Tons Of Milk Research Articles

Dependence of milk productivity of red steppe cows on balanced diets

Today, livestock farming is characterized by intensive development, rapid adoption of technology and an active increase in animal productivity. The genetic potential of dairy cattle allows for increased milk production, but feed remains a limiting factor. High cow productivity, increased reproductive capacity, and long-term economic feed use can only be achieved with a complete, balanced diet containing all-sufficient nutrients. The research was conducted at a breeding farm for red steppe cattle of the Azovskoye CJSC, Azovskoye District, Omsk Region. The dairy productivity of cows is determined by the quality of their feed and the adequacy of their nutrition. Rumen and postrumen digestion, feed intake, productivity, and cattle health depend on the ruminant’s diet value. The total content of nutrients, macro-and micro-nutrients, vitamins and amino acids in the feed is determined to assess the nutritional value of the feed. Equally important are the physical properties of the meal. When formulating diets for high-yielding cows, the main parameters to consider are particle size, particle length of feed raw material or feed fragments, and the amount of bulk grass feed. At the Azovskoye farm, feeding is done from the Hostin feeder-mixer three times a day. Dairy cows are fed large quantities of bulky fodder, which is a rich source of fibre, which accounts for the structural value of the ration. Milk production increases every year. In 2019, for example, 6,747.3 tonnes of milk were produced, increasing 248.9 tonnes compared to 2018. High productivity, reproductive capacity and the longevity of economic use of breeding cows can only be achieved with nutritionally balanced feed.

The need for national livestock surveillance in Pakistan.

Ranked amongst the top five milk-producing countries globally, the Pakistan dairy industry can help to overcome food shortage and hunger, alleviate poverty and positively impact economic growth. This influencing role could potentially be more significant while the COVID-19 pandemic severely affects humanity, challenges the economy and increases the risk of global food shortage. However, its large national population of dairy livestock contrasts with Pakistan's top-five ranking, indeed, four to five Pakistani cows produce milk equivalent to one dairy cow of countries with a well-developed dairy industry. Low milk yield per cow negatively impacts the national production and compromises the development of an efficient processing sector, such that consumers are very often forced to use adulterated milk sold by local 'milkmen.' As a consequence, while committed to alleviating global hunger, Pakistan imports in excess of half a million tons of milk and milk-based products annually. Many studies have identified unproductive, inefficient and imprecise management issues combined with poor genetics and imbalanced nutrition as the leading barriers to improvement in the Pakistani dairy livestock sector. At an individual level, lack of awareness, affordability issues, illiteracy and low ambition of a large percentile of dairy farmers creates additional significant barriers. To address low productivity and poor genetics, Pakistani corporate farms and wealthier individual farmers import genetically improved breeds to attain high milk yields. However, they are then faced with the challenge of managing such breeds to attain sustainable and persistent milk yields under Pakistani climatic conditions, often risking excessive culling even to the point of business liquidation. In developed dairy industries, automated sensor-based livestock management systems are now available to help monitor, compute, and optimize procedures in real-time and are proven to increase productivity and profitability. The term precision livestock farming (PLF) is used to describe systems that monitor individual animals or groups of animals to overcome management deficiencies and optimize productivity. My stance in this Opinion Paper is that adopting and utilizing such precision technologies may support Pakistan in raising its livestock resources toward greater productivity, thereby helping to overcome the global food shortage.

Assessment of productive longevity in cows of modern black-and-white cattle

The Ural type of the domestic black-and-white breed is distinguished by high productivity indicators, good suitability for use in the conditions of industrial milk technology. High productivity is accompanied by a decrease in productive longevity, which raises new questions for livestock workers. The assessment of the productive longevity of cows, depending on belonging to the line, is relevant and has practical significance. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest lifetime milk yield had animals of the Siling Trijun Rokita line, which in this indicator exceeded the rest by 23015 - 30647 kg or by more than 54.0 - 72.0%. In each group there are animals that have low productivity and cows with a high lifetime milk yield of over 65-77 tons of milk. Cows of the Siling Trajun Rokita line have high rates of productive longevity – 5.9 lactation, and the other lines have low from 1.4 to 2.4 lactation. The genetic potential of productive longevity of cows of all lines (with the exception of the Pabs Governer line) is high 9 - 10 lactation. An increase in the duration of lactation does not significantly affect the overall milk productivity of cows.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЭФФЕКТ ОТ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ И УТИЛИЗАЦИИ НАВОЗОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СТОКОВ ДОИЛЬНОГО ЗАЛА

The abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production is an important task of today. One solution is to reduce the generated amount of organic waste and the number of operations required for its transportation and application as they contribute to lower fuel consumption. A mitigation measure of carbon dioxide emissions is to cut down the quantity of manure-bearing wastewater from milking parlors and use it most effectively. The study aimed to assess the environmental effect of this measure. The carbon dioxide emissions were assessed by comparing two technologies. Technology 1 included the use of milking parlor wastewater in a greenhouse and the field application of manure. Technology 2, the basic one, featured the field introduction of milking parlor wastewater mixed with manure. A mathematical optimization model was applied to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions per ton of milk. The optimization problem solving showed that these emissions from the farm with 600-650 milking cows may differ by 4.9% depending on the technology option. The normative data and theoretical research results were used to calculate the carbon dioxide emissions from the fertilizer application units for a farm with 640 milking cows and a specific wastewater output of 7 l/cow/day. The planned milk productivity was 25 kg/cow/day. The MZHT-23 fertilizer application machine aggregated by T-150K tractor was employed. This machine unit transported the liquid organic fertilizers over a distance of 7 km and had a capacity of 22.9 t/h. The study established that the technology with manure management in the greenhouse (Technology 1) will reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the units transporting organic fertilizers to the fields by 11.1%, as compared with the basic technology.

ВЕТЕРИНАРНО-САНИТАРНАЯ ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА МОЛОКА КОРОВ ПОСЛЕ ОБРАБОТКИ СОСКОВ ВЫМЕНИ ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ

Under supervision were 1,400 cows with a productivity of more than 13.0 tons of milk in 305 days of lactation, which were divided into 4 groups: the 1st experimental – hygienic products were not used; 2nd - animals treated nipples with a hygienic agent based on chlorhexidine bigluconate hydrochloride/aloe tree oil («CGB aloe»); 3rd - cows were treated with udder nipples with a disinfectant «Teasfoam Supercow»; 4th – the hygienic agent «ProfilacDryOff» was used. It was found that in cows after the use of «CGB aloe» before and after milking there is a pronounced positive correlation between the number of somatic cells and the concentration of lactoferin in milk (0,974... 0,993; p > 0,999) and a moderate negative correlation between free oxyproline and lactoferin content and lactoperoxidase activity (0,477... 0,866; p > 0.95). The absence of biochemical changes in the milk of cows allows us to conclude that the use of hygienic agents before and after milking does not negatively affect the composition of milk. There is an increase of lactoperoxidase activity by 1.42 times and a decrease of lactoferin concentration by 2.52 times compared to their content in milk of cows without application of hygienic agents. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusion can be made: disinfection of nipples by the hygienic agent «CGB aloe» before and after milking cows does not prevent hyperkeratosis of nipples in 2.4% of animals. In addition, 12.1% are diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. When disinfecting udder nipples with the Teasfoam Supercow agent, hyperkeratosis of udder nipples was noted in 3.3% of cows, 12.9% had subclinical mastitis.

Milk Fortification with Vitamin A & D: A Need of the Hour in India

Micronutrient deficiency is caused by a diet deficient in important vitamins and minerals, and it continues to be a serious public health issue for many low- and middle-income countries' populations. Vitamin A and D deficiency is extremely common in India, affecting both young children and adults. With 146.3 million tonnes of milk produced annually, India is the world's largest producer, yet only around 9% of the milk is fortified with vitamins and minerals.
 Milk fortification is one of the treatments for vitamin deficiency. Milk is one of the most nutrient-dense foods available. In India, it is a staple dish that is consumed by people of all age groups. Regular consumption of fortified milk led to an 18% reduction in diarrhoea, a 26% reduction in pneumonia, 7% fewer days with a high fever, and 15% fewer days sick with severe sickness. Out of 416 LLPD produced, about 198.4 LLPD gets fortified currently in India, reaching about 121 million people. There is still a significant gap between production and fortification. Governments must take appropriate steps to improve milk fortification and make India a healthy country.

The dynamics of dairy farming development in Belarus

The authors analyze the dynamics of the Belarusian dairy sector development within a period from 2016 to 2020 being one of the major internal and external market suppliers of milk and dairy products. Since 2011, per capita growth has reached 141 kg. Export opportunities are expanding as well. It is noted that provision of milk in this period has been stable, with the gross production reaching 7765 thousand tons of milk by 2020, or 828 kg per capita. With its share of 38,8 to 43,8% in 2016–2020, milk and dairy products were playing a leading role in the agricultural produce export ratio. The number of dairy cattle in the republic amounts to 1485 heads, as of 1st January 2021. National dairy facilities and milk industry capacities in general are being gradually renovated and subjected to technological improvements, which helps with increasing the output ration of the “extra” class milk. The industry’s needs in highly productive dairy cattle and pedigree livestock for export are well secured on account of 32 cattle breeding farms and 6 genetic selection centers. Dairy industry was given specific targets set out in the five-year program for a 2016–2020 period. During the National Programme implementation with regards to the dairy sector development, the goals set by the programme have been achieved by 90,4%.

THE ROLE OF MEMBRANE DISTILLATION IN REMOVAL OF MG2+ FROM DAIRY WASTEWATER

The dairy industry has become a great source of human development in terms of providing the necessary amount of energy and calories, in addition to the vitamins needed to sustain life. Iraq is one of the largest countries that are dairy-producing and it is expected that the average per capita consumption of dairy products will increase from 52 litres to more than 60 litres during the next three years, then to more than 90 litres by 2025. Dairy production needs to consume large quantities of water It needs to consume 2-6 cubic meters of water to produce one ton of milk. These large quantities of water will lead to the discharge of large amounts of wastewater, which may reach 70% of the water used. Over the years I have used various techniques and methods for treating dairy wastewater. In this study, the membrane permeation removal technique (MD) was used to find out how efficient this technique is in removing the magnesium ion from the milk laboratory wastewater. The results came with the possibility of this technique in removing a small percentage of up to 9.76% at a temperature of approximately 45 degrees Celsius, which is a small percentage compared to the concentration of the interior and the effort exerted. For this reason, it is not recommended to use this mechanism to remove magnesium from dairy wastewater.

Culling and mortality of dairy cows: why it happens and how it can be mitigated.

The United Nations estimates that the global population will total 9.7 billion in 2050. Rapid population growth pose a significant obstacle to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly eradicating hunger and poverty. In view of the expanding population growth, food production ideally should triple to prevent massive food shortages. Sustainable food and nutrition security is the focal point of the dairy industry. Dairy production plays a pivotal role in addressing and advancing global food and nutrition security. It serves as a major source of protein, calcium, and phosphorus in many families in developing countries with a fast-growing population. Consequently, the dairy industry is expected to grow by approximately 26% in the next 10 years and produce an estimated 1077 million tonnes of milk by 2050. However, the growth and distribution of the dairy industry is limited by many factors such as culling and mortality of dairy cows. Several studies highlight reproduction failures, old age, poor milk yield, diseases (mastitis, lameness, and dystocia), and heat stress as some reasons for culling of dairy cows. Hence, this review highlights the factors influencing culling and mortality in dairy production farms, and discusses mitigating measures to limit culling.

A preliminary PCR based genotyping of Vechur and Holstein cattle breeds for A1 and A2 beta-casein types

Dairy farms in India consists over 304 million cows and buffaloes; hence, considered the largest dairy herd in the world, with a production of 112.5 million tons of milk. Cattle of Kerala are mainly classified as crossbreed and indigenous. Milk is the soul source of any dairy products and thus important source protein, energy and micronutrients such as Ca, Mg, P and vit. B12. A1 and A2 are the two types of milk. BCM-7(Beta Casomorphin-7) which is believed to cause autism, schizophrenia and other non-communicable disorders is produced by digesting A1 milk. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the status of A1 and A2 alleles of a beta- casein gene in high-quality milk yielding cattle breed Vechur and high milk yielding exotic breed Holstein. Highquality DNA was extracted from the venous blood of the Vechur and Holstein cows and subjected to the PCR amplification of the Beta-Casein Gene. PCR products were visualized and sequenced. Sequence analysis was done for the genetic characterization of the gene in Vechur and Holstein cattle breeds. The sequences showed the characteristic difference in the nucleotides between the Vechur and the Holstein breed in the gene. In conclusion, the role of beta-casomorphin in physiological functions remains argumentative and we need more research to resolve the mechanism and study physiological functions of β-casomorphin and variation of the cow breeds in the world.

Training and Mentoring of Probiotic Milk Fermentation Technology Development in Purwodadi Village, Purwodadi Sub-District, Pasuruan

Purwodadi sub-district has a surplus of dairy milk with a production of 25 tons of milk per day per KUD. There are 4 milk industry in Purwodadi sub-district as suppliers of PT Nestle. The problem is, dairy products are not entirely absorbed by the market, so it is necessary to look for breakthroughs in the distribution of dairy products that have an average price of IDR 8,000-13,000 per liter. Diversification of milk into fermented milk products will increase prices by five times, so that it is expected to increase people's income, because not only is the product variant increasing, but the market is also increasing. The result of the training shows that all participants experience a significant increase in knowledge, indicated by higher post-test result compared to the pre-test result. Another result known is that this probiotic-fermented milk can be used as a medium for a source of economic improvement for the family. This is proven when yogurt made by the community of Purwodadi has been sold among them as an additional drink during community meetings. Apart from that, this training will create a climate that enables the potential of the Youth Organization (Karang Taruna) and Family Welfare Program (PKK) to develop, namely to build group creative power by encouraging, motivating, and raising awareness of the potential of the village and efforts to develop it.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ ВЫСОКОСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ КРЕМНИЙ СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ДОБАВОК ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

The influence of highly structured silicon-containing zeolite enriched with the amino acid complex "VitaAmin" on the general state of the body and productivity indicators in dairy cows and calves was studied. The object of the study for this purpose was selected black-and-white cattle. The first group – control, the second-experience, with the introduction of supplements in the diet. As an additive, we used natural zeolite from the Yushanskoye deposit in the Ulyanovsk region, which was subjected to technological processing in the factory. We used a new technology of activation, structuring, dehydration, and enrichment of zeolite with amino acids. This supplement is of pure natural origin, does not contain chemical components. In young animals, the average daily weight gain increases by 14.9 %, compared with the control. The average daily milk yield of cows during the experiment was 24.7 kg of milk, compared to 20.88 kg in the control. The increase was 3.82 kg per day, for the experiment 0.687 tons of milk was obtained additionally due to the use of the additive. Under its influence, the processes of milk synthesis, metabolism, and anabolic processes in young animals are activated in the body of cattle.

English

Milk is a vital constituent of the human diet. It is a rich source of high biological value protein and essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus and potassium. It has protective effects against many acute and chronic diseases. Milk gives comparatively rapid returns to small scale livestock keepers. Huge quantity of milk is produced by small farmers in developing countries like Pakistan and it is expected that demand for milk will increase by 25 percent by 2025. Pakistan is the world's fifth- largest producer of milk and produces about 60 million metric ton of milk in a year. Only 6 percent of milk is being pasteurized. Livestock sector in Pakistan contributes 11.10 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Approximately 35 million households in rural areas are associated with the profession of dairy industry in Pakistan. Pasteurized milk is much better than raw milk because pasteurization is a preventive measure of public health significance as it makes the milk safe for human use. The main objective of this study was to find out the willingness to pay by consumers for the purchase of pasteurized milk. In this regard, interviews were conducted from 150 households during May, 2020 from 3 localities namely Ghulam Muhammad Abad, Muhammad Pura and Marzi Pura in Jinnah town District Faisalabad. Binary logistic model was applied to explore variation in various measures of the respondents’ willingness to pay. The results of the model revealed that factors like income, education, expenses on milk, number of children and milk source were found significant for willingness to pay. Further, household is spending on an average 11% of his income on milk consumption and is willing to pay Rs. 7.5 per liter for pasteurized milk. These findings have essential implications for policy makers.

Revival of the resource potential of cattle breeding as a factor in the development of competitiveness of enterprises of the dairy product subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine

Permanent crises in the Ukrainian economy, the devaluation of the hryvnia, the decline in incomes of the population and its purchasing power, increased competition on the world market, and the constant increase in world prices for food and non-food products created new realities of functioning of enterprises of the dairy sub-complex of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and led to its transformation. Therefore, the study of the reasons for the existence of these trends is very relevant. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of the sub-complex and the development of practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of its functioning. The performed study was based on the use of methods: qualitative analysis and synthesis, economicstatistical analysis, comparisons, analytical and logical generalisations, etc. At the beginning of 2021, the total number of cattle in Ukraine was 2.874 million heads and over the past 10 years decreased by 1.952 million heads, including cows by 0.958 million heads. Milk production remains small-scale. In 2020, 9.263 million tonnes of milk were produced (17.66% less than in 2010). A substantial reduction in the volume of milk supplies for processing led to a reduction in the number of processing enterprises in 2020 by 69.14% compared to 1990. The main factors of transformation of the dairy sub-complex in Ukraine include: reduction of the number of cows, insufficient quantity of high-quality dairy raw product and their non-compliance with the regulations and standards of the European Union, low technological level of milk production, insufficient control over the quality of raw product, lack of modern equipment, high capital and labour intensity of production processes, rising prices for energy and other resources, reduced consumption of dairy products due to low purchasing power, increased competition in the world and internal markets of dairy products, etc. The conducted research should help to solve and highlight the main functional problems of milk processing enterprises that operate in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, the results of the above-mentioned studies can be useful and relevant for the revival of dairy cattle breeding in the post-war period

A retrospective survey of the factors responsible for culling and mortality in dairy farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Globally, the dairy industry estimates the production of 1077 million tonnes of milk by 2050, and this estimation is influenced by a fast-growing population. However, diseases and conditions leading to culling and mortality of dairy cows are limiting dairy production output. The objective of this study was to identify and document the factors responsible for culling and mortality in dairy farms in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. This was done using secondary data from the dairy farms’ records and computer software. The most frequent reason for culling dairy cows was reproduction problems such as infertility (7.9%), reproductive failure (89.9%), and dystocia (1%). Various factors such as stock-theft (3.6%), indigenous breed (8.2%), and age (2.7%) accounted for the second most prevalent factors for the culling of dairy cows. Poor milk yield and health-related factors such as redwater (33.8%), milk fever (23.3%), and heartwater (6.8%) were amongst the major factors responsible for the culling of dairy cows. A total of 1774 dairy cows died in the study farms from 2015 to 2019, and cause of death was not specified except for drowning (0.01%) and snake bite (1%). There was an association between the reasons for culling and the season of culling. This study provides baseline information on the leading causes of culling and mortality. Pathogens such as Brucella abortus and Coxiella burnetii need further investigation starting with the screening and testing methods, and frequencies of screening and testing to develop strategies to minimize the persistent issue of culling due to reproduction problems. Also, further research on strategies to combat the interference of nearby communities on dairy farms is recommended.

Factors of transformation of the dairy subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine

One of the main ways to overcome the existing problem of providing the country’s population with proteins of animal origin is, among other things, to increase the production and consumption of milk and dairy products. Based on this, consideration of the existing problems of the functioning of the dairy subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of the country is extremely relevant. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of the subcomplex and to develop practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of its functioning. The research was based on the application of methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, factor and economic and statistical comparative analysis, analytical and logical generalisations, etc. In contrast to the existing positive trend of growth in milk production in the world, in dairy farming in Ukraine, there is a constant reduction in the number of cows and milk production. Over the past 10 years alone, the number of cattle in the country has decreased by 1.952 million heads, including cows by 0.958 million heads, and milk production in 2020 amounted to 9.263 million tons of milk (17.64% less than in 2010). There was a reduction in the number of milk processing enterprises. Thus, in 2020, there were only 192 of them left (of which 178 worked) or only 29.86% of their number in 1990. All this resulted in the fact that the actual consumption of milk per capita in 2020 was only 53.13% of the scientifically based standards of consumption of milk and dairy products. According to the results of the research, it was established that the decrease in the number of cows, without considering the growth of their productivity in farms of all categories, reduced the production of dairy raw materials. The results of the research allow identifying the main factors that affect the reduction in the production of milk and its derivatives. After analysing the state and trends in the development of dairy farming, it can be argued that the increase in the production of quality and safe milk and its supply for processing requires the cooperation of farms and households. Together, they can ensure the stability of production of the necessary volumes of milk, appropriate quality and safety and ensure the supply of significant volumes of raw materials to large processors. Possible areas and innovative technologies of animal husbandry and milk production and processing require further research

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО АВТОМАТИЧНОГО МОБІЛЬНОГО ПУНКТУ ДЛЯ ЗАГОТІВЛІ МОЛОКА

The purpose of the research – to conduct experimental testing aimed at evaluating of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production. Research methods. During the testing of the automatic mobil milk receiving unit of domestic production the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods given in DSTU 7435: 2013 and DSTU 3662: 2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424: 2015 and DSTU 4397: 2005, safety and ergonomics were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100: 2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was found that the automatic mobil milk collection unit АППМ-1 at the appropriate level measures the amount of delivered milk with an error of 0,9 %, which meets the requirements of the TU (up to 3,0 %). The water temperature for washing equipment is 58 °C, which meets the requirements of TU (50-60 °C). The system of washing of surfaces of the automatic point which are in contact with milk provides high-quality washing of the equipment, existence of an intestinal stick (coli-titer) makes > 1,0 that meets requirements of TU (not less than 1,0). The period of acceptance, transportation and delivery of milk to the processing plant for one working cycle of procurement is 3,3 hours, which meets the requirements of the TU (not more than 4 hours). Productivity of the automatic point of reception of АППМ-1 milk during performance of technological process on reception, registration and transportation of milk in a radius of 30 km makes 363 l / h, for a radius of transportation in 50 km - 330 l / h, 100 km - 280 l / h, that meets the requirements of TU (275-360 l / h). Specific fuel consumption (liquefied gas) is 7,4 liters per ton of milk collected. Conclusions. The first experimental testing of the domestic automatic milk collection point APPM-1 showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the specified technological process of acceptance, registration, short-term storage of milk obtained in private farms and transporting it to processing enterprises, according to the quality of the process meets the requirements of technical conditions. The automatic milk collection point АППМ-1 is characterized by a high technical level and can be used in Ukraine.

The Carbon Footprint Of Smallholder Dairy Farming In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Agriculture sector is one of major sources of income and livelihood to many populations of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Over the past years animal production has been playing a vital role not only in generating revenues to farmers but also as a source of high qualitative proteins and essential micronutrients (i.e iron, zinc and vitamins) and boosting the agricultural productivity due to its importance in farmyards organic fertilization (i.e manure). Livestock production and Milk market in SSA are dominated by smallholder dairy farming (SDF) which employ nearly 70% of all livestock farmers. Despite its positive impact on people and SSA countries’ economy, SDF has been the major fastest growing agricultural contributors of GHG emissions such as CH4, N2O and CO2 (i.e 9t CO2e per tonne of milk; the highest in the world compared to other regions) thus accelerating global warming effect.Although several articles have investigated the impacts of livestock production on climate change, to the best of our knowledge the existing literature doesn’t contain any studies that provide insight review of smallholder dairy farming’s carbon footprint (CF) in SSA. This review paper is therefore aimed at critical analysis of current knowledge in terms of CF of smallholder dairy farming in SSA and effective mitigation strategies (dietary, manure and animal management) recently proposed to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from ruminants. SSA was selected because of rapid rise of SDF in the region therefore it is expected to rapidly increase its GHG emissions in future if no sustainable measures are taken.The critical analysis, what is known and gaps in SDF from this review will help to inform the farmers, researchers, decision and policy makers interested in GHG emissions thus to provide the next direction in research and improvement of the sector for sustainability. Capacity building for raising awareness among farmers was identified as paramount to better understand the issue and the options to mitigate emissions on-farm. As longer as adaptation and mitigation strategies become paramount on national and regional agenda, SDF will make significant contribution to economies, improved livelihood and become sustainable livestock production systems in SSA at large.

СЕЛЕКЦИОННЫЕ РЕЗЕРВЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВЕДЕНИЯ МОЛОЧНОГО ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВА

The article presents scientific research of breeding reserves for improving the economic efficiency of dairy cattle breeding. As a result of research at the enterprises of the Omsk region, it was found that with the improvement of the productive qualities of breeding animals, farms can receive an additional 144.84 tons of milk and 151 head of calves, for commodity enterprises the reserves are 572.205 tons of milk and 101 head of calves. In breeding reproducers, as a result of the First stage of return crossing and changes in the structure of the milking herd, the gross milk yield from the entire livestock for the full period of productive use of cows will increase by 221 tons and at the Second stage of crossing – by the same amount. All other things being equal, after two stages, the profit amount may increase by 4428 thousand rubles. A similar situation is predicted in commodity herds. According to the results of the return crossing at the end of First and Second stages, an increase in the gross milk yield from the entire livestock of 35.0 tons is expected. According to the forecast calculations, the change in the age composition of the herd of cows will have a positive impact on the economic efficiency of dairy farming in farms. In general, the return crossing on black-and-white cows up to 75% of the Holstein bloodline will increase the profit from the sale of milk by 108 thousand rubles, which proves the expediency for enterprises to use the studied crossing.

PARAMETERS OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF KEEPING AND FEEDING CATTLE USING ROBOTIC COW MILKING

The work aimed to develop advanced technology in dairy cattle breeding using robotic milking of cows for the production of high-quality milk and dairy raw materials. The research was conducted on an array of low-capacity enterprises, including farms of the NAAS Network (annual production of up to 20 thousand tons of milk). The possibility of a modular increase in the use of individual elements of robotic milking technology during its extension is analyzed and the main standard size is determined – 100-150 cows. An array of statistical and empirical data is processed, individual elements of the phenomenon under study are studied in detail on the example of specific objects, and parameters of milk production under certain conditions are developed and determined. The theoretical and methodological basis was official materials of the statistics department, legislative and regulatory acts of state authorities on the development of the agro-industrial complex, works of domestic and foreign scientists on the development of the agricultural sector. Determination of the rational level of the number of cattle, dairy productivity of cows and production parameters of the farm when using robotic cow milking technology is carried out based on monitoring the possibilities of using milking equipment (robot) in the conditions of various technological solutions. The rational technology of keeping cows and the level of their productivity – 7.5-8.0 thousand kg of milk per year-are justified, and the limits of the required average costs for a farm using robotic milking are determined. By certain parameters, the rational structure of the herd and its total number are justified. These indicators made it possible to establish the parameters of feed production and feed supply for the milk production enterprise by the established level of cow productivity, as well as to calculate the natural indicators of resource consumption and the required level of investment. In particular, the total demand for feed with the insurance fund is 20.9 thousand C of feed units., including mixed feed – 9.3 thousand centers of feed units. (of these, grain is 8.0 thousand centers of feed units), juicy-3.6 thousand C feed units., rough-5.0 thousand rubles. C feed units., green-2.6 thousand C feed units., animals – 0.4 thousand centers of feed. units. The total annual amount of revenue from the sale of dairy cattle products is 9072 thousand UAH. with the specified total cost of milk and beef in live weight, the total profit can be 3249 thousand UAH per year. Under these conditions, the level of profitability of dairy cattle production is 55.8 %.