions governed by the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province; (2) compare staff perspectives on moral and ethical growth based on variables such as gender, position, and age; and (3) identify effective strategies to enhance moral and ethical standards within these educational institutions in Pathum Thani Province. Methodology: The sample group for this research included 348 personnel from institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province during the 2023 academic year, selected via stratified random sampling. Research tools comprised a questionnaire using a 5-point rating scale, which had an Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) value ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, a reliability coefficient of 0.83, and a structured interview. Data analysis utilized statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, along with t-tests, F-tests, and pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Results: The research results indicated that: (1) The overall level of morality and ethics development in educational institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission in Pathum Thani Province was rated high across all dimensions, with consistently high ratings for each specific aspect. (2) Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in morality and ethics development based on gender and position at the 0.05 significance level, but no significant differences were found based on age. (3) Guidelines for enhancing morality and ethics emphasized systematic professional oversight, recognition of outstanding personnel, and structured curricula for moral and ethical growth. The Office of the Vocational Education Commission highlighted merit-based assessments grounded in moral principles, clear standards, and well-defined workloads. Additionally, educational administrators demonstrated effective leadership by modeling rational behavior, prioritizing reason over emotion.

Shifting Mindsets: Changes in Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students

Despite the growing interest in entrepreneurship education and its impact on entrepreneurial intention, there is limited research on why students’ entrepreneurial intentions change over time. It has been observed that university students’ intentions to pursue entrepreneurship are higher when they enroll in entrepreneurship courses; however, these intentions usually shift both before and after the completion of the entrepreneurship course. This study investigates the shift in entrepreneurial intention among university students. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, this study combines the qualitative research tools of interviews and diaries to explore the evolution of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The research sample consisted of undergraduate university students of a Greek university who had attended an entrepreneurship and innovation course as part of their first-year curriculum in the academic year 2020–2021. The study utilized 163 structured interviews and complementary diary research on 96 students from the same cohort in the academic year 2023–2024. NVivo12 software (32 bits version) was used to analyze the primary data. The findings highlight notable changes in students’ entrepreneurial intentions as a result of a variety of factors, including the allure of the entrepreneurial idea, cohesiveness of the teams, teaching strategies employed, support provided by the university and their families, and certain personality traits. These findings provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers to better support and sustain entrepreneurial intentions among students, while also further expanding the understanding of the strategy development needs of entrepreneurship counseling and education, as very limited research has been conducted on this issue.

The Differences in Anger Expressions Between Males and Females Among Qassimi Adolescents in the Context of Football Match: A Social Appraisal Perspective

Most studies that focus on studying male and female behavior have not found any gender differences in the expression of anger. Even the claim that men express anger more frequently than women has only been discussed in a few studies. Some studies have found that women express anger more than men or show no gender differences. In this regard, the researcher aimed to explore the gender differences between males and females from a social appraisal perspective in expressing their anger and what males and females use these anger expressions among Qassimi adolescents in the context of football matches. The researcher hypothesises that men and women differ in their social evaluations of expressing and interpreting anger. The present study's findings are significant in exploring the anger expressions used by females and males and their differences in the context of Saudi football matches among Qassimi adolescents in Saudi Arabia. Results from this study were collected using observation and thematic analysis as a research tool to achieve the overall purpose of this study. The results reveal that males were more likely to use violent, bullying, and idiomatic, sarcastic expressions of anger while watching the Saudi football match, specifically in the scene of their favourite team losing, than females. In addition, both male and female participants expressed the extent to which they were aware of social appraisal and the extent of their influence on their actions and words in expressing anger.

Importance-Performance Analysis of Factors Affecting the Sustainability and Development of Poultry Farms (Evidence from Broiler Farms in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan)

Ensuring adequate food supplies has become a critical issue with a rapidly growing global population and increasing demand for protein-rich foods. In Baghlan province, Afghanistan, many poultry farms have been forced to cease operations due to insufficient infrastructure and resources, leaving a significant gap in meeting the region's growing demand for poultry products. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting the sustainability and development of broiler farms in Baghlan province as perceived by farm owners. The primary research tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The study population comprised all broiler farm owners in Baghlan Province, from which a sample of 91 was selected using the Morgan table and complete enumeration sampling method. The findings revealed that approximately 54% of respondents expressed moderate satisfaction with their farms. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was conducted to assess the relative importance and performance of various factors affecting the development and sustainability of the farms. The results indicated that having a qualified expert, the farmer's educational level, the poultry house ventilation system, and being a local resident were considered highly important factors for farm success but were underperforming. Based on limited existing research in the region, these findings provide valuable insights for enhancing poultry farm development and food security in Baghlan province and throughout Afghanistan. The study offers specific recommendations for addressing the identified challenges and improving the sustainability of poultry farming in the region.

Role of artificial intelligence in haematolymphoid diagnostics.

The advent of digital pathology and the deployment of high-throughput molecular techniques are generating an unprecedented mass of data. Thanks to advances in computational sciences, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches represent a promising avenue for extracting relevant information from complex data structures. From diagnostic assistance to powerful research tools, the potential fields of application of machine learning techniques in pathology are vast and constitute the subject of considerable research work. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the potential applications of AI in the field of haematopathology and to define the role that these emerging technologies could play in our laboratories in the short to medium term.

The effect of national school health strategy components on the quality of health services: An Analytical research in Baghdad Governorate

Purpose: The research objective is to diagnose the extent to which the National School Health Strategy contributes to the quality of health services. Theoretical framework: The quality of health services can provide schools with benefits through building a healthy school community in line with the sustainable development goals, especially regarding quality education, good health, and well-being and through school health, we may be improving the health and well-being of elementary and secondary students, and the necessity of providing healthy foods reduction of fat content in school meals, and awareness to prevent the use of tobacco products and drugs. Design/methodology/approach: The research relied on the descriptive -analytical method and the research sample is a random sample of primary schools (governmental and private). The research tool is represented by using a questionnaire to collect data. Findings: Although there is a big school community represented by students compared to their society, studies in most countries of the world are still limited in discussing the quality of health services provided to them and the limited solutions. Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest future research to evaluate the national school health strategy: a comparative study between two governorates. Originality/value: The results indicate that commitment to implementing school health programs positively affects the quality of health services provided to students of school age and that any defect in their application reflects negatively on the health of students currently and society in the future.

At First Sight! Zero-shot Classification of Astronomical Images with Large Multimodal Models

Abstract Vision-Language multimodal Models (VLMs) offer the possibility for zero-shot classification in astronomy: i.e., classification via natural language prompts, with no training. We investigate two models, GPT-4o and LLaVA-NeXT, for zero-shot classification of low-surface brightness galaxies and artifacts, as well as morphological classification of galaxies. We show that with natural language prompts these models achieved significant accuracy (above 80% typically) without additional training/fine tuning. We discuss areas that require improvement, especially for LLaVA-NeXT, which is an open source model. Our findings aim to motivate the astronomical community to consider VLMs as a powerful tool for both research and pedagogy, with the prospect that future custom-built or fine-tuned models could perform better.

BIMSA: Accelerating Long Sequence Alignment Using Processing-In-Memory.

Recent advances in sequencing technologies have stressed the critical role of sequence analysis algorithms and tools in genomics and healthcare research. In particular, sequence alignment is a fundamental building block in many sequence analysis pipelines and is frequently a performance bottleneck both in terms of execution time and memory usage. Classical sequence alignment algorithms are based on dynamic programming and often require quadratic time and memory with respect to the sequence length. As a result, classical sequence alignment algorithms fail to scale with increasing sequence lengths and quickly become memory-bound due to data-movement penalties. Processing-In-Memory (PIM) is an emerging architectural paradigm that seeks to accelerate memory-bound algorithms by bringing computation closer to the data to mitigate data-movement penalties. This work presents BIMSA (Bidirectional In-Memory Sequence Alignment), a PIM design and implementation for the state-of-the-art sequence alignment algorithm BiWFA (Bidirectional Wavefront Alignment), incorporating new hardware-aware optimizations for a production-ready PIM architecture (UPMEM). BIMSA supports aligning sequences up to 100K bases, exceeding the limitations of state-of-the-art PIM implementations. First, BIMSA achieves speedups up to 22.24 × (11.95× on average) compared to state-of-the-art PIM-enabled implementations of sequence alignment algorithms. Second, achieves speedups up to 5.84 × (2.83× on average) compared to the highest-performance multicore CPU implementation of BiWFA. Third, BIMSA exhibits linear scalability with the number of compute units in memory, enabling further performance improvements with upcoming PIM architectures equipped with more compute units and achieving speedups up to 9.56 × (4.7× on average). Code and documentation are publicly available at https://github.com/AlejandroAMarin/BIMSA.

Design Thinking in Innovation Processes: A Market Segmentation Tool in Social Networks Research

This paper outlines the purposeful adaptation and utilization of the design thinking process in an innovation case involving market segmentation in social network research. Based on a case study, this paper combines the design thinking process with systems approach methods to foster innovation in social network analyses. The paper details the entire process, from the initial stages to the development of a viable solution defined in the final assignment for programmers. The case study emphasizes the effective use of systems thinking tools and demonstrates the value of combining these two approaches to meet the needs of the innovation process. The paper aims to narrate the entire process and highlight critical points in a real-world case study. The focus was on the challenge of creating a market segmentation tool for researchers and marketers in the realm of social network analysis.

Methodological approaches in 16S sequencing of female reproductive tract in fertility patients: a review.

The female genital tract microbiome has become a particular area of interest in improving assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes with the emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. However, NGS assessment of microbiomes currently lacks uniformity and poses significant challenges for accurate and precise bacterial population representation. As multiple NGS platforms and assays have been developed in recent years for microbiome investigation-including the advent of long-read sequencing technologies-this work aimed to identify current trends and practices undertaken in female genital tract microbiome investigations. Areas like sample collection and transport, DNA extraction, 16S amplification vs. metagenomics, NGS library preparation, and bioinformatic analysis demonstrated a detrimental lack of uniformity. The lack of uniformity present is a significant limitation characterised by gap discrepancies in generation and interpretation of results. Minimal consistency was observed in primer design, DNA extraction techniques, sample transport, and bioinformatic analyses. With third-generation sequencing technology highlighted as a promising tool in microbiota-based research via full-length 16S rRNA sequencing, there is a desperate need for future studies to investigate and optimise methodological approaches of the genital tract microbiome to ensure better uniformity of methods and results interpretation to improve clinical impact.

PROTACs in platelets: emerging antithrombotic strategies and future perspectives.

Proteolysis-targeted chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional compounds that selectively target proteins for degradation and are an emerging therapeutic modality to treat diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will widen the area of application by highlighting the ability of PROTACs to remove proteins from the anucleate platelets and evaluate their antithrombotic potential. Proteomic and biochemical studies demonstrated that human platelets possess the Ubiquitin Proteasomal System as well as the E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN) and therefore may be susceptible to PROTAC-mediated protein degradation. Recent findings confirmed that CRBN ligand-based PROTACs targeting generic tyrosine kinases, Btk and/or Fak lead to efficacious and selective protein degradation in human platelets. Downregulation of Btk, a key player involved in signalling to thrombosis, but not haemostasis, resulted in impaired in-vitro thrombus formation. Platelets are susceptible to targeted protein degradation by CRBN ligand-based PROTACs and have limited ability to resynthesise proteins, ensuring long-term downregulation of target proteins. Therefore, PROTACs serve as an additional research tool to study platelet function and offer new therapeutic potential to prevent thrombosis. Future studies should focus on enhancing cell specificity to avoid on-target side effects on other blood cells.

Vocational Education Administration, Bilateral System under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission Kalasin Province

Background and Aims: Vocational education administration Dual system of educational institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission. It is a professional education arrangement that arises from an agreement between an educational institution and a business establishment. The main objective is to develop and train professional skills for students. To prepare for future work the objectives of this research are to study the following: (1) Level of administration of vocational education, dual system, of vocational education in Kalasin Province. According to the standards for managing vocational education in the dual system of the Vocational Education Commission. To assess the quality and efficiency of operations at the operational level. 2) Compare the level of vocational education administration in the dual system of vocational education in Kalasin Province. To find differences in management in various areas and the use of various approaches to develop educational quality. (3) Study guidelines for promoting or developing the administration of vocational education, a dual system, of educational institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission, Kalasin Province. To suggest ways to improve and develop educational administration to be more efficient. Methodology: In this research the sample group used was a total of 196 people. The research tool was a questionnaire with a 5-level rating scale, which had a confidence value of 0.81 and an internal consistency (IOC) in the range of 0.6-1.00. This questionnaire was designed to inquire about the administration of vocational education. Dual system of educational institutions under the Kalasin Provincial Vocational Education Institute. For data analysis use basic statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and statistical tests used to compare differences, including t-test and F-test. Results: The results of the research found that: (1) Vocational education administration overall, it was at a high level. (2) Results of comparative analysis of opinions regarding vocational education administration classified by position, educational level, and size of educational institution found that there was no difference. (3) Guidelines for developing vocational education administration It is necessary to be supported and encouraged to be able to develop and adapt to the changes in today's industrial world. The various areas that should be developed include: 1) Quality of graduates: They must have knowledge and abilities that are accepted by the industry. 2) Curriculum development: Curriculum should be developed together with entrepreneurs and other stakeholders. 3) Measurement and evaluation: An effective measurement and evaluation system should be developed. 4) Cooperation between Educational institutions and business establishments: There should be strong relationships and cooperation in developing students. Conclusion: Vocational education administration Dual system of educational institutions under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission Kalasin Province. It is necessary to strengthen cooperation between educational institutions and enterprises. By giving the private sector an opportunity to participate in setting criteria and guidelines in various areas to be clear and consistent with the needs of the labor market. In this regard, there should be an effective evaluation process in order for management to be systematic and produce good results.

Educational Institution Administration Using the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy under the Jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office

Background and Aims: Education is an important factor that helps develop the people and the nation in every aspect. The Ministry of Education therefore has a policy to develop every educational institution to be able to carry out teaching and learning according to the philosophy of sufficiency economy. Focusing on quality and sustainable development so that the educational institution can be a learning center according to the aforementioned philosophy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model for organizing learning activities and school administration in line with the philosophy of the sufficiency economy. This research has three objectives: (1) A study of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. (2) Comparison of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. And (3) a study of guidelines for developing educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 280 school administrators and teachers under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. The research tools were questionnaires and interviews. which is a 5-level rating scale. The reliability value was 0.90 and the consistency value (IOC) was in the range of 0.8 to 1.00 for basic statistics used in data analysis, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Statistics used in hypothesis testing include T-test, F-test, and Scheffe's Method. Results: The results of the research found that (1) the administration of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy under the Office of Learning Promotion, Chaiyaphum Province Overall it is at a high level. When considering each aspect, it was found that all aspects of educational institution administration using the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy were at a high level. The side with the highest average is Academic administration. (2) Comparative analysis of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy classified by position Education level and experience in performing budget work, it was found that: 1) Management of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy classified by position overall there is no difference. 2) School administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy. classified by educational level, it was found that overall, there were differences. 3) School administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy categorized by work experience, it was found that those with less than 3 years of management experience, 3 – 5 years, and more than 5 years had statistically significantly different opinions. (3) Guidelines for developing educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Divided into each area, including general administration, budget management and academic administration. Conclusion: School administrators and teachers are aware of the importance of school administration using the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy. Under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office, there are clear operating procedures. There is coordination and cooperation both inside and outside the educational institution, all sectors, communities and related agencies. Applied in educational operations efficient administration of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy according to the context of each educational institution. It will cause the promotion and development of students with good results, being accepted and trusted by the community and society, showing the potential of the educational institution in terms of educational institution administration.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION

Artificial intelligence (AI) in biology education can be defined as the deployment of AI in sections of study that help learners and researchers in their areas of concentration, specifically biological sciences. It gives a significant meaning toward the improvement of biology education since AI contributes toward the improvement of research methods and the expansion of knowledge on the associated biological concepts. Continued advances in artificial intelligence as a powerful tool in biological research will prove a major boon to the further development of biology education. Traditional basic biological sciences and such interdisciplinary fields as computational biology will step up their cooperation and come up with new theoretical predictions. They develop new theoretical frameworks; all these exciting changes that are rocking the biological world today are destined to reshape the face of the education in biology in the twenty-first century.