Addition Of Tin Research Articles

Effect of Tin (Sn) Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Hydroxyapatite (HAP) Coated Mg/MgSn Alloys using Different Coating Methods

Effect of Tin (Sn) Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Hydroxyapatite (HAP) Coated Mg/MgSn Alloys using Different Coating Methods

Research on microstructure and properties enhancement of TiN/GH5188 Co-superalloy composite fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Improving mechanical properties effectively in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is a substantial challenge. Utilizing metal matrix composites with customizable TiN nanoparticle proportions presents an efficient strategy for fabricating high-strength LPBF parts. This study employed LPBF to fabricate TiN/GH5188 Co-based superalloy composites with alternative TiN nanoparticle contents (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt%). The effect of nano-TiN particles on the microstructure, texture evolution, and mechanical properties of TiN/GH5188 composites was investigated. Notably, the presence of nano-TiN acts as a reinforcing particle, facilitating the precipitation of the BCC strengthening phase, resulting in substantial strength enhancement. As the TiN content increases, the yield strength and microhardness consistently rise. At a 1.5 wt% TiN addition, a significant enhancement is observed, with yield strength rising by 22.0 % and microhardness increasing by 16.9 %. Although the aggregation of TiN precipitates into larger particles reduces ductility, the appropriate addition of TiN can effectively mitigate the microstructural anisotropy and induce a transition in the texture toward a non-preferred orientation, while maintaining high strength and ductility. A TiN/GH5188 composite containing 1 wt% TiN exhibits a yield strength and tensile strength of 822.4 MPa and 1131.8 MPa, respectively, accompanied by a microhardness of 334.3 HV. The elongation remains at 29.3 %, while exhibiting a non-preferred orientation (111) texture. Compared to GH5188, the yield strength, tensile strength and microhardness are increased by 17.6 %, 7.2 % and 12.1 %, respectively. This study demonstrates the significance of LPBF in producing high-performance TiN/GH5188 Co-superalloy composites and elucidates the potential mechanisms of TiN in improving microstructure and enhancing properties.

Influence of tin additions on the corrosion passivation of TiZrTa alloy in sodium chloride solutions

Abstract In this study, the fabrication of Ti-12%Zr-4%Ta-2%Sn alloy, Ti-12%Zr-4%Ta-4%Sn alloy, and Ti-12%Zr-4%Ta-6%Sn alloy using powder metallurgy fabrication technique has been carried out. The influence of Sn addition on the corrosion of these alloys after 30 min and 3 days in 3.5% NaCl solution using various techniques has been reported. The Nyquist spectra revealed that boosting Sn content from 2 to 4% and further to 6% increases the corrosion resistance of the alloy through increasing the diameter of the obtained semicircle. Bode spectra also elucidated that the increased percentage of Sn increases the values of the impedance of the interface |Z| and the maximum degree of the phase angle (Φ). It was indicated from the cyclic polarization curves that the increased Sn content increases the passivation of the alloy through decreasing its rate of corrosion and increasing its corrosion resistance. The measured current over time at −0.10 V showed that the alloy with low Sn content, 2%, records the highest currents, which pronouncedly decreases when Sn content increases to 4% and further to 6%. Prolonging the time of exposure from 30 min to 3 days greatly enhances the passivation of the TiZrTaSn alloys due to the formation of mixed oxides of TiO2, ZrO2, TaO2, and SnO2. The results of these electrochemical measurements were confirmed by the surface investigations carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results collectively proved that the uniform corrosion remarkably decreases with the increase in the Sn% and that the pitting corrosion is not likely to take place.

Effects of the Addition of Tin Powder to Perovskite Precursor Solutions on Band Bending at PEDOT:PSS/Perovskite Interfaces in Mixed-Cation Mixed-Halide Tin Perovskite Solar Cells.

Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, we investigated the effects of the addition of tin (Sn) powder to perovskite layers on band bending at the perovskite surface near poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole-transport layers in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) involving formamidinium (FA)-methylammonium (MA)-mixed-cation I-Br-mixed-halide tin perovskites. We performed dark ESR spectroscopy measurements of a PEDOT:PSS/FA0.75MA0.25Sn(I0.75Br0.25)3 stack and of a PEDOT:PSS/Sn-powder-added FA0.75MA0.25Sn(I0.75Br0.25)3 stack. The results indicate that FA0.75MA0.25Sn(I0.75Br0.25)3 layers have significant downward band bending near PEDOT:PSS layers. Such downward band bending is unfavorable for hole selectivity and surface passivation at the interface. However, the addition of Sn powder to the tin perovskite precursor solution was found to significantly prevent the downward band bending and rather cause upward band bending, which can improve the hole selectivity and field-effect passivation quality. This can be due to prevented oxidation of perovskite layers by Sn powder addition. These findings are crucial for developing highly efficient and stable tin perovskite solar cells.

Fabricating Wide‐Temperature‐Range Quasi‐Solid Sodium Batteries with Fast Ion Transport via Tin Additives

AbstractQuasi‐solid sodium batteries, employing quasi‐solid polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) renowned for their high energy density and cost‐effective fabrication, are promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems. However, their practical application has encountered impediments such as insufficient ion transport and uneven sodium plating/stripping attributed to suboptimal interfacial compatibility. In this work, an innovative QSPE is developed by incorporating functional additives, specifically fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTf)2), into the poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP)/propylene carbonate (PC) polymer electrolyte. Sn(OTf)2 catalyzes a ring‐opening reaction in PC, thereby reducing transmission barriers and augmenting the transport of sodium ions. Consequently, the resulting HFP‐PC‐FEC‐Sn QSPE demonstrates remarkable ionic conductivity (0.42 mS cm─1) and ion transference number (0.58). Furthermore, it forms a dense and smooth interphase enriched with NaF and metallic Sn, significantly enhancing the long‐term cycling stability of Na symmetric cells, which endure over 3000 h at 0.2 mA cm─2, and effectively suppressing the formation of sodium dendrites. This outstanding electrochemical performance extends to Na3V2(PO4)3/Na full coin and pouch cells across a wide temperature range. This work introduces an innovative approach for designing high‐performance QSPEs suitable for wide‐temperature quasi‐solid sodium batteries.

Effect of Tin Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Bronze Alloyed with 4% Nickel

The current study investigates the impact of adding tin to aluminium bronze alloyed with 4% nickel on its microstructure and mechanical properties. Sand casting was chosen as the most cost-effective and efficient method of preparing the aluminium bronze alloy. Following their melting points, six distinct samples of aluminium bronze alloyed with 0% to 10% tin were added into the crucible furnace. Nickel with the highest melting point of 1453°C was added into the crucible furnace first, while tin with the lowest melting of 231.9°C was added last into the crucible furnace. The alloying components were mixed well by manually mixing the liquid for around five minutes. After sand casting, the specimens were machined, sectioned, and grounded then tests were carried out to measure their hardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance. The results of the tests indicate that the tensile strength first increases and subsequently declines as the tin addition increases. The hardness of the aluminium bronze alloy increases as the proportion of tin addition increases. The results of the investigations also demonstrate that as the hardness of the specimens increases, their impact resistance decreases and the tensile stress of each specimen increases with strain.

Enhanced wear resistance of Ni-Mo-TiN composite coating by synergistic effect of tough Ni-Mo matrix and hard TiN particles

To improve the wear resistance of the metallic components, Ni–Mo-TiN composite coating was prepared via pulsed electrodeposition. The microstructure, mechanical, and tribological characteristics were compared to those of Ni–Mo coating. The results revealed that the addition of TiN reduced internal stress within the Ni-Mo-TiN composite coating and mitigated the propensity for crack formation during both the coating preparation and friction testing. Grooves and pits are observed on the Ni-Mo coating, indicating a typical feature of fatigue wear. Owing to the synergistic effect of the tough Ni-Mo matrix and hard TiN particles, the Ni-Mo-TiN coating was characterized by micro-cutting and superior wear resistance. Based on the experimental results, the effects of TiN on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the Ni-Mo coating were discussed.

Why is neutral tin addition necessary for biocompatible β-titanium alloys?–Synergistic effects of suppressing ω transformations

Well-designed β-Ti alloys exhibit a unique combination of low elastic modulus and high strength, making them promising candidates for the next generation of biocompatible implant materials. A recently PMDA-approved β-Ti alloy, stabilized by the addition of a β-phase stabilizing element (Nb), contains a small amount of Sn, which is not a β-stabilizer, to prevent the formation of brittle ω phase. Here, focusing on the Ti–V–Sn alloy system, we have elucidated two-fold roles of the neutral Sn addition in β-Ti alloys. First, although it cannot be completely suppressed by the β-stabilizing elements alone, co-alloying with Sn dramatically enhances the capability of preventing the local collapsing of the (111)β planes, the elementary process of β↔ω transformation, due to the emergence of many-body effects. Second, Sn atoms serve as anchors for adjacent β-stabilizing elements, preventing the phase separation at intermediate temperatures. These two synergistic effects lead to a comprehensive suppression of all modes of the ω phase transformation.

Dramatically Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Nano-TiN-Dispersed n-Type Bismuth Telluride by Multi-Effect Modulation.

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)-based alloys have been extensively employed in energy harvesting and refrigeration applications for decades. However, commercially produced Bi2Te3-based alloys using the zone-melting (ZM) technique often encounter challenges such as insufficient mechanical properties and susceptibility to cracking, particularly in n-type Bi2Te3-based alloys, which severely limit the application scenarios for bismuth telluride devices. In this work, we seek to enhance the mechanical properties of n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 alloys while preserving their thermoelectrical performance by a mixed mechanism of grain refinement and the TiN composite phase-introduced pinning effect. These nanoscale processes, coupled with the addition of TiN, result in a reduction in grain size. The pinning effects of nano-TiN contribute to increased resistance to crack propagation. Finally, the TiN-dispersed Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 samples demonstrate increased hardness, bending strength and compressive strength, reaching 0.98 GPa, 36.3 MPa and 74 MPa. When compared to the ZM ingots, those represent increments of 181%, 60% and 67%, respectively. Moreover, the thermoelectric performance of the TiN-dispersed Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 samples is identical to the ZM ingots. The samples exhibit a peak dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) value of 0.957 at 375 K, with an average ZT value of 0.89 within the 325-450 K temperature range. This work has significantly enhanced mechanical properties, increasing the adaptability and reliability of bismuth telluride devices for various applications, and the multi-effect modulation of mechanical properties demonstrated in this study can be applied to other thermoelectric material systems.

Forged coins from early medieval settlement centre in Pawłówek on southern border of East Pomerania (northern Poland)

Abstract In the course of explorations of an early medieval fortified centre in Pawłówek on the periphery of East Pomerania and Kuyavia, as many as 49 coins and one planchet were found deposited within cultural layers dated back from the turn of the 1070s to the beginning of the 1100s. Nearly half of them showed characteristics typical of coin counterfeiting. Physical-chemical studies proved that they were manufactured using mainly copper with a small addition of silver, tin, zinc, or lead. It is the most numerous series of this kind of coins ever unearthed in the area of Poland, second only to the hoard of Włynkowo in East Pomerania. The variety of these finds in terms of manufacturing technique and technology suggests that they come from different sources. Due to the nature of the examined centre that served for treasurial and fiscal purposes (customs chamber), it was concluded that a considerable number of the counterfeit coins in this place can be linked to an intentional selection of such coins from the ore mass that constituted customs duties and/or local manufacturing of forged coins.

Insight into the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-20wt%Zn-xSn ternary alloy

The main objective of this research is to study the grain refinement and improved trend in mechanical properties of brass (Cu-20wt%Zn) doped with tin. Tin was added in concentrations of (x: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1wt%). The alloy samples were produced by permanent die casting and machined to the required dimensions for the structural analysis and mechanical tests. Mechanical properties studied were percentage elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and Brinell hardness using a 100KN JPL tensile strength tester (Model: 130812) and portable dynamic hardness testing machine (Model: DHT-6) respectively. The structural analysis was conducted using an optical metallurgical microscope (Model: L2003A) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS. The results of the structural analysis showed that the control specimen consisted predominantly of coarse α-phase of zinc in copper (Cu3Zn). The samples doped with tin consisted of refined α-grains with patches of the second phase (Cu8Sn5). Mechanical test results indicated that the addition of tin to alpha brass improved the ultimate tensile strength and hardness with a slight decline in percentage elongation. The values recorded for ultimate tensile strength and Brinell hardness were 322MPa and 176HB respectively.

Unveiling the synergistic effects of pH and Sn content for tuning the catalytic performance of Ni0/NixSny intermetallic compounds dispersed on Ce-Zr mixed oxides in the aqueous phase reforming of ethylene glycol

The product distribution in aqueous phase reforming (APR) of polyols is closely tied to the catalytically induced feed cleavage mechanism. Strategic variations in catalyst composition and synergistic effects prompted by reaction conditions, such as pH, can be utilized to tune the product distribution of both liquid and gaseous phases. This study aimed to compare the physicochemical properties of various NixSny/Ce(Zr)O2 catalysts and their performance in batch tests during the APR of a 6%wt. ethylene glycol (EG) solution under both neutral and alkaline conditions. The results show that the progressive addition of tin strongly tunes the activity of the catalysts and the nickel-induced methanation reaction under neutral conditions, albeit decreasing feed conversions. In synergy with tin tuning, the alkaline environment boosts the process by increasing conversions and H2-yields while still minimizing methanation due to the alkali-induced process of Cannizzaro disproportionation of EG into glycolic acid with subsequent reforming thereof.

Modulating NCM622 electrode to efficiently boost the lithium storage and thermal safety of its full batteries

High-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathodes necessitate a cost-effective and straightforward electrode modification technique to enhance both lithium storage capacity and thermal safety performance in industrial settings. This paper introduces an economically viable, convenient, and industrially feasible approach: the integration of minute quantities of TiO2 and TiN additives into the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode, aimed at enhancing the performance of NCM622-TT||Graphite pouch full batteries, particularly in terms of lithium storage and thermal safety. Remarkably, under testing conditions of 45 °C and 1C rate, the TiO2&TiN-modified pouch full battery demonstrated a capacity retention rate of 82.6 % after 1000 cycles, representing a substantial improvement of over 53 % compared to the pure NCM622|| graphite pouch full battery. Furthermore, needling tests revealed a notable reduction of 12.4 °C in the average temperature increase during thermal runaway in the modified LIB, indicating a significant enhancement in safety. Comprehensive characterization and mechanistic analysis suggest that the incorporation of TiO2 and TiN enhances interfacial compatibility and stability, mitigates side reactions during cycling, and indirectly improves ion transport kinetics. Unlike traditional approaches involving electrode material modifications and battery structural design, modulating the NCM electrode offers a promising avenue for advancing the research and development of nickel-rich NCM LIBs, with considerable practical implications for industrial applications.

Improvement of micro/nano-structure and corrosion resistance of TiCu alloy by addition of tin and their Sr-hydroxyapatite coating

This study explores the influence of tin (Sn) content on the properties of Ti7CuXSn (X = 2, 7, and 15 wt%) alloys, in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The investigation reveals that an elevated Sn content within the Ti7Cu alloy results in the formation of finer grain structures. Rapid quenching processes lead to the development of an ultrafine martensitic structure and the formation of (Ti,Sn)2Cu intermetallic compounds within the Ti7CuXSn alloys. Subsequent heat treatment processes induce the transformation of the ultrafine martensitic structure into a coarser one, accompanied by an increase in the volume fraction of (Ti,Sn)2Cu. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis validates the presence of α/α'-Ti(Sn,Cu) phases and (Ti,Sn)2Cu intermetallics across all alloy compositions. The Ti7Cu15Sn alloy demonstrates higher microhardness, primarily attributed to its smaller grain size, reduced lamellar spacing, and increased volume fraction of (Ti,Sn)2Cu. Furthermore, all specimens exhibit heightened microhardness following heat treatment due to the martensitic structure with heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of (Ti,Sn)2Cu intermediate growth. Electrochemical analysis reveals an enhanced corrosion resistance in the Ti7Cu15Sn alloy, attributed to its elevated Sn content. Nonetheless, the as-cast Ti7Cu15Sn alloy displays superior corrosion resistance, albeit with a marginal reduction in electrochemical performance following heat treatment. Surface characterization signifies the formation of a uniform oxide film, underscoring commendable corrosion resistance in both as-cast and heat-treated Ti7CuXSn alloys. Additionally, the study investigates the deposition of strontium (Sr)-doped ceramic coatings on as-cast Ti7Cu15Sn alloys. It is demonstrated that higher current density parameters yield denser and more crystalline Sr-HA coatings. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping confirms the successful incorporation of Sr into the coating, showcasing its potential for applications in the field of biomedicine. Thus, this investigation highlights the significant impact of Sn content on microstructural refinement, enhancements in mechanical properties, and improved electrochemical performance within Ti7CuXSn alloys. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and optimization of alloy performance in diverse applications.

Experimental and theoretical study of the Sn-O bond formation between atomic tin and molecular oxygen.

The merging of the electronic structure calculations and crossed beam experiments expose the reaction dynamics in the tin (Sn, 3Pj) - molecular oxygen (O2, X3Σ-g) system yielding tin monoxide (SnO, X1Σ+) along with ground state atomic oxygen O(3P). The reaction can be initiated on the triplet and singlet surfaces via addition of tin to the oxygen atom leading to linear, bent, and/or triangular reaction intermediates. On both the triplet and singlet surfaces, formation of the tin dioxide structure is required prior to unimolecular decomposition to SnO(X1Σ+) and O(3P). Intersystem crossing (ISC) plays a critical role in the reaction mechanism and extensively interosculates singlet and triplet surfaces. The studied reaction follows a mechanism parallel to that for the gas phase reaction of germanium and silicon with molecular oxygen, however, the presence of the tin atom enhances and expands ISC via the "heavy atom effect".

Modeling Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Solidified Al-Sn-Cu System

In this study,three samples were created using gravity die casting, i.e.,two modelsof immiscible alloys, Alloy1 (Al-12wt.%Sn-8wt.%Cu) and Alloy2 (Al-20wt.%Sn-10wt.%Cu),along with a control sample of pure Al.These gravity die-cast samples,homogenized at 700°Cfor 2hours,are analyzed formechanical properties and microstructures.Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the changes in the Al-Sn-Cu solidified system resulting from the addition of specific alloying elements. Both Alloy1 and Alloy2 showed better mechanical properties than the control sample of pure Al. The tensile strength of Alloy2 shows a decrease from 110.878 MPato 105.750 MPacompared to Alloy1. However, there isan increase in the yield strength from 30.239 MPa to 32.362 MPa when the addition of tin exceeds 12% and copper exceeds 8%, respectively, which might be because of the alpha-phase solid solution’s interdendritic region that produces lattice strains.The impact resistance and ductility of the alloy are compromised as the hardness increases with the addition of more alloying elements. Alloy2 exhibited the highest hardness at 50.92 HB. The Brinell hardness values suggest these alloys arepotential candidatesto replace antifriction bronzes. However, hard CuAl2 is produced at the grain boundaries when copper percentages are increased, reducingthe impact properties. The effects of different alloying constituents and melt treatment on the microstructural control of Al-Sn-Cu solidified alloy werealso studied. The aluminum matrix with a semi-continuous network (reticular) distribution of tin on the grain boundary was observed. The grain size gradually decreased from 19.65 μm to 16.94 μm and became more equiaxed for Al-20wt.%Sn-10wt.%Cu than Al-12wt.%Sn-8wt.%Cu. The bond between tin and matrix improved with the increasing alloying element. The data obtained from this experiment will undoubtedly contribute to future research in this field

Enhancing microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel aluminium bronze alloy through tin addition

This article describes the changes in the microstructure, cooling curve characteristics and mechanical properties of cast Nickel Aluminium Bronze alloy (NAB) alloy that were produced by the addition of various amounts of Tin (Sn). The solidification parameters were recorded using a computer-aided cooling curve analysis setup, and optical and scanning electron microscopes were utilised to study the evolution of the microstructure. The chemical composition of different phases generated in the NAB alloy with and without Tin was investigated using an X-ray diffraction technique. With the addition of tin, the alloy's microstructure changed from columnar to equiaxed grain structures, and the ideal microstructure was produced at a Tin concentration of roughly 1.0 weight percent. The formation of the high temperature α and the grain boundary Sn rich phases across the alloy microstructure as a result of further addition has a considerable impact on the alloy's increased hardness (upto 69%) and tensile strength (upto 28.4%) compared to untreated NAB alloy. Influence of Sn on microstructure transformation is confirmed by the decline in alloy nucleation temperatures, the reduction in undercooling intensity, and the decrease in cooling rate during solidification. The addition of Tin to the NAB alloy caused morphological changes in the kappa (K) phases, which are also reported in the this article. In addition to this, the research makes an attempt to describe the mechanism underlying the formation of equiaxed grains and phase transformations in Sn-treated NAB alloys.

Thermalization and relaxation mediated by phonon management in tin-lead perovskites

Understanding and control of ultrafast non-equilibrium processes in semiconductors is key to making use of the full photon energy before relaxation, leading to new ways to break efficiency limits for solar energy conversion. In this work, we demonstrate the observation and modulation of slow relaxation in uniformly mixed tin-lead perovskites (MASnxPb1-xI3 and CsSnxPb1-xI3 nanocrystals). Transient absorption measurements reveal that slow cooling mediated by a hot phonon bottleneck effect appears at carrier densities above ~1018 cm−3 for tin-lead alloy nanocrystals, and tin addition is found to give rise to suppressed cooling. Within the alloy nanoparticles, the combination of a newly introduced high-energy band, screened Fröhlich interaction, suppressed Klemens decay and reduced thermal conductivity (acoustic phonon transport) with increased tin content contributes to the slowed relaxation. For inorganic nanocrystals where defect states couple strongly with carriers, sodium doping has been confirmed to benefit in maintaining hot carriers by decoupling them from deep defects, leading to a decreased energy-loss rate during thermalization and an enhanced hot phonon bottleneck effect. The slow cooling we observe uncovers the intrinsic photophysics of perovskite nanocrystals, with implications for photovoltaic applications where suppressed cooling could lead to hot-carrier solar cells.

Inhibiting effect of tin additives on the solid-phase conversion of PbSO4 to PbO2

Inhibiting effect of tin additives on the solid-phase conversion of PbSO4 to PbO2

Fabrication of tailored Ti6Al4V-based materials by conventional powder metallurgy for bone implant applications

ABSTRACT This works proposes a methodology for fabricating materials with specific characteristics mimicking human bones. A Ti64 alloy powder was used as the base material and it was mixed with Ag, Ta, TiN and salt particles to obtain different features. A hip-bone like component was fabricated, including a highly porous core of Ti64/25Ta/5Ag and a compact outer shell of Ti64/5Ag that is supposed to improve corrosion and osseointegration. Besides, a harder cover surface in Ti64/10TiN composite should increase the wear resistance. The green component was sintered at 1260°C in argon. Its Young’s modulus was close to the one of bones due to the added porosity, which also provided a permeability close to the one reported for trabecular bones. Tribocorrosion behaviour in simulated body fluid was improved by TiN addition. In conclusion, the proposed processing route was able to produce complex components fulfilling specific features required for human bone replacement.