Abstract
Abstract Objectives The consumption of popular tobacco products has adverse effects on public health. Early diagnosis and treatment practices are essential based on the disease-symptom relationship in public health problems. There is a need to evaluate biochemical parameters to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of these problems with experimental studies. We aimed to investigate the biochemical and physiological effects of cigarettes, hookahs, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) that people commonly use. Methods We have used Wistar albino rats, and the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke, e-cigarette smoke, and hookah smoke for 60 min/day for seven days. We detected malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NOx), protein carbonyl oxidation (PCO), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in blood samples taken after the experiment. Results We observed that the redox balance was disturbed in all groups. E-cigarettes mainly triggered lipid peroxidation; only hookah activated the intracellular antioxidant system. Conclusions Cigarette, hookah, and e-cigarette smoking should be considered high-risk factors for individual and public health. The use of tobacco products adversely affects public health.
Highlights
Tobacco is widely used in several ways, such as cigarette smoking, tobacco chewing, or sniffing, named snuff
We have aimed to suggest the effects of cigarette and hookah as the tobacco products with globally widespread consumption and e-cigarette composed of different flavors intended to be used to prevent the harms of these products and as assumed to be harmless with a progressively increasing prevalence concerning redox parameters and DNA damage
Smoking-related free radicals can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytes, causing them to enter the bloodstream, alter antioxidant activities in the blood, and develop various complications
Summary
Tobacco is widely used in several ways, such as cigarette smoking, tobacco chewing, or sniffing, named snuff. The increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and hookah smoking is noticeable in recent years. Hookah is a system such that tobacco and flavoring chemicals are used together, and the smoke released by burning this mixture using hookah charcoal is drawn through the water in a closed system and inhaled by inspiration. The studies have demonstrated that hookah smoking is significantly associated with lung cancer, respiratory tract diseases, low birth weight, and periodontal diseases. That passage of the hookah smoke through water has no filtering impact regarding exposure to the inhaled chemicals. A liquid containing propylene glycol or glycerol is present in a refillable cartridge producing an inhalable aerosol by adding nicotine and various flavors to the vaping liquid in this device. Similar risks and findings are valid for e-cigarette [9] and hookah [10]
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