Statistical Tools Research Articles

Nutritional knowledge and consumption pattern of fruits: a context of Sri Lankan mothers

The per capita fruit consumption of Sri Lankans is reported as 100 g per day which lies below the recommendations. Moreover, mothers play a key role in the nutritional status of a family. Thus, the current study was focused on assessing the nutritional knowledge of Sri Lankan mothers in the context of family fruit consumption patterns. The primary data collection tool of this study was the questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted with a representative sample of Sri Lankan mothers (n=140) using self-structured questionnaires. Quantitative and qualitative statistical tools were employed to analyze the collected data of the study. As per the results, majority of the mothers in the sample size were known to have a moderate level of knowledge on fruit consumption (50.7%). Lack of a proper channel to access information was perceived as the major limitation for the poor awareness of the nutritional aspects. Further, the study investigated that the knowledge level of the mothers was significantly associated with the frequency of consuming fruits (p=15.87). The income level is positively correlated with the nutritional knowledge level (0.378) while the occupation has a negative relationship (3.037). The study concludes that the nutritional knowledge of Sri Lankan mothers is higher, and the fruit consumption frequency of their families depends on mothers' nutritional knowledge.

PRINCIPALS’ USE OF COMMUNITY FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN FAKO DIVISION, SOUTH-WEST REGION OF CAMEROON

This study was designed to examine principals’ use of community financial resources and its impact on the management of secondary schools in Fako Division, South-West Region of Cameroon. The study was guided by two objectives which to investigate the impact of principals’ use of foreign aids and community/PTA levy and its impacts on the management of secondary schools. The survey research design particularly the cross-sectional survey design was used. This design was used because data were collected at once and not periodically as seen with longitudinal survey. The population of the study comprised of 8746 teachers and 1217 principals from secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The sample population for the study was made up of 426 teachers and 29 principals. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques was adopted for the study. The instruments use for data collection were a questionnaire (closed and open ended questions) for teachers and an interview guide for principals. Data from close ended questions was analysed using SPSS 23.0, with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistical tools while open ended questions were analysed thematically. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the research hypotheses formulated in the study. The finding shows that with reference to foreign aids, 67.5% of teachers accepted that the principal makes use of foreign aids and with reference to community/PTA levy, 61.1% of teachers accepted that the principal makes use of community/PTA levy. Hypothetically, the result of the analysis revealed that the calculated Гxy -value 0.289 is higher than the critical Гxy -value 0.0978 at .05 level of significance and degrees of freedom 426. Furthermore, the p-value of 0.000 is less than 0.05. With the result of this analysis, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted. This result implies that the use of community financial resources by principals do have significant impact on the management of secondary schools although the impact is moderate. The positivity of the correlation value 0.289** implies that management of secondary schools is more likely to be enhance when principals adequately make use of community financial resources. Therefore, it is generally recommended that, that using community financial resources to pay part time teachers will help the school to attain it goals and objectives, community financial resources will greatly help the schools attain their goals and objectives since we hardly given sufficient finances for the running of the school.

EFFICACY AND ADAPTATION OF E-LEARNING IN INDIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS DURING COVID-19

The unpredictable lockdown period due to COVID-19 has kept everything on hold, and along with other sectors, the educational sector is the most affected. This study attempted to map out the fragility of higher educational institutions in adopting new learning methods and the effectiveness achieved. This is descriptive research based on an empirical investigation of the current issues related to sudden changes in the knowledge delivery process in regular classes of colleges and universities in developing countries like India. Five constructs, namely quality delivery, effectiveness, organisational support, self-efficacy, and readiness were evaluated to measure learners’ perceived satisfaction. Appropriate statistical tools were applied to analyse the data, along with hypothesis testing. A few institutions have effectively adjusted the learning process, but its prolificacy is doubtful in the majority of cases. Many (about 62 percent) reported that through assignments and study materials, it is difficult to clear the concepts, especially in the case of practical subjects. There is an opinion that e-learning appears not to be as fruitful as regular conventional classes. It has become a little difficult to transform the centuries-old classroom teaching model due to a paucity of infrastructural readiness, prior experience in e-learning, drawbacks in learning methods, etc., which needs to be addressed by administration. The main barriers, as per our study, are the paucity of interactivity between the parties and drawbacks in the method adopted for teaching. This research did not include premier institutions like IITs, AIIMS, and other highly rated institutes in India, as our goal was to articulate the real situation below the creamy layer. The COVID-19 pandemic has opened new avenues to eliminate drawbacks and reconsider the pedagogical methods, teacher training, examination system, etc. for the insertion of e-learning in the education system.

Naloxone-AuNPs@ZIF-8-Based Impedimetric Sensor Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Fentanyl and Fabrication of Fen-Track Prototype for Real-Field Analysis.

Opioids are considered to be a global threat, and we are facing the worst opioid crisis of the decade. Synthetic opioids like fentanyl are highly potent and deadly toward human body, and hence its detection is an inevitable requirement globally. Naloxone is known for its antagonist property toward fentanyl, and we performed computational simulations to find their interactions and use this principle to build the first of a kind impedimetric sensor device, transduced by 3D-ZIF-8 with in situ encapsulated naloxone-gold nanoparticles. The probe is synthesized using a unique encapsulation strategy, thoroughly characterized by various physicochemical and microscopic tools. The sensor is highly selective toward fentanyl and can detect fentanyl up to 100 ppm in a synthetic sample. A prototype device is also built based on the synthetic calibration and applied to the spiked urine sample, and the performance is evaluated using statistical and machine learning tools.

Intraepithelial Inclusions on Urinalysis Screening among COVID-19 Cases: Are they Covicytes?-A Hospital-Based Cohort Study with Narrative Review.

"Intraepithelial inclusions on urinalysis screening among COVID-19 cases: Are they Covicytes?-A hospital-based cohort study with narrative review." Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated delayed acute kidney injury (AKI) is often reported in subsequent waves of the pandemic. Early intervention and regular follow-up influence the outcome and inhibit progression into chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is the first study to identify urinary cytomorphological abnormalities (Covicytes) and predict COVID-19-associated delayed AKI with a narrative review of the possible etiologies for intraepithelial inclusions. A hospital-based cohort study with a narrative review. Screening urinalysis to assess the cytomorphology of epithelial cells (ECs) and inclusions in Leishman and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained smears by two independent pathologists was performed in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 cases at a tertiary care center. Basic statistical tools were used for descriptive statistical analysis, and data were expressed in mean, proportion, and frequency. Cytomorphological abnormalities (48/188) were predominant among adult males. Leukocyturia (39/48) with positive nitrite test (28/39), high ECs (27/48) and squamous cell-to-tubular EC (SC:TEC) ratio, intraepithelial intracytoplasmic inclusions predominantly in TECs (Covicytes), and multiple well-visualized, perinuclear PAS-negative neutrophilic vacuoles (17/39) were found. The association with preexisting diabetes (31/48), hypertension (10/48), and disease severity was noted. This study reported COVID-19-associated urinary cytomorphological abnormalities and interesting unique inclusions (Covicytes) that may be a result of underlying inflammatory changes, reactive hyperplasia, degenerative changes, or defective endocytosed vacuoles. The possible etiologies for renal inclusions were reviewed. We recommend compulsory baseline and follow-up urinary cytology screening for all COVID-19-suspected patients to detect and predict delayed AKI before clinical and biochemical manifestation during disease endemicity.

Meta-Analysis of the Causality of Deformations in Marine Fish Larvae Culture

The development of deformities in farmed fish is largely the result of abiotic, biotic, and xenobiotic factors, information deficiencies in optimizing nutrition, and the genetic background to which the fish are exposed in their early life stages. In general, skeletal anomalies are considered to have significant adverse effects on animal welfare, biological performance of farmed fish, product quality, and production costs. In the data obtained by the meta-analysis method, the presence of negative effects on the formal structures of fish was found, regardless of the region, duration, stage, factor, stock density, and method used to detect deformation. In this regard, in the studies considered within the deformation region/type, 46% of deformities were found in the spine, 37% in the head, and 16% in the total skeleton. In turn, the results of the meta-analysis showed that the percentages of the apparent value were 35.82% in the spine, 33.12% in the skeleton, and 31.06% in the head. The deformation rate had an overall negative effect on the functional characteristics of the fish, regardless of the variables considered. In addition, all statistically significant individual response variables had a negative effect size. In the future, advanced statistical tools such as Bayesian meta-analysis, network meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis can be used to explore more complex data structures. The rapid development of artificial intelligence techniques will increase the efficiency of data collection and the robustness of results for meta-analysis studies in aquaculture and other fields.

E-work self-efficacy, digital competence and work engagement of teachers in public secondary schools from two provinces in the Philippines

This descriptive-correlational research design aimed to
 determine the significant relationships between e-work self-efficacy,
 digital competence and work engagement of teachers in secondary
 schools in the Philippines. The respondents of the study were 244
 teachers from public secondary from two provinces. They were
 selected through Simple Random Sampling. The study was
 conducted via online forms. The gathered data were treated using
 statistical tools such as Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson r, Hayes
 Process and Multiple Linear Regression. The results of the study
 suggest that enhancing e-work self-efficacy and digital competence
 may lead to increased work engagement, which could ultimately lead
 to better job performance and satisfaction in the context of remote
 work. The results of moderation analyses revealed that the
 respondents’ profile age, length of service, and academic rank
 significantly moderated the relationship between e-work selfefficacy and work engagement. Hence, the hypothesis stating that
 the respondents’ profile variables do not significantly moderate
 between e-work self-efficacy and work engagement and also the
 hypothesis stating that the respondents’ profile variables do not
 significantly moderate between digital competence and work
 engagement of the respondents were both partly upheld. The result
 of regression analysis identified the digital competence singly
 predict the Work Engagement of the respondents. Moreover, the
 regression further revealed that digital competence and e-work selfefficacy in combination predict the work engagement of the
 respondents. Hence, the hypothesis stating that the respondents’
 profile, e-work self-efficacy, and digital competence do not
 significantly predict their work engagement was partly upheld.

Assessing operational issues in a modular sewage treatment plant and providing remedies via comprehensive modeling and simulation through GPS-X

In this study, an existing but faulty modular sewage treatment plant (STP) with a capacity of 100 m3/day has been modeled and assessed using GPS-X software, combined with sensitivity analysis to confirm an underlying but critical operational issue of an STP. Currently, the STP shows <5 % ammonia removal at an average influent ammonia concentration of 50 mg/L, along with the problem of partial BOD removal. The treatment units comprise an equalization tank, two moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) in series, a tube settler and a sand filtration unit. Sensitivity analysis helped decipher the most influential kinetics/stoichiometric parameters, which assisted in achieving a precise model calibration. Post calibration, the modified model was re-simulated for each constituent treatment unit based on the mass balance of four major output parameters viz. NH4-N, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity. Real experimental/measured values spanning over 8 months were analyzed during the calibration phases (including both static and dynamic calibration phases). The calibrated GPS-X model was simulated using various input factors to find a possible remedial solution and understand the critical limitation of the existing plant. As a remedial measure, a pre-anoxic tank with an operational volume of 15 m3 and a recirculation ratio of 3 was proposed for the existing STP. A proper experimental design and statistical tools further helped achieve the most optimum and techno-economically feasible solution for an MBBR-based biological treatment unit. This helped effectively manage wastewater pollution in a modular treatment system.

Performance of Kisan Credit Card Scheme: An Empirical Evidence from Karnataka, India

This paper analyzed the period-wise and agency-wise growth of the Kisan Credit Card scheme in Karnataka. The study examined the performance of the KCC scheme by considering the number of operative cards and the amount outstanding from the financial year 2017 to 2022. The paper is based on both descriptive as well as inferential in nature. Statistical tools like mean, Compounded Annual Growth Rate, Chi-square, Correlation, etc, have been used to analyze the data. It is found that the number of operative KCCs and the amount outstanding has grown by 2.98 percent and 31.26 percent on an annual basis respectively over a period of five years. Co-operative banks were found to be ranked first having 66 percent of operative KCCs and 82 percent of the amount outstanding during the year 2021-22. The study suggested that outreach of the KCC scheme should be improved in terms of card issuance as the CAGR is only 2.98 percent during the study period.

The Influence of Entrepreneurship Education on University Students' Entrepreneurship Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention

Entrepreneurship education in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) is vital to strengthening a country’s entrepreneurship ecosystem, which fosters economic growth, innovation, and job creation. Through entrepreneurship education, more job creators are expected to be created and nurtured with entrepreneurial awareness, knowledge, abilities, and support. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between entrepreneurship education, namely entrepreneurship curriculum, entrepreneurship lecturers’ competency, and university entrepreneurship support in influencing entrepreneurship intention among Universiti Teknologi Malaysia’s students, with entrepreneurship self-efficacy as the mediator. The methodological approach of this study is a quantitative method. The population of this study was Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) undergraduate students with a sample size of 212 respondents, obtained using simple random probability sampling. Data collected from respondents was analysed using the SPSS statistical analytical tool by applying descriptive, regression and mediation tests. The study’s findings revealed that entrepreneurship curriculum and university entrepreneurship support have significantly influenced both entrepreneurship self-efficacy and intention. However, entrepreneurship lecturers’ competency was found to have an insignificant relationship with entrepreneurship self-efficacy and intention. The influence of entrepreneurship self-efficacy towards entrepreneurship intention was also significant. Meanwhile, the mediating effect of entrepreneurship self-efficacy between entrepreneurship education components (curriculum, lecturers’ competency, and university entrepreneurship support) and entrepreneurship intention were all significant. Thus, this study has provided insights for various stakeholders, predominantly academicians, HLIs, and policymakers, to understand the current scenario on the effectiveness of Malaysia’s entrepreneurship education.

Interprétation de l’hydrogéochimie de la Molasse d’Eau Douce Supérieure (Obere Süßwassermolasse) dans la région de Munich (Bavière, Allemagne) à l’aide d’une analyse multivariée et d’une modélisation géologique en 3D

AbstractIntense use of groundwater in urban areas requires appropriate monitoring, which in turn necessitates proper data management with employment of increasingly sophisticated statistical methods and mapping tools. An example of such an urban area with intensive use of groundwater is the study area of GeoPot Project, namely Munich (Germany) and its surroundings. The aim of the presented study was to provide a description of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the aquifers occurring in the Quaternary and Upper Freshwater Molasse (German: Obere Süßwassermolasse – OSM) sediments and to further improve the understanding of interactions between the aquifers. The focus was put on the identification of hydrochemical facies, the chemical signatures of different water types, an understanding of occurring processes, and spatial relationships between the aquifers. In order to deal with hydrogeochemical data generated for this study, as well as with data coming from existing external databanks (e.g. BIS-BY), a methodology of quality assurance was developed. The analytical methods focused on multivariate statistics. To enhance the interpretation of the obtained clusters, a recently developed three-dimensional geological model was used for better understanding and presentation. It was found that in the study area, deeper aquifer systems represent the most distinct hydrogeochemical signature of the Na–HCO3 water type. In the remaining clusters, a transition from deeper (alkaline) to shallow (alkaline-earth) groundwater can be observed. The results of the study can be utilized for improved, sustainable groundwater management.

The Innovative Integration of College Students’ Mental Health Education and the Path of Civic and Political Education in the Perspective of Educational Psychology

Abstract This work presents the automated assessment method of civic education using fusion psychology. The basis for it is the development of abilities in psychological and civic education. Five first-level evaluation indicators and seventeen second-level indicators have been filtered out. The computerized assessment model of Civic and Political Education of Integrated Psychology is constructed with timeliness by preprocessing the quantified index data with dynamic clustering and fusion using the fuzzy C-mean clustering algorithm, which is based on the evaluation indexes and training sample set. The research program on the relationship between mental health education and civics instruction is designed with the incorporation of mental health into the civics course as the starting point. Statistical analysis tools are used to analyze civics education examples that incorporate mental health education from the perspective of educational psychology. The model in this paper may successfully enhance the precision of the evaluation of the standard design of Civic and Political Education, which includes mental health education, as evidenced by its smaller RMSE and MAE of the evaluation results when compared with BP and RBF, which are 0.3151 and 0.1834, respectively. Cultural confidence appears to have a partly mediation effect between curricular citizenship and mental health since curricular civics positively impacts cultural confidence (p&lt;0.001), and neither curricular civics nor cultural confidence is beneficial to mental health (p&lt;0.001). The purpose of this study is to offer guidance for advancing the development and integration of political, ideological, and mental health education. College students’ overall growth in morality, intelligence, physical fitness, and aesthetics is greatly influenced by this.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL FUND: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SELECTED HYBRID (AGGRESSIVE HYBRID FUNDS &amp; CONSERVATIVE HYBRID FUNDS) MUTUAL FUND SCHEME IN INDIA

This above study focused on a comparative analysis of selected aggressive hybrid and conservative hybrid mutual fund schemes in Indian mutual fund market, covering the period from January 2020 to December 2023. The study aims to evaluate the performance of these mutual fund schemes and compare their risk and return components. Data for the analysis was collected from secondary sources, including historical Net Asset Values (NAV) and Factsheets provided by Asset Management Companies (AMCs). Various statistical tools such as Rate of Return (RoR), Alpha, Beta, Standard Deviation, Sharpe ratio, Jensen's Ratio, and Treynor's Ratio were utilized to assess the performance and risk-adjusted returns of the selected mutual fund schemes. The findings indicate that the ICICI Prudential Equity &amp; Debt Fund outperformed among aggressive hybrid funds, showed the highest annual returns and superior risk-adjusted performance. On the other hand, for conservative hybrid funds, the Kotak Debt Hybrid Fund - Direct Plan exhibited the highest annual returns, while the ICICI Prudential Regular Savings Fund - Direct Plan demonstrated strong returns and risk-adjusted performance. The above study highlights the importance of considering risk tolerance and investment objectives before making investment decision and selecting mutual fund schemes. Investors should carefully understand the both historical performance and risk metrics to make well informed investment decisions in consideration with their financial objectives and risk preferences.

Constraints and Suggestions of Fruit Crop Growers of Vijayapura District, India

The study was conducted in Vijayapura district of Karnataka during 2019-20 to analyse the constraints and suggestions of fruit crop growers. Forty each grape, lime and pomegranate growers were selected by use of simple random sampling technique. Thus, making a total sample size of 120. Personal interview method was used to collect data and appropriate statistical tools were applied to analyse the data. The findings revealed that, with respect to the constraints faced by fruit crop growers in fruit crop production, production constraints were lack of irrigation facilities (87.50%) followed by high cost of inputs (73.33%). Major financial constraints were non-availability of credit at right time (73.33%) followed by inadequate credit (70.83%). High wages (70.00%) and non-availability of labourer (61.67%) were the main issues relating to labour constraints. Regarding marketing constraints, fluctuating price (87.17%) followed by delayed cash payment and exploitation by middlemen (77.50%) were the major constraints. The suggestions offered by the fruit crop growers are provision for irrigation facility (85.00%) followed by provision of timely and adequate market information (76.67%), protection from exploitation by middlemen (75.00%). Provision for suitable market infrastructure, timely and adequate credit, timely and adequate cash payment, continuous power supply, interest free credit and longer repayment period for credit were other suggestions offered to improve the returns from fruit crop cultivation.

DEMYSTIFYING A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR ADOPTION OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY AMONG WOMEN MICRO ENTERPRISES

This is a conceptual paper to demystify a new framework for adoption of Financial Technology (FinTech) among women microenterprises (WMSME) in Peninsular Malaysia who are involved in traditional home-based businesses that rely heavily on cash on delivery as payment system. Previous epidemics experience suggests that COVID-19 impact vulnerable groups and amplify any existing social and economic inequalities that are faced by women micro enterprises (WMSME). While the Malaysian government has allocated RM230million in financing to assist women entrepreneurs affected to manage liquidity and increase business capacities, little has been done on improving the financial digital literacy that would improve the business transactions through adoption of FinTech. Because of the infectivity rate of the virus through manual cash payment, adopting FinTech that is a combination of financial services and information technology, is crucial to facilitate business transactions. The use of FinTech in Malaysia is not optimal because of the high cost to switch to technology, lack of understanding of the use of FinTech, and limited ability of rural communities to apply FinTech. It is even more difficult for WMSME that operate from home who have limited exposure to sophisticated business transactions outside their home. Factors relevant to WMSMEs are proposed as the theoretical framework to demystify the intention to adopt FinTech to suit the home-based business. Purposeful sampling in which an online survey is proposed to be used as primary data collection and subsequently analyze with statistical tools to meet the objectives of determining the relationship between perceived ease of use and intention to adopt FinTech among WMSMEs, examining the relationship between financial literacy and intention to adopt FinTech among WMSME, examining the relationship between government incentives and intention to adopt FinTech among WMSMEs in line with the aim to demystify the fundamentals for future research and practice.

UTILIZATION PATTERN OF DIVERSE ICT TOOLS BY COASTAL FARMERS DURING THE WARNING STAGES OF CYCLONES

Despitenumerous advanced scientific technologies, we are still at the mercy of some uncontrollable natural calamities. A tropical cyclone is one of the most devastating hydrological disasters among them. Along with violent wind, torrential rain, high wave, destructive storm surges and coastal flooding, the cyclone is responsible for considerable losses to Indian agriculture. After all, farmers are informed, aware, and cope with these difficulties successfully with past experiences, warn through various ICT tools, social media and organizational sources (Pratik and Vinaya, 2022). The study was carried out with a specific objective to determine the utilization pattern of information sources in the cyclone’s early warning stages. Purposively the state of Odisha was selected because it is vulnerable to cyclonic events. 8 villages from 2 coastal districts of the state were considered for the study, and 20 respondents from each village made the sample size 160. The primary data was collected through a well-structured interview schedule and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Results divulged that Television was available to 96.25 percent of the respondents, followed by Mobile phones (71.25%), Smartphone (67.50%), Radio (35.63%), Laptop (22.50%), Personal computer (14.38%) and Tablets (5.53%). TV news was the major social media with mean score (3.55) ranked first, followed by SMS (3.50) and Whatsapp (3.26) which the majority of the farmers regularly retrieve information. In contrast, Blog, with a mean score (2.04) was the least used social media by a small proportion of farmers to gain information before cyclones. With comparision to information access through various social media sources, independent variables such as Education, social participation, annual family income, source of credit were found to be positively significant at 1% level of significance, p&lt;0.01, while mass media exposure and extension contact were at 5% level of significance. In the community, there were 5 primary organizational sources, out of which 51.87% of respondents informed through all of the organization where 19.38% of respondents were from 4 sources, followed by 11.88% from 3 sources, 13.75% from 2 sources and 3.12% from a single source. Early warning and information create a great advantage in dealing with such climatic vagaries.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE PROFILE OF STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR LEVEL OF CONVERGENCE IN AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION SYSTEM

Convergence is being made to achieve the common objectives and mutual benefits between partners for targeted project, programmes and /or schemes, where both are sharing their values and outcomes. The present study was carried out in seven districts of South Gujarat during 2020. The six types of stakeholders were playing pivotal role in AIS hence the list of each type of stakeholder were obtained from the concerned authorities. A simple random sampling method was adopted to obtain respondents sample size. Thus, 30 researchers, 50 extensionists, 30 In-charge of NGOs, 30 managers of private agencies, 50 owner of agro-service providers and 50 progressive farmers were selected. All the 240 stakeholders were randomly selected. The statistical tools and method was used to analyze the data were frequency, percentage, arbitrary method and correlation of coefficient. The data represents that overwhelming majority (92.91%) of the respondents as stakeholders had poor to good level of convergence in AIS. The data also reveals that the age, communication ability, information seeking behaviour, mass media exposure, cohesiveness, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among researchers in AIS. The data tells that the age, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among extensionists in AIS. While, communication ability was significantly corelated with convergence among extensionists. The data reveals that the age, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among in charge of NGOs in AIS. While, information seeking behavior, mass media exposure and cohesiveness were significantly corelated with convergence among in charge of NGOs. The data shows that the age, mass media exposure, cohesiveness, stress management and management orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among manager of private agency in AIS. While, communication ability and information seeking behavior were significantly corelated with convergence among manager of private agency. The data reveals that the age, education, annual income, land holding, extension participation, innovativeness, mass media exposure, achievement motivation, cohesiveness and risk orientation had highly significant correlation with convergence among agro service providers in AIS. While, communication ability and information seeking behavior had significantly corelated with convergence among agro service providers in AIS.

KNOWLEDGE OF FARMERS REGARDING PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA

The present investigation was conducted to known knowledge level of farmers regarding Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). The study was conducted in North Gujarat. From North Gujarat, three districts and from each selected district three talukas were purposively selected. Five villages from each taluka and from each village eight crop insured farmers were selected randomly. Multistage sampling method was followed for selection of the crop insured farmers. Thus, total 360 crops insured farmers were selected as sample size. The data were collected through personal interview and it was compiled, tabulated and analyzed to get proper answer with the help of various appropriate statistical tools. From the result of the study it can be concluded that 58.89 per cent of crop insured farmers had high to very high level of knowledge regarding PMFBY. Age, education, land holding, annual income, economic motivation, decision making ability, social participation, source of information and extension participation were highly significantly related with level of knowledge level of farmers towards PMFBY.

PENGARUH PERPUTARAN PIUTANG, PERPUTARAN PERSEDIAAN, PERPUTARAN UTANG DAN SIKLUS KONVERSI KAS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS

This study aims to identify the effect of working capital components such as accounts receivable turnover, inventory turnover, debt turnover, and the cash conversion cycle on profitability. The research data uses financial reports for food and beverage sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2017-2021 period. The statistical tool used is Stata with secondary data types. The result of this research indicates that inventory turnover and the cash conversion cycle has a negative effect on profitability, while debt turnover has a positive effect on profitability and accounts receivable turnover has no effect on profitability. The board of management needs to manage working capital efficiently to maintain the company’s sustainability.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROFILE OF BENEFICIARIES AND IMPACT OF ACTIVITIES ORGANIZED BY KVK

The study was conducted in the Navsari district of South Gujarat. All six talukas were selected for the study. Two adopted villages were selected using the lottery methods and ten respondents from each village were selected following simple random sampling. Therefore, a total of 120 beneficiaries were selected for the study. The appropriate measuring techniques/scale for dependent and independent variables were also chosen, and a well-structured interview schedule was developed accordingly. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tools and methods for analysis. The finding of this study revealed that the variable like revealed that education, farming experience, annual income, extension contact, risk orientation, social participation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, innovativeness was found to be positive and significant relationship with impact of activities organized by KVK Navsari and land holding was found positive significantly related. Whereas, age and types of family was found non-significant relationship with impact of activities organized by KVK Navsari.