Tire Pressure Research Articles

Factors affecting the accuracy of a computer vision-based vehicle weight measurement system

Vehicle weight is an important element of traffic data as it affects both traffic safety and service life of infrastructures. Traditional techniques for vehicle weight measurement, such as static weighing and weigh-in-motion, are costly to maintain and have limited service life. Thus, the non-contact vehicle weight measurement has emerged as a promising alternative. This study proposes a computer vision (CV)-based method for vehicle weight measurement and the factors affecting its accuracy are analyzed. The process of CV-based weight measurement involves the capturing of tire (tyre) images, processing them to extract tire edges, calculating vertical tire deformations, determining actual tire pressures, and using the tire mechanics model to calculate the weight of each tire and the gross weight of the vehicle. Parametric studies are conducted to study the effects of factors such as distance between camera and tire, camera parameters, illumination, background, and vehicle speed on measurement accuracy. The results indicate that high accuracy is achieved under optimal conditions, such as short distance, appropriate camera parameters, normal illumination, large feature difference between tires and background, and low speed. In application, the identification error of gross vehicle weight is within 15% at 95% confidence interval, which is comparable to a weigh-in-motion system.

A Co-Simulation Platform with Tire and Brake Thermal Model for the Analysis and Reproduction of Blanking

In the world of motorsports engineering, improving brake performance is a crucial goal. One significant factor that affects this performance is the increase in brake disc temperature due to reduced cooling airflow, a phenomenon called “blanking”. This temperature increase also impacts the rim and the air inside the tire, causing changes in tire temperature and pressure, which affects the vehicle’s performance. Properly adjusting the brake blanking can be essential to keep the tire running at the right temperature, resulting in maximization of the performance on track. To address this complex problem, this study describes the problem of cooling brake discs, and this problem is then used as an opportunity to introduce a new variable in order to optimize the performance of the vehicle. By changing the thermal evolution of the brake disc, through the blanking, it can change a large percentage of heat that heats the tire. When combining an existing brake model in the literature with a tire thermal model in a co-platform simulation, it was seen that it is possible to work these two models together with the aim of being able to obtain the prediction of the optimal blanking value to be adopted before proceeding on track, thus saving time and costs.

In-Vehicle Data Communication with CAN &Security Monitoring: A Review

Automobiles are now being created with more electronic components for efficient functioning such as Anti Lock Braking system, Adaptive Cruise Control, Traction control system, Airbag, Power Steering etc. managed by networked controllers that include hundreds of ECUs (electronic control units) that can coordinate, control, and monitor loads of internal vehicle components. Each component, such as ABS, TCS (Traction control system), tire pressure monitoring system and telematics system, may communicate with nearby components over the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus, establishing an in-vehicle communication network. These modern automobile system networks intended for safety with minimal consideration for security have drawn the attention of researchers for providing security in CAN. The Paper reviews the behavior and vulnerabilities of CAN within an in-vehicle network including various attacks possible in CAN along with the proposed solutions in the literature with extensive survey on a security promising approach named as IDS (Intrusion detection system).

Enhancing vehicle wheel suspension test equipment through Taguchi method for optimization

The study demonstrates a significant advancement in vehicle suspension testing by utilizing the Taguchi method for optimization. The suspension system determines a vehicle’s performance, directly affecting ride comfort, handling, and safety. The research presented in this study highlights a potentially effective method for enhancing suspension testing. The research systematically investigates the complex network of factors influencing suspension behavior using the Taguchi method, a robust optimization technique. The analysis includes examining road surface conditions, passenger weight variations, and tire pressure fluctuations. The objective is to design a suspension system that provides both comfort and stability without making any concessions, regardless of the obstacles encountered on the road. The car utilized for this research is an Altis sedan equipped with tires with a 205/55 R16 profile. The study’s findings indicate that factor A, which represents embankment height, significantly impacts 56 % of road irregularity management and the maintenance of a stable driving experience. The dynamic load factor (Factor D) contributes significantly to the vehicle’s overall stability and ride quality, accounting for 43 % in different scenarios. Based on the given framework, it can be observed that the variables B (tire pressure) and C (passenger weight) significantly influence suspension vibration, resulting in a reduction of below 0.1 %. While the research results presented here only cover a subset of automobiles, the methodology employed can be used to deal with similar problems in other vehicles.

Design and Implementation of Intelligent Tire Detection System Based on Esp8266 IoT Platform and Deep Learning Technology

<p>傳統上，市售的胎壓偵測系統(TPMS)僅能透過測量胎壓、胎溫來判斷輪胎狀態，無法即時檢測如：輪框變形、胎面異常剝離、輪胎附著異物、異常抖動及打滑等的輪胎異常狀況，若駕駛有所疏忽，將造成嚴重的危害。因此，我們研究設計一套智慧輪胎系統，透過量測輪胎運行間的慣性感測資訊，包含：三軸加速度、角速度、絕對方向，再結合 AI 演算法之辨識技術，動態檢測出輪胎異常狀況，並實作設計下述物聯網平台元件 : 1.安裝於輪框上之硬體裝置，可偵測輪胎行進間之異常數值，2.具即時監測與異常提醒、維修保養建議、車友討論平台等功能之手機應用程式，3.基於深度學習神經網路技術辨識各式輪胎異常狀況，4.建立跨平台智慧輪胎網頁介面供職業車隊管理停車場。經實驗測試結果，本系統的 AI 判讀準確率高達 99.17%。</p> <p> </p><p>The tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) sold on the market can only judge the tire status by measuring the tire pressure and tire temperature, and cannot detect such things as: wheel frame deformation, abnormal tread peeling, foreign objects attached to the tire, abnormal vibration and skidding, etc. If the tire is abnormal, if the driver is negligent, it will cause serious harm. Therefore, we design a set of smart tire system, through the measurement of inertial sensing information during tire operation, including: three-axis acceleration, angular velocity, absolute direction, combined with the identification technology of AI algorithm, dynamically detect abnormal tire conditions, and Realize the design of the following IoT platform components: 1. The hardware device installed on the wheel frame can detect abnormal values during tire travel. 2. It has real-time monitoring and abnormal reminders, maintenance suggestions, and a discussion platform for riders, etc. Functional mobile phone application, 3. Based on deep learning neural network technology to identify various tire abnormalities, 4. Establish a cross-platform smart tire web interface for professional fleets to manage parking lots. According to the experimental test results, the AI interpretation accuracy rate of this system is as high as 99.17%.</p> <p> </p>

О проблеме безопасной эксплуатации крупногабаритных шин

The issues of operating large tires in the conditions of mining enterprises do not lose their relevance, since the costs of their acquisition and maintenance are among the main expense items of the mining transport enterprises. Lack of control over the thermal state and pressure of the large tires in many cases leads to both significant economic damage in the event of a fire or explosion, and a threat to the life and health of the employees. It is required to take into account that a large tire is a multi-ton product that is constantly under high pressure. The combination of such properties of the tires under consideration as large weight and dimensions, high pressure, is in itself a potentially dangerous factor that requires increased attention. Therefore, it is vitally important for the employees working near large tires, especially dump truck drivers, to be confident in their technical serviceability. This can only be achieved through constant monitoring of their thermal state and pressure. Thermal destruction of the large tires is due to the fact that during operation, due to the deformation and internal friction of the tire carcass elements during rolling, excess heat generation occurs. At the same time, the main materials and adhesives used to produce tires are very sensitive to high temperatures. Excessive heat generation weakens and destroys the bonds between tire structural elements and causes restructuring of the rubber. Thermal failure of large tires can be a consequence of exceeding the standard performance indicator, as well as their operation at low pressure. Both of these factors equally require attention from the specialists in the operation department of a mining and transport enterprise. Since the large tires do not have obvious signs of their critical condition, it is not possible to detect the characteristic features of the onset of thermal destruction by visual inspection (rubber restructuring and delamination occurs in the inner layers of the tire). The article provides an example of improving the safety of operation of the large tires at one of the Kuzbass coal mining enterprises by introducing systems for monitoring the thermal state and internal pressure of tires. The measures taken and the results achieved are described.

Computer vision-based weight identification and stability evaluation of exceptional transport vehicles

Exceptional vehicles are used when it is necessary to transport goods and materials with dimensions or weights exceeding the standard in traffic regulations. Those vehicles with cargo usually have the extra-large size and heavy loads, which increase the potential of damage to the infrastructure and is prone to overturning accidents. It is desirable to evaluate both the weight and the stability of exceptional vehicles. Therefore, this study proposes a computer vision-based method. Firstly, digital cameras are used to capture images of all the outer tires, and the parameters including the deformation and inflation pressure of each outer tire are obtained using computer vision techniques. Those parameters are incorporated into the developed equation to calculate the contact force/load of each outer tire of each axle. Then, the finite element model of the modular trailer is established to determine the relationship between the inner tire loads and the outer tire loads, i.e., the transverse distribution coefficients of each axle, which are used for the calculation of inner tire loads. The gross weight of the vehicle is then obtained by summing up loads of all the outer and inner tires. Finally, a two-stage approach is developed for the stability evaluation based on the center of gravity and the rollover safety margin. Field tests are conducted to verify the proposed method and the results indicate that the identification errors of gross vehicle weight are less than 8 %. The proposed method offers a new alternative for the vehicle and stability evaluation of exceptional vehicles.

An exhaustive investigation into power performance of an unmanned robotized vehicle for industrial transportations

Investigation of power performance of an unmanned robotized vehicle for industrial transportations of payloads leads to appearance of an applied research in this study. This novel aim has been chosen based on operational requirement of the vehicle. Hence, it can be highlighted that this paper is the first exhaustive investigation for power efficiencies (tractive, slip, and motion power efficiencies) of the vehicle. To this aim, various payloads mounted on a trailer (1–5 kN) were towed by the vehicle through diverse tire air pressures (20.68–55.16 kPa) and drive speeds (0.17–0.5 m/s). Results illuminate that tire air pressure and payload weight had consequential contribution to motion and slip power efficiencies. While, tractive power efficiency mainly depended on payload weight. Linear regression approximations demonstrate that dual cumulative contributory effect of payload weight and tire air pressure on the motion power efficiency (87.28–99.84 %) and slip power efficiency (66.48–98.82 %) was synergetic. Meanwhile, tractive power efficiency (66.31–94.27 %) nonlinearly dropped with augmentation of payload weight. Resultant slip and motion power inefficiency were associate with vehicle motion power loss in amplitude of 0.28–123.52 and 0.21–10.33 W, respectively. Consequently, tractive power inefficiency was associate with vehicle motion power loss in amplitude of 1.30–124.46 W. This amplitude spotlights that 5.78–33.78 % of vehicle motion power inevitably wasted inside wheel-surface interface in towing tasks. Overall, numerical and analytical descriptions of the results as well as practical suggestions provide appropriate guidelines for vehicle supervisor in order to optimize power performance.

Influence of tire internal pressure on soil compaction

The article presents the results of choosing tires for driving wheels of cotton-growing row-crop tractors during inter-row cultivation. The track surfaces of tires 15.5-38, 16.9R38, 420/85R38 and 18.4R38 are compared on a rigid base. The track surfaces for hard base and maximum pressure of tires on soil, soil density and tire tread depth were determined in experimental studies. When choosing tires, their average qav and maximum q max pressures on soil were determined. In order to reduce compaction impact of the tractor’s undercarriages on soil, impact force of the tire internal pressure and vertical load on soil are determined. When using with larger profile width of tires working between rows leads to crushing of seedlings, and the smaller profile leads to an increase in compaction effect on soil. By choosing the right tires and substantiating their parameters, the beneficial living organisms that increase soil fertility are not allowed to die. The tractor equipped with 18.4R38 tires was used with a wide width agricultural machinery in cotton field. As a result, the number of field crossings of the aggregate reduced by 1.87 times, soil compaction is prevented, and fuel consumption reduced by 25%.

Experimental definition of lateral stiffness of a pneumatic wheel of the MTZ-82 “Belarus” tractor

BACKGROUND: Due to the excessive vertical and angular vibrations of suspensionless vehicles used in agriculture and road construction that occur during movement, the velocity of their motion is limited, which, in the conditions of a constant traffic flow, reduces the road capacity. Therefore, the search for ways to improve the vibration-isolating properties of wheeled suspensionless vehicles is a relevant issue, the solution of which affects not only on traffic safety and driving comfort, but also on average speed and fuel efficiency.
 AIMS: To determine the lateral stiffness of the pneumatic wheel from the rear axle of the MTZ-82 Belarus tractor at different tire pressures, basing on bench tests.
 METHODS: On the basis of the hydraulic pulsation test rig of the Automatic Units department of the VolgGTU, a special-purpose movable supporting and measuring device was developed and assembled, the feature of which is that 4 rollers with flanges are installed on top of the hydraulic actuator force sensor, a flat rectangular base plate is supported on these rollers and connected with a vertical frame of the rig through a force-measuring device by means of a screw mechanism. The tested wheel is mounted on the base plate, the wheels axle is fixed on a vertically-moving traverse, on top of which weights creating the necessary vertical force are fixed. The test procedure consisted in measuring the lateral force and lateral displacement of the base plate until the tire slip occurred at the following tire pressures: at the recommended pressure of 0.16 MPa and at reduced pressures of 0.12, 0.08 and 0.04 MPa.
 RESULTS: Based on the test results, the elastic characteristic curves of the lateral stiffness of the tested wheel were obtained. These characteristic curves have a regressive form, as their slope significantly decreases with a significant reduce in tire pressure. Thus, when the tire pressure is reduced from 0.16 to 0.12 MPa, there is practically no difference in the obtained values of lateral stiffness, which reaches 112.5 kN/m. After a 2-fold tire pressure reduction, the lateral stiffness decreases by 7%, and after a 4-fold reduction, by 28%. At the same time, the static tire deflection increases from 22 to 32 mm, which significantly increases the contact patch of the tire with the ground.
 CONCLUSIONS: By means of the tests carried out, it is established that tire pressure reduction by 2550% of the recommended value does not have a significant effect on the loss of lateral stiffness of the pneumatic wheel of the rear axle of the MTZ-82 Belarus tractor, which is important to use in order to increase traction and improve ride comfort of wheeled tractors.

Deflection-Based Approach for Flexible Pavement Design in Thailand

The Department of Highways (DOH), Thailand, has adopted both empirical and mechanistic approaches for flexible pavement analysis and design. Recently, the deflection-based design approach has been comprehensively reviewed by the DOH for the possible adoption of national design standards and practices. One of the key reasons is that Thailand’s road authorities, i.e., the DOH and the Department of Rural Roads (DRR), have considered the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) for the new construction and rehabilitation of road pavements. In addition, the FWD is widely accepted as the non-destructive test for deflection measurement and structural capacity evaluation. Ultimately, the implication of FWD deflections for in-house pavement analysis and design shall be developed and proposed to Thailand’s road authorities. Therefore, this study presents the deflection-based approach of flexible pavement design in Thailand. The FWD and a standard Thai truck were selected as the main loading applications in this study. A typical FWD loading stress of 700–800 kPa was practically adopted by the DOH and compared with a standard 10-wheel 25-ton truck with a tandem axle-dual wheel configuration with a tire pressure of 690 kPa. The layered elastic analysis was performed to calculate the pavement responses. The results suggest that the flexible pavement design based on a deflection-based approach is simple, practical, and conservative.

Indirect tire pressure monitoring method based on the fusion of time and frequency domain analysis

Monitoring tire pressure conditions and issuing timely warnings of tire deflation are important to ensure driving safety and avoid unnecessary fuel consumption. Although installing pressure sensors is a direct and accurate monitoring method, it may raise system cost and complexity. The indirect monitoring method with no reliance on pressure sensors is attractive for economical cars. This paper proposes a fusion-based indirect tire pressure monitoring method using existing on-board wheel speed sensors. The screening basis of reasonable wheel speed signals was determined by data mining of typical driving scenarios. Three typical signal distortions were effectively corrected to ensure the signal quality. Tire deflation analysis methods based on time and frequency domain signals were designed and fused using fuzzy logic. Validation results of the proposed two analysis methods and their fusion strategy showed that the proposed fusion strategy can achieve more comprehensive tire deflation monitoring with fast response and high accuracy.

Mechanization Assessment of Soil Compaction Induced by Traffic of Farm Machinery

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of compacted and non-compacted soils induced by traffic of farm machines and equipment during the agricultural operations on some mechanization properties (e.g. Draught Force, Specific Resistance, Energy Use Efficiency and Soil resistance to cutting and shaping). The experiment was conducted during the spring agricultural season of 2022 in one of the farms that located about 30 km Northwest Mosul city - Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for data analyses with four replications (n=4). The experimental site was divided into two main blocks based on the investigated factors (1) two levels of rear tire pressure were tested (8 psi and 15 psi), (2) number of traffic (no traffic, one traffic, two traffics and three traffics). These variables were investigated under two different soil textures (clay soil, silty loam soil). Duncan’s multiple range test was utilized to compare between the means at a 5% probability level. The results showed that CTF system represented by non-trafficked soil has achieved the best values (P< 0.05) for all studied indicators, particularly when practiced under clay soil. Draught force was significantly better with non-trafficked soil compared to the one-traffic, two-traffics and three-traffics by approximately 30%, 33% and 40%, respectively. Energy Use Efficiency was also increased under non-trafficked soil (no-traffic) by approximately 30%, 45%, 48% compared to the one-traffic, two-traffics and three-traffics of farm machinery, respectively. The best values of the investigated indicators were reported when CTF has practiced (no-traffic) in the clay soil using 15 psi tire pressure.

Design of Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring System Based on Wheel Speed Signal

Keeping the pressure of the automobile tire in the normal working range is an important guarantee for the safety of the automobile. When the tire leaks, the driver should be reminded to check or replace the tire before the potential danger of blowing out. Aiming at the safety problem of commercial vehicle driving, a set of tire pressure monitoring alarm systems is designed by combining the radius method and frequency method. The magneto-electric wheel speed sensor is used to collect and process the tire speed, and then through the data processing, the full range of monitoring each tire’s possible air leakage hazards, such as emergency can be quickly warned, thus providing a reference for the driver’s driving. The experimental results show that the system can effectively improve the accuracy and stability of tire pressure monitoring.

Improved Vehicle Longitudinal Velocity Estimation Using Accelerometer Based Intelligent Tire

ABSTRACT An intelligent tire–based algorithm was developed to reinforce the vehicle longitudinal velocity estimation, from the vehicle inertial measurement unit (IMU). A tire was instrumented using a triaxis accelerometer (intelligent tire) in an instrumented vehicle with an IMU, and a global positioning system (GPS) based speed sensor (VBOX) as the ground truth for vehicle velocity. A testing matrix was developed, including two tire inflation pressures, two normal loads, and variable speed between 4 m/s to 14 m/s. A signal processing algorithm was developed to analyze the data from the accelerometer. Variational mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum analysis were used for extracting features from each tire revolution. Later, a machine learning algorithm was trained to estimate the velocity using the acceleration data from the intelligent tire. Because the sampling rates of the IMU data and the intelligent tire data were different, sensor fusion was implemented. This calculated velocity was then used to correct the IMU-based estimated velocity. This new velocity can be used to enhance the performance of all advanced chassis control systems, such as anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP).

THE IMPACT OF CRUMB RUBBER CONTENT ON THE RHEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Asphalt modified with reused rubber from vehicle tires was considered subject to a severe challenge in two directions, the first is the possibility of waste disposal to maintain sustainable infrastructure, and the second is the clear and tangible ability to enhance the characteristics of asphalt mortars and mixes. The need for asphalt cement and mixtures improvement has become unavoidable as a result of the main failure sorts related to the flexible pavement, which are represented by the cracking and rutting, that result from fatigue in the road due to the excessive application of loads and the high tire pressures of vehicles nowadays. The binder may be able to lessen asphalt paving issues and enhance the pavement's overall functionality. Following up on earlier research, it was found that rubber is one of the key components in enhancing the durability and temperature tolerance of modified asphalt cement. The aim of this study is to track the improvement in the rubber-modified asphalt binder as it was observed that the introduction of tire fracture rubber improved the quality of asphalt cement in addition to increasing the cracking factor (G*/Sin), which indicates a greater resistance to cracking. Furthermore, it is believed that the use of rubber crumbs to enhance the properties of asphalt cement will improve the sustainability of asphalt pavement economically and environmentally.

Influence of Pressure on Tire Wear of Mining Dump Truck

The article shows the dependence of ground pressure on the number of wheels and tire inflation pressure for dump trucks, the dependence of tire pressure, tire deformation and contact patch length on tire inflation pressure and tire temperature. Currently, some of the dump trucks in Russian quarries are operated in off-road conditions on soils with low bearing capacity. Work on weak soils requires the use of vehicles with high crosscountry ability and low specific pressure on the ground. One way to improve off-road mobility is to use articulated dump trucks.

СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЕ ПЕРЕКАТЫВАНИЮ КОЛЕС УБОРОЧНОЙ ТЕЛЕЖКИ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ИХ ТИПОРАЗМЕРА И АГРОФОНА

The use of a special garden cart to move the picker during manual harvesting of strawberries significantly increases labor productivity. At the same time, the choice of the size of its wheels, as a rule, is not associated with the bearing capacity of the soil between rows and rolling resistance. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the parameters of the agrophone, the size of the wheels and the resistance to rolling of the trolley. Wheels with a diameter of 300, 400, 500 and 700 mm have been tested. The area of the contact patch on a hard surface at a tire pressure of 160 kPa was taken as a complex characteristic of the wheel. The tests were carried out on four types of agrophone typical for strawberry plantations. The cart was rolled over tinned aisles, aisles covered with straw, over black steam three weeks after processing and compacted with the collectors' feet at the end of the harvesting season. The criterion for assessing the bearing capacity of the soil in the aisles was its hardness at a depth of 20 mm. During the tests, the cart was loaded with ballast weighing 72 kg, simulating the weight of the collector. The force was recorded with an electronic dynamometer DEXP BM-10 (China), with a measurement limit of 500N and a measurement error of 0.5N. The test results were processed in Excel and STATISTICA 10. The regression equations connecting the main process parameters were obtained. It was found that the effect of soil hardness on the final result is 2.7 times higher than the effect of the wheel parameters. At the same time, mulching the row spacing with straw increases the rolling resistance of the wheels by 4.3 - 11.8%, depending on their diameter. Moreover, the difference increases with the growth of the specified parameter.

Mechanical Soil Resistance Influenced by Different Tillage Systems and Tractor Tire Pressures

Intensive agricultural practices affect soil compaction, and their indirect and direct effects on crop growth and development are an increasingly important focus of scientific research. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of different tillage systems on soil compaction and to observe the influence of tractor tire pressure on penetrometer resistance during sowing. The three-year study was conducted on the heavy pseudogley soil of Brod-Posavina County in the Republic of Croatia. During the research, crops were observed in the following cropping sequence: soybean (Glycine max L.) in the first year, maize (Zea mays L.) in the second year and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the third year. The tillage systems as the main study factor were conventional tillage (CT) plowing to a depth of 35 cm, disc tillage (DH) to a depth of 15 cm, loosening (CH) to a depth of 30 cm, and undermining (SS) to a depth of 50 cm. The following pressures were used as a subfactor of this study, namely the pressure of the front and rear tires of the tractor during sowing: p1 (front 1.0 bar/rear 0.8 bar), p2 (front 2.0 bar/rear 1.6 bar), and p3 (front 3.0 bar/rear 2.4 bar). The tillage systems applied resulted in different soil compaction, thus the deepest tillage SS had the lowest resistance and the DH tillage had the highest resistance in all three experimental years. Penetrometer measurements showed the influence of tire pressure p1 on reducing compaction as early as the first year in 2017, while in the last year of research in 2019, tractor tire pressure p3 during sowing contributed to a significant increase in soil compaction.

EVALUATION OF E-SCOOTER TYRE PERFORMANCE USING DYNAMOMETER-BASED COAST-DOWN TESTS

AbstractE-scooters have become a popular form of personal transport with millions of E-scooters used worldwide. This paper details an initial investigation into the relative differences in rolling resistance for a range of e-scooter tyres. Tyre performance was measured using dynamometer-based coast-down tests to determine the coast-down distance and coefficient of rolling resistance of each tyre. Insights from testing showed that e-scooter tyres had coefficients of rolling resistance that were 3.5 to 6 times the coefficient of rolling resistance of a 700x32C bike tyre. Comparisons between tyres of similar specification showed the tyres with solid inserts had more rolling resistance than a pneumatic tyre at the rated pressure. Comparisons of equivalent airless and pneumatic tyres the rated pressure indicated airless tyres had slightly better performance in terms of coast-down distance. The results also show how a decrease in tyre pressure increases rolling resistance, highlighting the importance of maintaining rated tyre pressure to improve e-scooter efficiency. The results from this study provide useful insights into the performance of tyres that can be used on low-powered vehicles.