Consumption Of Tobacco Products Research Articles

Prevention of initiation of smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption among rural children

Background: India Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2019 observed that 8.5% of the young age group (13-15 years) consume tobacco (9.6 % are boys and 7.4 % are girls). No interventional studies among adolescents were conducted before the initiation of the SLT use. Aims & Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of consumption of tobacco and non-tobacco products and to provide school based interventions to bring behavioral changes. Materials and Methods: An interventional study was carried out in Primary Schools. For estimation of the prevalence of tobacco and non tobacco use all the students of 1st to 5th while for the interventions, 4th and 5th standard were selected. Baseline data and change in the behavior at the end of one year was collected. FGD with key informants were also conducted. Descriptive Statistics was conducted. Results: The prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption and non-tobacco product was found to be 1.3% and 36.5% respectively. After intervention 40.5% students had quit non tobacco products. Findings of FGD suggested that children should not be sent to purchase tobacco products on behalf of their parents. Conclusion: School based intervention and sensitization of the field workers along with knowing their perceptions for the predictors of consumption could be useful.

E-cigarette use, opinion about harmfulness and addiction among university students in Bratislava, Slovakia.

The study aimed to investigate the use of electronic cigarettes (EC) among medical students, their knowledge and beliefs (opinion about harmfulness and addiction potential) on ECs, perceptions of the risk, as well as to assess the type of education and cessation training they received during their study at Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. This cross-sectional, anonymous online e-mailed survey was conducted among medical students via the Study Department by sending e-mails containing the survey link. Participants completed the online questionnaire adapted from the American Survey on Tobacco and Alternative Tobacco Products. It included questions about the personal use of EC, perceptions about the harms and their role in disease causation, education and cessation training, and practices related to conventional cigarettes (CC), EC, and alternative tobacco products (ATP). The e-mailed questionnaire filled in 577 medical students (71.9% women) from Comenius University in Bratislava, the average age was 23 ± 2 years. The sample comprised 486 (84.2%) Slovak and 91 (15.8%) foreign students. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. There were 385 (66.7%) non-smokers, 111 (19.3%) ex-smokers and 81 (14%) current smokers in the study sample. EC currently use 13.5% of medical students, with a statistically significant intersexual difference (22.2% males vs. 10.12% females; OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.55-4.13), more foreign students than Slovak students (24.2% vs. 11.52%; OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.41-4.26), more smokers of conventional cigarettes than non-smokers (46.9% vs. 8.06%; OR = 10.07, 95% CI: 5.85-17.34). EC seems to be less harmful to 59.97% of students, mostly in the age group ≤ 24 (61.76% vs. 51.49%; OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.03-2.07), 41.25% of students consider EC to be less addictive, 55.6% think they do not get enough education on EC during their medical study. The results overall show the high consumption of tobacco products and the lack of knowledge and awareness among medical students, future health care providers. In health promotion and disease prevention, they should serve as a model for their patients and for the general public as well. Our study emphasizes the need for intervention in this field at medical faculties and for support of further monitoring in Slovakia and other countries and draws attention to the ongoing lack of EC regulation.

Analysis of Oral Leukoplakia and Tobacco-Related Habits in Population of Chengalpattu District- An Institution-Based Retrospective Study.

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oral leukoplakia and to assess the risk of developing oral leukoplakia in patients with tobacco-related habits among the populations of Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and MethodsIncidence and prevalence of oral leukoplakia differ among different populations in India due to cultural and demographic diversities. The results obtained from this study can be used as a reference in future research and policy-making for tobacco control. Data for this study were manually ascertained from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Chengalpet district, Tamil Nadu, India. The medical records of the patients diagnosed with the abnormalities and diseases of the oral mucosa, especially the white lesions of the oral cavity, between January 2011- March 2021 (10 years). The basic inclusion criteria for this study were to include the histopathology reports of the white lesions with no malignant changes during clinical diagnosis. The data was analyzed based on age, gender, tobacco-related habits, and histopathological diagnosis. The exclusion criteria for the study were the cases reported as carcinoma, patients associated with syndromes, biopsies outside the mentioned period, and those patients with incomplete clinical or histopathological details.ResultsAmong 141 white lesions, about 85 cases [60.2%] were confirmed as oral leukoplakia, of which the study population had 55 (64.7%) males and 30 (35.3%) females. The age group which was commonly seen was 41-60 years. About 80% of the population with oral leukoplakia had the habit of tobacco consumption. The use of tobacco products was seen more commonly in the male population than the female, and consumption of tobacco and alcohol was seen in 6% of the population. In our study, we found the study population had the habit of using smokeless tobacco rather than smoking cigarettes and bidis. About 20% of the population diagnosed with leukoplakia did not have any habits. The most commonly affected site was buccal mucosa (67%), followed by the tongue (12%).ConclusionOur study shows a statistical association between oral leukoplakia and tobacco product consumption among the population of Chengalpattu district. The oral health care providers must take utmost care and vigilance to diagnose the lesion at its earliest stage and give appropriate treatment modalities and effective tobacco interventions.

E-liquid purchase as a function of workplace restriction in the experimental tobacco marketplace.

E-cigarette use is prohibited in most smoke-free environments. The effect of this policy on tobacco consumption could be examined using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM). The ETM allows observation of policy on smokers' purchasing behavior under conditions that simulate "real-world" circumstances. A within-subject design was used to evaluate the effect of workplace policy (Vaping Allowed vs. Not Allowed) and nicotine concentration (24 mg/mL vs. 0 mg/mL) on tobacco product consumption. Participants (n = 31) completed one sampling and two ETM/workplace sessions per week for 2 weeks. During the sampling session, participants were given an e-cigarette with a 2-day supply of a commercially available e-liquid of their preferred flavor. Before purchasing, participants were informed whether e-cigarette use was permitted. During the four ETM sessions, participants purchased for the following 24 hr, including the 4-hr work shift that started immediately after buying products in the ETM. The workplace session consisted of data entry tasks in a mock office environment. Participants could use any purchased tobacco products during two 15-min breaks. Condition order was counterbalanced. The results show that permitting E-cigarette use in the workplace increased e-liquid purchase on average, but nicotine concentration had no effect on e-liquid demand. Cigarette demand was unaltered across conditions. The present study suggests that allowing e-cigarette use in the workplace would increase demand for e-liquid regardless of nicotine strength. However, it would not change conventional cigarette demand. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Smoking patterns during COVID-19: Evidence from Serbia.

INTRODUCTIONRecent research shows that in many countries, smokers who increased smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic outnumbered those who decreased it, despite higher exposure to COVID-19 severity and death. In this study, we compared changes in smoking behavior in the initial and later stages of the pandemic and factors associated with lower smoking intensity.METHODSWe conducted two survey rounds on representative samples, the first in the initial stage of the pandemic (11–19 May 2020) and the second in the latter stage (4–11 June 2021), in Serbia. Multinomial logistic regression was run to estimate associations between smokers’ characteristics and lower smoking intensity. In contrast to most studies that assess psychological factors affecting smoking in the pandemic, we focused on factual determinants of the change in smoking intensity.RESULTSThe share of smokers who claimed to smoke more increased significantly, from 22.7% in May 2020 to 35.2% in June 2021. The share of smokers who reported a decrease in smoking only slightly increased, from 11.7% to 13.3%. The persistence of the pandemic considerably increased intentions to cease smoking, from 26.3% to 40%. Higher education (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.08–4.13), income fall (AOR=2.14; 95% CI: 1.11–4.11), occasional smoking (AOR=4.24; 95% CI: 2.26–7.96) and recovery from COVID-19 (AOR=2.38; 95% CI: 1.23–4.60) increased the odds to reduce smoking during the pandemic.CONCLUSIONSMost smokers are unaware that consuming tobacco products increases exposure to health risks related to COVID-19, but those who get coronavirus infected tend to reduce smoking. This research highlights that tobacco control policy needs to be more proactive in creating public campaigns which demonstrate the severity of COVID-19 impact on smokers’ health. Such campaigns should mainly target those groups of smokers who are less able to curb their smoking intensity.

Effects of Tobacco Consumption on Aerobic Fitness in Indian Adult Men

Background and Aim: Smokeless tobacco products like khaini, guthakha, betel quid, zarda are very commonly consumed by men and women of all age group followed by smoking of bidi, cigarette and hookah. Tobacco consumption is associated with poor cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal and overall health. Compromised physical fitness is seen in tobacco consumers and severity depends on type of product and duration of use. Aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitness is compromised in tobacco consumers. This study was planned to check the effect of tobacco consumption on aerobic fitness of Indian adult men of 18 to 60 years of age group. Methods: Participants for this study were recruited from Pramukhswami Medical College and its affiliated institutes after obtaining permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). A total 74 adult men of 18-60 years’ age groups were enrolled for the present study after their voluntary consent. A total 24 participants who consume tobacco were placed in study group and a total 50 participants who were not consuming tobacco products were placed control group. All participants were apparently healthy at the time of Treadmill exercise stress test following Bruce protocol. Predicted VO2 max (PVO2 max) was calculated on the basis of total exercise time in minutes and seconds on Treadmill machine as per Bruce’s formula of calculating indirect maximal oxygen consumption. Results: PVO2 max values obtained by Treadmill exercise test following Bruce protocol in study group was 29.16 ± 8.88 ml/kg/min while control group was 36.47 ± 9.7. A statistically significant reduction in aerobic fitness was seen in study group as compared to control group. Conclusion: Aerobic fitness was significantly less in tobacco consumer Indian adult men of 18-60 years’ age group as compared to who do not consume tobacco.

Delineating the Bacteriome of Packaged and Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products Available in North India.

Smokeless tobacco product (STP) consumption is a significant public health threat across the globe. STPs are not only a storehouse of carcinogens and toxicants but also harbor microbes that aid in the conversion of tobacco alkaloids to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), thereby posing a further threat to the health of its consumers. The present study analyzed the bacterial diversity of popular dry and loose STPs by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This NGS-based investigation revealed four dominant phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and identified 549 genera, Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus constituting the core bacteriome of these STPs. The most significantly diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by the loose STP Mainpuri kapoori. The study further predicted the functional attributes of the prevalent genera by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) algorithm. Genes encoding for nitrate and nitrite reduction and transport enzymes, antibiotic resistance, multi-drug transporters and efflux pumps, secretion of endo- and exotoxin, and other pro-inflammatory molecules were identified. The loose STPs showed the highest level of nitrogen metabolism genes which can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs. This study reveals the bacteriome of Indian domestic loose STPs that stagger behind in manufacturing and storage stringencies. Our results raise an alarm that the consumption of STPs harboring pathogenic genera can potentially lead to the onset of several oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, an in-depth correlation analysis of the microbial diversity of STPs and their elicit impact on consumer health is warranted. KEY POINTS: • Smokeless tobacco harbors bacteria that aid in synthesis of carcinogenic nitrosamines. • Most diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by loose smokeless tobacco products. • Pathogenic genera in these products can harm the oral and systemic health of users.

An extensive nodular lesion involving hard palate and nasal turbinate

A 38-year-old man was referred to our institute for the examination of asymptomatic swelling on the right posterolateral aspect of the hard palate. The patient noticed the swelling 2 months before when it increased to its present size and was perceived during tongue movement. The patient's medical, social, and dental history were nonsignificant. To the best of his knowledge, he was not allergic to any medication and did not undergo any prior surgery. He did not consume tobacco products or have a history of any parafunctional habit or trauma.

Different Times Call for Different Measures: Using Retail Sales to Monitor the Tobacco Product Landscape

Different Times Call for Different Measures: Using Retail Sales to Monitor the Tobacco Product Landscape

Critical factors in the innovation adoption of heated tobacco products consumption in an emerging economy

PurposeWhat factors trigger innovation adoption of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in an emerging economy? The study aims to integrate the diffusion of innovation and consumer resistance theory to develop a framework to measure the adoption of HTPs.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a self-administered questionnaire, and the data was collected from 272 respondents. The study used the covariance-based structural equation modelling.FindingsThe findings suggest that relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, observability and perceived cost significantly affect innovation adoption of HTPs.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides theoretical and practical implications for researchers and the tobacco industry.Originality/valueThe study, if not the only, is among the few in an emerging economy that explores heated tobacco products adoption by integrating the diffusion of innovation and consumer innovation resistance theory.

Protecting noncommunicable disease prevention policy in trade and investment agreements.

Preventing noncommunicable diseases is a global priority, for which the World Health Organization has recommended policies to reduce the consumption of tobacco products, alcohol and unhealthy foods. However, regulation has been strongly opposed by affected industries, who have invoked the provisions of legally binding trade and investment agreements. The aim of this analysis of the legal, economic and public health literature was to present a short primer on the relationship between noncommunicable disease prevention policy and trade and investment agreements to help public health policy-makers safeguard public health policies. The analysis identified opportunities for protecting, and even promoting, public health in trade and investment agreements, including: (i) ensuring exceptions for public health measures are included in agreements; (ii) committing to good regulatory practice that balances transparency and cooperation with the need for governments to limit the influence of vested interests; (iii) ensuring trade and investment agreement preambles acknowledge the importance of public health; (iv) excluding investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms from agreements; and (v) limiting the scope and definition of key provisions on investor protection to reduce the risk of investment disputes. This synthesis of the multidisciplinary literature also provides support for greater strategic and informed engagement between the health and trade policy sectors. In addition, ensuring a high level of health protection in trade and investment agreements requires cooperation between disciplines, engagement with experts in law, economics and public health policy, and fully transparent policy processes and governance structures.

TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF ILL EFFECTS OF GUTKHA CHEWING AMONG ADOLESCENCE MALE IN SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS AND JUNIOR COLLEGES

Given the current pattern of tobacco use globally, it is estimated that 250 million Adolescent who are aliv today,would die prematurely because of consumptionof tobacco products. It is recommended that appropriate knowledge about ill effects of tobacco product (gutkha) The Objectives Of The Study Were: 1. To assess the knowledge of adolescent about ill effects of gutkha chewing . 2. To find out association between knowledge and selected demographic variables. 3. To develop information booklet to improve their knowledge based on ill effects on human body of gutkha chewing for adolescent male. Methods:The descriptive survey approach was adopted to collect data by self prepared structured questionnaire and administered to 50 High school and junior college male students, who were selected by using non probality purposive sampling technique at various high schools and junior colleges of Ghataprabha.

Crowding Out Effect of Tobacco Usage on Household Education and Health Expenditures - An Econometric Analysis

Tobacco consumption is growing day by day everywhere in the world in countless forms such as supari, tobacco raw, chew, pan, cigarettes, bidi and naswar etc. Tobacco consumption may avert the limited family resources far away from advantageous uses between low-slung income households. The relatively underprivileged households frequently allocate an ample share of the domestic budget on tobacco expenditures. These uneconomical expenditures on tobacco could be a diversion of household monetary resources from necessary things, such as foodstuff, healthcare and education. Explicitly this paper discovers the crowding-out impact of tobacco expenditures on a household’s education and health payouts. The facts for this study has been engaged from HIES (Household Integrated Economic Survey) conducted regularly by PBS (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) that offers evidence at household level and covered the whole nation. The estimation has been carried out by employing the Engel Curves, the quadratic terms using QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) were found to be empirically important in describing household budget behavior. By employing data on outlays, study evaluated a user demand structure that comprises numerous main spending classifications (tobacco, education and healthcare). OLS (Ordinary Least Square) was used to estimate the effect of tobacco outlay and other covariates on share of education and health in the total budget of a household. The results found out were just alike John (2006) that a rise in the tobacco expenditure brings a reduction in the budget quota dedicated to health and education. The quantitative results aim to help the policy makers to formulate and apply such policies to restrict the consumption of tobacco products and diverting those expenses for the formation of human capital by increased spending on health and education.

Perception towards tobacco consumption and its usage among auto rickshaw drivers of Udupi District, Karnataka, India: A cross- sectional study

BackgroundTobacco usage has become a major public health problem. It is a leading cause of preventable disease and death. The hazard related to tobacco consumption is also increasing. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the perception towards tobacco consumption and the pattern of usage of tobacco products among auto-rickshaw drivers. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to August 2020 among 161 auto-rickshaw drivers of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka using the purposive sampling technique. A pretested, valid and reliable self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on usage of tobacco and perception towards tobacco consumption. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. ResultsA total of 99 (62%) auto-rickshaw drivers were users of smoking tobacco products and 38 (24%) were smokeless tobacco products users. The majority 118 (73%) were daily tobacco users and 83 (52%) auto-rickshaw drivers did not use any tobacco products in the work area. Nearly 52 (32%) participants consumed tobacco products due to work pressure. Around 91 (57%) auto-rickshaw drivers were not interested to quit tobacco products. Mean perception score of 139.81 ± 11.45 shows that the majority of them perceive tobacco consumption as hazardous for health. ConclusionDifferent forms of tobacco products were used despite knowing the hazardous effect on health. Intervention programs to control tobacco consumption should be planned by the health care professionals and strict enforcement of tobacco control policy is critical to address tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.

Identification of potential biomarkers in urine and plasma after consumption of tobacco product in horses.

The use of nicotine stimulants in horses is generally banned in horse racing and equestrian sports-accidental consumption of tobacco products is one of the possible causes of nicotine exposure in horses. The authors recently reported a comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equines, differentiating between nicotine exposure and sample contamination by means of a nicotine biomarker trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. To identify potential biomarkers for the differentiation of genuine nicotine administration and consumption of tobacco products, tobacco leaves (equivalent to 250 mg of nicotine) were nasoesophageally administered to three thoroughbred mares. Quantification methods of anatabine in plasma and urine were newly developed and validated and successfully applied to postadministration samples. Previously reported simultaneous quantification methods of eight target analytes including nicotine and its metabolites in plasma and urine were also applied to the samples. The results demonstrate that both trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and anatabine could be used as potential biomarkers in equine urine and plasma to indicate recent exposure to tobacco products in horses. As well, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine had the longest half-life as a detectable metabolite in urine and plasma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a comprehensive study of tobacco product detection in horses.

Qualitative characteristics of thin-cut smoking tobacco and the chemical composition of the smoke of products made from it

Thin-cut smoking tobacco is gaining more and more popularity among consumers of tobacco products. However, this type of product remains poorly understood, including the chemical composition of its smoke. The analysis of the data on the chemical composition of the smoke of smoking tobacco products of various designs is an urgent task from the point of view of assessing the toxic load. It will help further to develop recommendations and suggestions for consumers in the manufacture of these products. The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of the product design (diameter, weight and air permeability of paper) on the chemical composition of smoke and tasting assessment. This article discusses the technological properties of smoking tobacco brands: «Pepe», « Stanley», «Corsar», «Redmont». The chemical composition of tobacco (nicotine, proteins, carbohydrates and pH) was analyzed. The analysis of the composition and breathability of paper for self-rolled cigarettes of the brands «OCB Premium» and «OCB Organic Hemp» used for the manufacture of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco, of different diameters. The influence of the design features of the products (diameter and weight) was studied on the chemical composition of smoke (nicotine, resin, carbon monoxide). Experimentally, the dependence of the chemical composition of smoke on the air permeability of paper and the design features of thin-cut tobacco products has been established: when using paper with low air permeability and with an increase in the diameter and weight of products, the nicotine content increases by 37,55% and resin by 39,54%. The dependence between the nicotine content in tobacco and nicotine in the smoke of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco was revealed.

Multiple Tobacco Product Use Conceptual Framework: A 2021 Update on Evidence.

One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other noncombusted tobacco products increases-making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common-it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use. In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising. MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations or contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons or purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution and complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework. A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.

Redox-changing effects of popular tobacco products in rats

Abstract Objectives The consumption of popular tobacco products has adverse effects on public health. Early diagnosis and treatment practices are essential based on the disease-symptom relationship in public health problems. There is a need to evaluate biochemical parameters to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of these problems with experimental studies. We aimed to investigate the biochemical and physiological effects of cigarettes, hookahs, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) that people commonly use. Methods We have used Wistar albino rats, and the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke, e-cigarette smoke, and hookah smoke for 60 min/day for seven days. We detected malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NOx), protein carbonyl oxidation (PCO), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in blood samples taken after the experiment. Results We observed that the redox balance was disturbed in all groups. E-cigarettes mainly triggered lipid peroxidation; only hookah activated the intracellular antioxidant system. Conclusions Cigarette, hookah, and e-cigarette smoking should be considered high-risk factors for individual and public health. The use of tobacco products adversely affects public health.

Patterns of cigarette, hookah and other tobacco product consumption habits among undergraduate students of the University of Sarajevo before the COVID-19 outbreak in Bosnia and Hercegovina, a cross-sectional study.

Tobacco products represent a major health risk factor and a potent way to help transmission of COVID-19. Current data regarding consumption of these products in the region are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns of cigarette, hookah and other tobacco products consumption among undergraduate students from the University of Sarajevo before the COVID-19 outbreak in the country. This cross-sectional study based on a National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was conducted among undergraduate students from the University of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Hercegovina via an online questionnaire from 22nd to 26th of January 2020. Out of 605 students involved in the study, most of them were female (N=429, 70.9%); 363 (60.0%) were enrolled in medical sciences; 159 (26.3%) were attending the 3rd year of their curriculum; 224 (37%) were original from Canton Sarajevo and 514 (84.9%) were living in urban environment. Two hundred thirty five students out of 605 (38.8%) were current smokers and 117 (19.3%) hookah smokers. Being female (OR=0.539, 95% CI 0.368-0.790, p=0.002), in the 1st or 2nd year of study (OR=0.805, 95% CI 0.667-0.972, p=0.024) and living in a rural environment (OR=0.335, 95% CI 0.191-0.585, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of cigarette consumption, while older age (22+ years) (OR=1.287, 95% CI 1.122-1.476, p<0.001) increased the same risk. On the other side, being female (OR=0.595, 95% CI 0.380-0.930, p=0.023), of younger age (18-21 years) (OR=0.832, 95% CI 0.743-0.932, p=0.001) and medical science student (OR=0.567, 95% CI 0.328-0.978, p=0.041) were associated with decreased risk of consuming hookah. This study provides an insight in prevalence of smoking among students at the University of Sarajevo. More antismoking efforts are needed, especially in urban environments; and a follow-up study, to be planned in the near future, should determine whether COVID-19 pandemic (and all the modifications of lifestyles connected with it) have eventually changed tobacco consumption patterns among undergraduate students.

The system of indicators of behavioral risk factors in Russia at the national and regional levels

Introduction. Behavioral risk factors are associated with 47% of all-cause mortality in Russia.The goal of this study was to assess and to select the available data sources on the burden of behavioral risk factors in Russia and its regions.Methods included collection and systematization of medical, demographic and survey which reflected the burden of behavioral risk factors in Russia.Results. The spectrum of sources of the data on behavioral risk factors among adults in Russia has significantly expanded in recent years. Rosstat agency provided regional survey data on prevalence of consumption of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products, physical activity, overweight and obesity. The survey results may underestimate alcohol and tobacco consumption due to the sensitivity of these questions. Therefore, the use of morbidity and mortality data is needed well. Detailed regional data on food product consumption in Russia are available, but the list of food groups needs to be updated to reflect current scientific knowledge. At the same time, there is no monitoring of the consumption of table salt and iodine by the Russian citizens. The data from Rosstat surveys on physical activity is available by the regions, and it provides more reliable results in comparison with the reports of sports organizations. Monitoring of behavioral risk factors among children and adolescents in Russia has yet to be organized.Conclusions. A number of data sources have been identified that can be used to assess the burden of behavioral risk factors in Russia and the regions, and ways to improve such monitoring are proposed.