Consumption Of Tobacco Products Research Articles

Hypertension among women in reproductive age in India: Can we predict the risk? An analysis from National Family Health Survey (2015-2016).

Hypertension in women of reproductive age group is of special concern because of the vulnerability of women to pregnancy-induced hypertension apart from socio-cultural vulnerability. The objective of the study was to identify the predictors for hypertension among Indian women and to develop a risk score which would provide an opportunity for early detection and appropriate action. This study was based on the data collected in National Family Health Survey in 2015-2016. Women in India of 15-49 years were the study population. Data were analysed using SPSS v17. Logistic regression analysis was carried and expressed as odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals to identify predictors of hypertension. The risk score for hypertension was developed after shrinkage of variables and by using regression coefficients obtained by standard Logistic Regression Model. Among 6,87,230 women between 15 and 49 years, 77,788 (11.3%) were hypertensive. The study results revealed that there was an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension (26.5%) with increasing age, and with increasing weight (23.4%). Urban areas (12.3% vs 10.9%), alcoholics (19.2%) and various forms of tobacco users (14.8%) had more prevalence of hypertension. Age, residing in urban area, consuming tobacco products, consumption of alcohol, non-vegetarian diet and overweight, were found to be the significant predictor variables, and were used to develop the Risk Prediction score using logistic regression model.

Analysis of the structure and dynamics of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products in the Russian Federation in 2019—2022

<h3></h3> В статье рассмотрены результаты 4-летнего мониторинга осведомленности населения о мерах по снижению распространенности потребления табачной и никотинсодержащей продукции в Российской Федерации, который проведен на базе Интернет-опросов с целью выявления трендов и новых тенденций в потреблении табака и никотина, осведомленности и источниках информирования населения. <h3>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</h3> Изучить тенденции в структуре потребления табачной и никотинсодержащей продукции населением различных возрастных групп, мужчинами и женщинами в Российской Федерации в период 2019—2022 гг. <h3>МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ</h3> В исследовании участвовали мужчины и женщины различных возрастных групп (всего 6 541 респондент), в том числе в опросе 2019 г. — 3181, в 2020 г. — 1281, в 2021 г. — 1053, в 2022 г. — 1026. Использован один и тот же опросник. Распределение респондентов по возрастам во всех опросах сопоставимо. В 2022 г. респонденты распределены в возрастных группах: 18 лет и младше — 5,8%, 19—29 лет — 29,6%, 30—39 лет — 25,7%, 40—49 лет — 23,3%, 50—59 лет — 12,1%, 60—69 лет — 3,1%, 70 лет и старше — 0,4%. Проведен анализ данных о потреблении различных видов продукции и их комбинаций, изучены причины начала употребления никотинсодержащей продукции, информированность об ограничительных законодательных мерах. <h3>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</h3> В 2019—2022 гг. выявлена тенденция к снижению потребления курительного табака. Самым распространенным употребляемым продуктом являлся курительный табак, доля потребителей бездымного табака оставалась низкой, отмечен тренд роста потребления кальяна. Показатели потребления электронных сигарет и средств нагревания табака имели тенденцию к увеличению. В 2022 г. выявлено возрастание в 3 раза комбинированного употребления различной продукции, относящейся к этому сегменту. Обнаружена низкая осведомленность респондентов об общественных местах, в которых употребление никотинсодержащей продукции запрещено. <h3>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</h3> Ежегодное проведение онлайн-опросов общественного мнения является эффективным инструментом для оценки трендов и выявления новых тенденций в потреблении табачной и никотинсодержащей продукции. Необходимо дальнейшее усиление мер по ограничению продажи и рекламирования этой продукции, а также по повышению эффективности информирования населения о вреде для здоровья и принимаемых законодательных нормах.

Efficacy of oral brush biopsy in the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders - a systematic review

Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in South East Asian countries due to increased consumption of tobacco products and alcohol and ranks sixth among the malignancies worldwide. Several screening modalities such as toluidine blue, Lugol's iodine staining, exfoliative cytology, and biopsy are being used to detect suspicious oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) at an early stage. Oral brush biopsy is a painless and less invasive technique that uses variations of a small brush to collect cells from all three layers of epithelium. The technique is non-invasive and promises to be an adjunct to the gold-standard histopathological examination and diagnosis of oral PMD. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to compile studies pertaining to diagnostic utility of oral brush biopsy with or without computer-assisted cytological analysis in the screening of innocuous oral PMDs for early detection of cancerous changes. Materials and Methods: Computerized literature search was performed to select eligible articles from the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), GOOGLE SCHOLAR, and SCIENCE DIRECT using specific keywords. The search was limited to articles published as full text in English, which were screened by two reviewers for eligibility. Results and Discussion: Six studies satisfied our inclusion criteria and found oral brush biopsy as a moderately reliable screening tool for early detection of dysplastic changes in oral PMDs. For oral brush biopsy, sensitivity and specificity obtained were 97.7% and 84.5%, respectively, in the detection of high-grade dysplasia. Conclusion: Brush cytology using a cytobrush is a reliable adjunct to histopathology in detecting oral premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Specificity and sensitivity of the technique requires further investigative clinical studies.

PECULIARITIES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF THE TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKET

The peculiarities of the organization of marketing activities of the tobacco products market are studied, the analysis of the marketing product policy of tobacco products in Ukraine is carried out on the example of Philip Morris International. It is noted that the product policy plays an important role in the commercial and marketing activities of the enterprise, as it determines the actions aimed at meeting the needs of consumers and achieving economic efficiency of the enterprise in the sale of products. The tobacco market in Ukraine is developing dynamically, despite efforts to reduce the consumption of tobacco products, and occupies a leading position in terms of tax contributions to the state budget. The tobacco industry is a highly competitive environment. Cigarette and tobacco production in Ukraine is controlled by multinational tobacco corporations that have set up joint ventures with former state-owned enterprises. As a result of the marketing analysis it was determined that the main representatives of the national market of tobacco products are Philip Morris Ukraine, Imperial Tobacco Group, Japan Tobacco International, PJSC «Pryluky». The SWOT analysis analyzed Philip Morris International’s product policy and identified the company’s strengths as it develops and sells dozens of popular regional, national and international brands, from Marlboro to Parliament. Despite various measures aimed at limiting the advertising and marketing opportunities of the tobacco industry, the company continues to transform its own brand into an annual company. One of the main shortcomings of the company’s global development is insecurity against the problems of the local economy. Changes in exchange rates can have a significant impact on business in key regions. Analyzing the effectiveness of the company’s product policy, on the example of products from different price segments of the market, it was determined that the product structure of Philip MorrisInternational is quite balanced and suggested possible ways to improve the company’s marketing activities.

Faktori rizika povezani sa hroničnim nezaraznim bolestima u populaciji žena centralne Srbije

Introduction Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are a major public health issue in many countries worldwide. The most significant risk factors for CNCD development are smoking, hypertension, hypercholes-terolaemia, alcohol consumption, obesity, poor diet and lack of physical activity. Assessment of prevalence and distribution of risk factors relat-ed to chronic noncommunicable diseases in the population of women of Central Serbia and defining the needs for preventive activities are the main objectives of this study. Cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 1182 women in their reproductive period (15-49 years of age) from Central Serbia, in the period from April 2019 to November 2021. The study was conducted by teachers and students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences at the University in Kragujevac using the methodology and tools of the STEP-wise Approach to Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factor Surveillance of the World Health Organisation (STEPS) with the support of the Ministry without portfolio charged with demographics and popula-tion policy of the Republic of Serbia. Commercial, standard SPSS soft-ware package version 18.0 (The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Inc, version 18.0, Chicago, IL)) was used for statistical calculations. In our study, 62.5% of the women consumed tobacco prod-ucts each day,while 68.5% had consumed alcohol in the last 12 months. A quarter of the respondents (27.9%) consumed fruit every day of the week, and a little under a half (43.2%) consumed vegetables every day. In addition, 40.1% of the women claimed that they added salt to their food before even tasting it, and one fifth said that they engaged in at least 10 continual minutes of high-intensity physical exercise (fitness, recreation, sports) in their free time. In conclusion, risk factors for CNCD exist among the women in Central Serbia, so it is necessary to undertake appropriate preventative measures.

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİ ARASINDA ORTOREKSİK EĞİLİMLER, SOSYODEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLER VE BESLENME DAVRANIŞLARI

Aim: This study aimed to determine the tendency to orthorexia nervosa (ON) and related factors among university students. Material and Method: The study, designed in the cross-sectional type, was carried out with the participation of a total of 816 students. The Orthorexia Nervosa Scale (ORTO-11) was used to evaluate the tendency for ON, and a structured questionnaire designed in line with the literature was used to evaluate the related factors. Results: The mean score that students got from the ORTO-11 scale was 27.24 ± 3.74. The level of ON was determined to be higher among female students and among individuals who did not consume tobacco products and alcohol, who read food labels on food packages, who often preferred organic food, who did not consume fast-food, or who had regular eating habits (p &amp;lt;0.05 for each category). Conclusions: The students were determined to have a tendency for ON. Determination of obsessional concerns of orthorexic individuals will be useful in the classification of the disease and development of diagnostic criteria.

Justification of measures to protect against exposure nicotine-containing products in enclosed spaces

Introduction. The introduction of amendments and additions to the anti-smoking Federal Law No. 15-FZ of 23.02.2013 in 2020 contributed to the cardinal revision of the name of this law and the introduction of a ban on consumption of any nicotine-containing products in public places. There are no separate, specially allocated isolated premises provided for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products by law, even though specially conducted studies have shown significantly different levels of additional inhalation risk arising from air pollution when consuming tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems or heating tobacco. The aim of the study: based on experimental data, to justify the multiplicity of air exchange in unique isolated rooms designed to protect against the effects of ambient tobacco smoke, the consequences of tobacco consumption or nicotine-containing products. Materials and methods. The study was subject to 3 types of nicotine-containing products: tobacco cigarettes (cigarettes), an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) and an electronic tobacco heating system (ETHS). In the course of the study were carried out: a series of experiments on the consumption of nicotine-containing products in various ways in a specially equipped indoor room, air sampling and laboratory studies were performed, the gross and specific emissions of chemicals entering the air environment from one unit of production per hour were calculated, the selection of priority chemicals for calculating the air removed from the room when using nicotine-containing products of each type was carried out, the necessary level of air exchange of premises was calculated, intended for the consumption of tobacco or nicotine. Results. The indoor air quality assessment showed that the main components of the gross intake into the air environment are suspended particles and carbon monoxide when smoking cigarettes. However, taking into account the values of the maximum permissible concentrations, the most significant contribution to the integral indicator is made by acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. Using ENDS, the most significant pollutants were acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide, using ETHS - acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. For all the investigation types of products, the priority substance for calculating the removed air is acetaldehyde, its share in the structure of all detected pollutants was: for cigarettes - 56.27%, for ENDS - 62.7%, for ETHS - 82.51%, in connection with which its specific values can be used to calculate the consumption of the removed air when modelling a specially allocated room intended for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products. Conclusion. The obtained findings demonstrated an obvious, more than 10-fold difference in the requirements for air exchange of premises intended for cigarette smoking and premises intended for the consumption of ENDS or ETHS, at the same intensity of consumption. Therefore, when organizing specially designated places for smoking or the consumption of nicotine-containing products, it is advisable to separate them depending on the type of products consumed: tobacco smoking separately, ENDS and ETHS consumption separately.

Impact of tobacco price and taxation on affordability and consumption of tobacco products in the South-East Asia Region: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTIONThe objective of the review was to study the impact of tobacco taxes or prices on affordability and/or consumption of tobacco products in WHO South-East Asia Region (SEAR) countries, overall and by socioeconomic status; and change in consumption of one tobacco product for a given change in price/tax on another tobacco product.METHODSThe searches were made in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, EconLit, Tobacconomics) using keywords such as ‘tobacco’, ‘tax’, ‘price’, ‘impact’ with their synonyms. Additionally, the first 100 articles through google search and e-reports from targeted sources were also reviewed. Studies illustrating the impact of prices/taxes on consumption/affordability of tobacco products in SEAR, in English and with no limitation on year, were included in the review. After two steps of screening, data from 28 studies were extracted using a structured and pre-tested data extraction form.RESULTSOf the 28 studies, 12 studies reported an inverse association between price and consumption/affordability, while 11 studies reported no or positive association between price and consumption/affordability of tobacco products. Five studies had unclear interpretations. The majority of studies estimated that the less affluent group were more price responsive compared to the more affluent group. Some studies indicated increased consumption of one product in response to price rise of another product, although, the findings were inconsistent.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of our review support the use of tobacco tax and price measures as effective tools to address the tobacco epidemic. Our findings, however, also emphasize the importance of increasing tobacco product taxes and prices sufficiently to outweigh the effects of income growth, in order for the measures to be effective in reducing the affordability and consumption of tobacco products.

E-cigarette and alternative tobacco products consumption among adolescents in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova – A repeated cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective: The main objective of the study was to evaluate e-cigarette and alternative tobacco product use in ninth-grade students from Chisinau. Methods: The repeated cross-sectional study collected data using a questionnaire administered in 2015 and 2018 among ninth-grade students in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. Absolute and relative frequencies of electronic cigarettes and alternative tobacco products ever use were calculated and 2015 data were compared with those collected in 2018. Results: The percentage of participants ever using electronic cigarettes in 2015 and 2018 respectively was 42.9% and 59.5% (p=0.001), ever using cigars was 14.9% and 15.9% (p=0.684), ever using pipes was 3.3% and 4.9% (p=0.205), ever using hookah was 17.4% and 21.7% (p=0.086), ever using chewing tobacco was 11.6% and 3.9% (p=0.039), ever using snus was 4.1% and 6.2% (p=0.135), and ever using snuff was 0.5% and 1.1% respectively (p=0.518). Exposure of participants to messages promoting electronic cigarettes was 31.0% in 2015 and 65.8% in 2018 (p&lt;0.0001). Consumption of electronic cigarettes was significantly associated with sex (boys 62.8% vs. girls 43.6%), school performance (low grades 61.5% vs. high grades 50.0%), exposure to pro e-cigarette messages (exposed 61.4% vs. not exposed 44.0%), perceived e-cigarettes harmfulness (less harmful 66.9% vs. more harmful 39.7%), and use of conventional cigarettes (ever tried 79.8% vs. never tried 24.6%). Conclusions: The study showed an important, statistically significant increase in the consumption of electronic cigarettes among ninth-grade students in Chisinau city, from 2015 to 2018 and an increased exposure to electronic cigarette advertising.

Prevalence and determinants of oral potentially malignant lesions using mobile health in a rural block, northeast India.

In a rural block in North East India, community health workers (CHW) empowered with a mobile phone-based application screened a total of 2,686 participants for Oral Potentially Malignant Lesions (OPMLs), and an oral medicine specialist recommended treatment remotely. Independent risk factors were determined using independent multiple logistic regression models. Nearly 700 (26%) participants were identified with OPMLs. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values and accuracy of the CHW was 70.3, 88.4, 66.8, 89.9% and 83.7% respectively. Male gender, married status, smokeless tobacco, paan, areca-nut and alcohol consumption were independent predictors of OPMLs, the burden of which in North East India can be attributed to the high consumption of tobacco and non-tobacco products. Such programmes, with the recommendations from remote specialists, will facilitate early detection in remote settings.

Evaluation of Various Factors Which Motivate Children in Ashram Schools of Central India Region to Consume Tobacco Products.

BackgroundTobacco is consumed in myriad forms in India. The rural population has to bear the brunt of smokeless tobacco products. This leads to several complications. More so, among the rural population, this habit comes into practice at a very young age.Aims and objectivesTo determine the prevalence of consumption of tobacco products among young adolescents, at the same time to evaluate the psychological motivation factors for the same.Materials and methodsA sample of 2,000 students of the ashram schools was given a detailed questionnaire which included the questions regarding accessibility, liking, source of motivation, and fear of health hazards.Statistical analysisThe statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS version 22, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Depending on the nature of the data, descriptive statistics were performed to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption and motivational factors associated with it.ResultsThe prevalence of tobacco consumption among children was 37.2%. Fifty-one percent of the tobacco users consumed kharra (a mixture of tobacco, lime, areca nut). Forty percent of the tobacco users began using tobacco after the age of 10 years. For 65% of the individuals’ tobacco products were easily accessible.ConclusionWith the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the easy accessibility to the products in the rural areas is responsible for the children to indulge in such a harmful habit.Clinical significanceThis study focused on the factors that motivate the school-going children in the ashram schools to consumption of various tobacco products. This can give a clear insight as to what measures need to be taken to curb such a problem.How to cite this articleSharma P, Kalaskar R. Evaluation of Various Factors Which Motivate Children in Ashram Schools of Central India Region to Consume Tobacco Products. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):554–557.

Novel Treatment Approach of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 6-year-old Girl: A Case Report

BackgroundOral submucous fibrosis is characterized by stiffness of oral mucosa, blanching and functional limitation, and areca nut predisposition is considered to be one of the main etiological factors. In recent years, there is an increasing prevalence of OSMF in the Indian subcontinent owing to increased consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Very few cases of pediatric OSMF are reported in PubMed literature. Oral submucous fibrosis has a malignant transformation rate of 7–13% and hence, it is important to intervene at an appropriate stage and manage it well in time.Aim and objectiveTo report a case of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in a 6-year-old Indian girl along with its management and follow-up.Case descriptionA 6-year-old girl of Indian origin was diagnosed with OSMF and we have used sesame oil pulling as a novel treatment approach and observed good results with long-term follow-up. We have also reviewed PubMed literature for cases of pediatric OSMF reported till date.ConclusionA timely diagnosis and intervention becomes necessary in pediatric OSMF to improve oral function and prevent malignant transformation.Clinical significanceIt is important to report oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) cases in pediatric patients and create awareness through health education programs so that parents and children know about the ill effects of consuming tobacco products.How to cite this articleGupta S, Gupta S, Chaudhary C, et al. Novel Treatment Approach of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 6-year-old Girl: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):575–579.

Psychosocial and behavioral characteristics of still smokers at 6 months after acute cerebro or cardiovascular events: preliminary findings from INEV@L, a prospective pilot study

Abstract Introduction Considering the benefits of smoking cessation, and evolving new tobacco-product consumption, such as e-cigarettes (e-cig), contemporary behavioral and psychosocial factors (PSF) associated with smoking after acute stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) remain to be investigated. Methods From INEV@L, a prospective pilot study in 128 workers hospitalized for MI or stroke (MI/stroke: 199/57) &amp;lt;65 y, between 2016 and 2017 in CHU Dijon. Among them, 67 (52%) current smokers were analyzed. PSF (education level (EL), socioeconomic status (SES), perceived disease severity (PDS), anxiety/depression), and health behavior (adhesion to Mediterranean diet (AMD), BMI, physical activity (PA), smoking) were collected at the acute phase and at 6 Months Follow-Up. Patients who quit smoking were compared with non-quitting patients. Results Still smokers at 6-M FU were frequent (30 (45%)) and had similar risk factors including age (51±7 y) than quitters. Rate of overweight/obese patients and AMD were similar (52 vs 65%, p=0.281 and 29±6 vs 26±7, p=0.207). SES and EL were slightly higher in still smokers group. The level of anxiety or depression was as high in the 2 groups (63 vs 68%, and 19 vs 20%, p=0.717 and 0.911). Although similar at the acute phase (p=0.867), PDS at 6-M FU, trended to be lower in non-quitters (57 vs 78%, p=0.057). At FU, only few returned to work (57% for both groups). Overweight/obese who reduced their weight were more common in non-quitters (60 vs 38%, p=0.170). Patients who improved AMD or PA level were similar (62 vs 78%, p=0.166, and 67 vs 92%, p=0.317). The vast majority of non-quitters introduced the use of e-cig (80% vs 0%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion Our pilot study in young workers highlights the low rate of smoking cessation, and generalized dual use of electronic+conventional cigarette at mid-term after acute MI or stroke. Our findings further suggest specific PSF pattern of non-quitters, associated with loss of perceived disease severity. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Conseil Régional de Bourgogne Franche Comté et CHU Dijon Bourgogne

Kretek Cigarettes and Particulate Matter Emissions-An Aerosol Spectrometric Study on Typical Indonesian Brands Flavored With Cloves.

In Indonesia, smoking is widespread. The same applies to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. More than 90% of Indonesian smokers smoke clove cigarettes, so-called Kreteks. They often contain more tar and nicotine than conventional cigarettes, but little is known about particulate matter (PM) emissions. In smokers' homes, SHS is the main source of PM that is hazardous to health. This study presents data of PM emissions from Kreteks. SHS was generated in a closed 2.88 m³ measuring chamber. PM fractions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) of three popular Kretek brands (two king-sized and one slim-sized) in comparison to conventional cigarettes and a reference cigarette were measured by laser aerosol spectroscopy in real-time. The king-sized Kreteks reached PM10 and PM2.5 mean concentrations of up to about 3000 µg/m³, and PM1 mean concentrations of up to about 2700 µg/m³. Consequently, these Kreteks emitted up to about 100% more PM10 and PM2.5, respectively 84% more PM1 than the reference cigarette, and up to about 260% more PM10 and PM2.5, respectively 234% more PM1 than the other investigated cigarettes. PM emissions from Kreteks can be very high. The Indonesian public should be informed and warned about it, considering the high prevalence of smoking and SHS exposure, in particular. The Indonesian tobacco control regulation is limited, and it is overdue to start with a serious and effective tobacco control policy. PM declaration to government authorities could be useful in smoking prevention and tobacco control. Research data are limited for Kretek cigarettes, including data on particulate matter (PM). The clove buds in Kretek cigarettes are for flavoring the smoke and shall soften the smoke feeling. That makes them very popular in Indonesia, in particular. The declaration of PM data of Kreteks and other tobacco products can play a key role in a more effective tobacco policy to reduce consumption of tobacco products, not only in Indonesia. To provide data on PM emissions, this study ascertained PM amounts in passive smoke from Indonesian Kreteks.

Need for Regulation of Pan Masala Advertisements in Television Media

Tobacco industries have resorted to brand stretching to keep their brands visible through sale of non-tobacco products like elaichi (cardamom) and paan masala, as seen in television advertisements aired during Indian premier league matches. The direct and indirect forms of advertisements of tobacco products in digital media remains unchecked. Strict ban should be enforced as these advertisements lure children and the youth into consumption of tobacco products later in life. In addition to providing tobacco cessation services to patients, oral health professionals should be aware of the marketing strategies of tobacco companies so that we can advise governing authorities to enact new laws and enforce existing laws in order to curtail tobacco consumption in our country.

Foreign experience of legal regulation for separate offenses administrative liability and the possibility of its application in Ukraine

The scientific novelty of the study is that the research is one of the first works that analyzes foreign experience in legal liability for the involvement of a minor in the use of tobacco products, e-cigarettes, liquids used in e-cigarettes, devices for the consumption of tobacco products without their combustion, and uses the developed results to further improve the national legislation governing administrative liability in Ukraine. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, the article uses a set of general theoretical and special scientific methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. Their use is due to a systematic approach, which makes it possible to explore problems in the unity of their social content and legal form. During the work on the article the methods of modeling, forecasting and others were used. The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of administrative liability for involving a minor in antisocial behavior of such republics as Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Latvia. Based on the study, the ways of implementation of foreign experience in Ukraine are outlined, proposals for amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On state regulation of production and circulation of ethyl alcohol, cognac and fruit, alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, liquids used in electronic cigarettes and fuel" and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, aimed at regulating the involvement of a minor in the use of tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, liquids used in electronic cigarettes, devices for consumption of tobacco products without their combustion, the implementation of which improves administrative legislation are formulated.&#x0D; It is emphasized that these illegal actions against minors should entail legal liability. Addressing gaps in the legislation is one of the priority tasks facing administrative scientists.

Tobacco Control Legal System Based on Environmental Protection Law Under the Background of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Objectives: This paper studies the legal system of tobacco control based on environmental protection law under the background of the Framework Convention on tobacco control. Methods: Using the research methods of comparative analysis and literature analysis, and taking the tobacco control law as the starting point, this paper expounds the development of global tobacco control civilization and the historical process of tobacco control at home and abroad. By analyzing the problems existing in the production, sales and consumption of tobacco products in China, we can trace the source in the specific links of the life cycle of tobacco products. At the same time, this paper systematically analyzes the defects of China's tobacco control system in taxation and private rights, and summarizes the shortcomings of China's tobacco control system. Results: Many cities have begun to try to enact non-smoking regulations to control smoking in public places. China's deficiencies in this regard are mainly due to the low level of relevant laws and regulations, which are basically local laws and administrative rules. The second is the problem of implementation, resulting in the inadequate or virtual implementation of many laws. Conclusion: From the development trend of various countries, the view of respecting others' health rights and gradually banning smoking has gradually become everyone's consensus. The consolidation of this understanding needs the support of laws to form a set of nonsmoking system with national laws as the core and administrative rules and local regulations as the supplement. Rights and responsibilities are clear, and rewards and punishments are based on evidence. Only in this way can we ensure to reduce the smoking rate, protect everyone's health, and finally form a good atmosphere of no smoking and no respect for smoking in the whole society.

Incidence of Oral Cancer in a Tertiary Cancer Centre of Nepal: A Retrospective Study

Background: Oral cancer, which includes cancer of lips, gingiva, tongue, oropharynx, sinuses, and salivary glands, ranks fifth in its kind in Nepal. The incidence of oral cancer may differ among gender, age, and site. This study aims to address the questions regarding the incidence and trend of oral cancer occurrence. Methods: Oral cancer cases registered in the Head and Neck Oncology Department of Nepal Cancer Hospital &amp; Research Centre, Lalitpur, Nepal from 01 Jan 2018 to 31 Dec 2019 were included in this study. The data were categorized under gender, site of a tumor, year of diagnosis, and age of patients at diagnosis and entered in RStudio version-1.3.1093 for analysis. Results: A total of 165 cases were found to be recorded where 74.5% were male and 24.5% were female. The most common site was the tongue (27.27%) followed by the mandibular alveolus (19.39%). The overall mean age was 53.71 years (95% CI: 55.73-51.68). The number of new cases was found to be increased by 35.71% from 2018 to 2019.Conclusion: A significant increase in the number of new cases indicates that there are deficiencies in handling oral cancer in Nepal. Reducing the production, import, and consumption of tobacco and related products as well as ensuring accessible health facilities for all may help control this disease.

Periodontal Microbiome Part I: A Literature Review

Periodontal disease is one of the most chronic infectious diseases, it is initiated by a reversible inflammatory condition called gingivitis, if untreated, it progresses to an irreversible condition called periodontitis, if not resolved, it leads to tooth loss. Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, one of these factors is the periodontal microbiome. Consequently, the microbiome is altered according to the host state i.e., health, gingivitis, periodontitis. The microbiome in health is comprised of a variety of microorganisms called health-associated species. They consist of gram-positive cocci and rod with gram-negative species. In this state, the microbiome participates in various physiological functions. While in gingivitis, the microbiome shifts in its composition and can now initiate an inflammatory condition. While in periodontitis, the microbiome is changed to a state where new microorganisms emerge which initiate a periodontal tissue destruction phenomenon. These microorganisms are referred to disease-associated species. Environmental factors are present in which they alter the microbiome composition. Smoking and diabetes were one of the strong extrinsic factors that negatively shape the microbiome into a more aggressive form. Individuals with poor glycemic control or consume tobacco products are more prone to periodontal diseases because their microbiome is rich in bacterial complexes which negatively affects the periodontium. The effect of antibiotic consumption on the microbiome was more or less advantageous, it was observed that not all antibiotics affect the microbiome composition.

Current trends in consumption of smokeless tobacco products among women in selected rural areas - A cross-sectional study

Purpose: The aim of this cross-sectional analytical study was to evaluate the impact of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products' consumption on women's health in the selected rural areas. Methods: It was a cross-sectional rural-field area-based study in which randomly selected 500 women were asked to participate, out of which 205 women (who have completed 27 years of age with two pregnancies in life time) were selected and given a self-administered pretested in propria persona questionnaire using an objective sampling technique in 3 months. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version-22 was used to analyze the data presented in a graphical and tabular format. Results: Among the 205 respondents, majority (73.17%) were homemakers, while 26.35% were service holders. According to the findings, SLT with betel quid has been used by 52.6% of rural women for more than 5 years. In addition, during the past 5 years, 36.6%, 48.4%, and 38.8% of SLT used tobacco zarda, plain tobacco, and khaini. 40% of the respondents said that they use SLT for the pleasure of it. There was a significant association between occupation and regular use of SLT (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Finally, despite the severe effects and consequences of using SLT, the general people, particularly women in rural areas, are unaware of its negative consequences, and its use remains unrestricted today, which is unfortunate. Approximately 63% of users were homemakers, according to this cross-sectional survey. To limit the use of SLT, a very robust comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system must be implemented at both national and international levels. Finally, it was discovered that rural women predominantly use SLT made from betel leaves, which is hazardous to both general and oral health.