Addition Of Tin Research Articles

Electrical and patterning properties of direct nanoimprinted indium oxide (In2O3) and indium tin oxide (ITO)

The electrical and patterning properties of direct imprinted indium oxide (In2O3) and indium tin oxide (ITO) precursor gel films have been studied. The electrical properties of the imprinted films have also been compared with the electrical properties of non-imprinted films. In2O3 and ITO have almost the same type of solutes in solution but In2O3 shows better patterns than ITO, that is, the addition of tin to In2O3 causes the patterns to degrade because ITO has a lower tan δ during viscoelastic measurements than In2O3. In addition, the electrical properties (i.e. Hall mobility and carrier concentration) of In2O3 were affected by the direct imprinting process while the effects were not pronounced for ITO films.

Microwave Sintering of SiAlON Ceramics with TiN Addition.

α-β SiAlON/TiN composites with nominal composition of α:β = 25:75 were fabricated by microwave sintering. The effect of titanium nitride addition on the phases, microstructure, microwave absorption ability and mechanical properties (Vickers hardness and fracture toughness) of the SiAlON-based composites were studied. Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) software was used for the numerical simulation in order to assess the most suitable experimental setup. Sintering trials were performed in a single mode microwave furnace operating at 2.45 GHz and a power output of 660 W, for a reaction time of 30 min. SiC blocks were used as a susceptor to accelerate the microwave processing by hybrid heating, with reduced heat losses from the surface of the material of the α-β SiAlON/TiN composites. The optimum comprehensive mechanical properties, corresponding to a relative density of 96%, Vickers hardness of 12.98 ± 1.81 GPa and Vickers indentation fracture toughness of 5.52 ± 0.71 MPa.m1/2 were obtained at 850 °C when the content of TiN was 5 wt.%.

Wear resistance of TiN or AlTiN nanostructured Ni-based hardfacing by PTA under pin on disc test

In the present work, Ni-based metallic filler powders reinforced with TiN or AlTiN nanoparticles were deposited on D2-type tool steel by Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA). The mixes of TiN or AlTiN with Ni-based metallic filler powders were analyzed using technique of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The effect of tribological performance for Ni-based metallic filler powders with different amounts of TiN or AlTiN nanoparticles was studied. A pin on disc tribometer was used to evaluate the wear and friction behavior of the hardfacing under dry siding condition. The hardfacing were characterized by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), roughness and nanoindentation tests. Results of DSC showed that the mixes of nanoparticles with metallic filler changed the dilution due to the high enthalpies of reaction. Microstructural results showed that the addition of TiN or AlTiN nanoparticles modified substantially the microstructure of the hardfacing, increasing the secondary hard phases and intermetallic content as well as the nanohardness. Moreover, as the TiN or AlTiN nanoparticles increased from 1 to 2 g and 2.4–3.4 g, the wear resistance of hardfacing increased four times that the D2 steel.

Rapid fabrication of TiN/AISI 420 stainless steel composite by selective laser melting additive manufacturing

Although metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess high mechanical properties for wide potential applications, there are limited kinds of ex-situ MMCs fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) until now. In this study, TiN/AISI 420 stainless steel (SS) MMCs samples were fabricated by SLM. Densification behavior, microstructure, hardness and wear performance were investigated with different TiN contents and laser powers. It was found that the addition of TiN has a strong influence on density, which was mainly attributed to its impact on laser absorptivity of powder and wettability of liquid metal. With a higher laser power, the diffusion behavior of TiN became stronger and the densification of composites was improved with a maximum relative density of 98.2%. Both of the distribution and solid-solution of TiN particles were investigated by SEM, XRD and EDS results. The optimized composites achieved a high hardness of HRC 56.7, which is 11.8% higher than that of SLMed pure AISI 420 SS. The wear performance was enhanced due to the improved hardness and TiN reinforcement particle.

Investigation of the surface of Ga⁻Sn⁻Zn eutectic alloy by the characterisation of oxide nanofilms obtained by the touch-printing method.

Ga–Sn–Zn eutectic alloy is a non-toxic liquid metal alloy which could be used in a multitude of applications, including as a heat transfer agent, in gas sensing, and in medicine. Alloys containing gallium readily oxidise in air, forming a thin oxide layer that influences the properties of liquid metals and which has not been studied. In this study, the oxide layer formed on Ga–Sn–Zn alloy was transferred at room temperature onto three substrates—quartz, glass and silicon. The contact angle between the liquid alloy and different substrates was determined. The obtained thin oxide films were characterised using atomic force microscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, and optical and transmission electron microscopy. The contact angle does not influence the deposition of the layers. It was determined that it is possible to obtain nanometric oxide layers of a few micrometres in size. The chemical composition was determined by XPS and EDS independently, and showed that the oxide layer contains about 90 atom % of gallium with some additions of tin and zinc. The oxides obtained from the eutectic Ga–Sn–Zn liquid alloys appear to be nanocrystalline.

Magnetic Properties and Glass-Forming Ability of CoFeSiBNb Alloys

The effect of small tin, gallium, and zirconium additions on the magnetic properties of a Co48Fe25B19Si4Nb4 alloy at high temperatures is studied. The temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility of the compositions under study are measured; the electron characteristics, such as the effective magnetic moment, the density of electron states at the Fermi level, and the paramagnetic Curie temperature, are calculated. Amorphous alloy samples are prepared by melt injection and vacuum suction casting.

Tailoring the Rolling Texture of AZ31 Mg Alloy with Calcium and Tin Addition

A small amount of Ca and Sn is added into AZ31 alloy separately to modify its deformation behavior and optimized rolling texture. Results show that addition of Sn increases the activation of twinning in AZ31. Some unusual double twins, inducing and double twins, are activated in AZ31–0.5Sn alloy. Refined grains with similar orientation as their parents are produced by continuous static recrystallization, which limits texture modification in AZT310. Ca gives rise to a remarkable grain refinement during hot rolling. Recrystallized grains in AZX310 exhibit a weaker double peak texture with a wide orientation spread. It is found that Al2Ca particles simulate recrystallized nucleation and some of these refined grains exhibit non‐basal orientations. Primary compression twins are favorable nucleation sites for recrystallization and they are more effective in texture modification compared to other double twins.

Effect of tin addition on corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated costal-industrial atmosphere

The effect of tin addition on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere has been investigated by indoor wet/dry cyclic corrosion test (CCT). The results indicate that tin addition can obviously make the steel substrate more resistant to atmospheric corrosion by suppressing the cathodic H+ reduction reaction, and but tin addition is not of obvious beneficial effect when the steel is covered with a thicker rust layer during long-term corrosion process. The reason lies in the fact that the presence of un-reduced H+ can lower the electrolyte pH value and lead to a loose and porous rust layer on tin-containing steel sample than that on tin-free steel sample. In addition, the 120 CCT cycles corrosion process of the two steels can be divided into three stages. Both the tin-free and tin-containing steels show an increasing corrosion rate during the initial corrosion stage and then exhibit a decreasing corrosion rate during the second and third corrosion stages. Moreover, tin addition makes the tin-containing steel rust layer have a higher amount of α-FeOOH and lower amount of γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4 than the tin-free steel rust layer.

Electrochemical Activation of Aluminum by the Addition of Tin, in 3% NaCl

Electrochemical Activation of Aluminum by the Addition of Tin, in 3% NaCl

Influence of TiN dopant on microstructure of TiB2 ceramic sintered by spark plasma

In this study, the impact of TiN as a sintering aid on the relative density and microstructure of TiB2 ceramic was investigated. Monolithic TiB2 and TiB2 doped with 5 wt% TiN were sintered at 1900 °C for 7 min dwell time under the pressure of 40 MPa by spark plasma. The addition of TiN affected the microstructure of TiB2-based sample considerably depicting the finer grains in the as-sintered ceramic. X-ray diffraction evaluation indicated that no interaction occurred between the initial materials. However, detail investigation by the map analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy results revealed the formation of in-situ nano-sized hBN secondary phase in the TiN-doped TiB2. In addition, TiN played a remarkable role on increasing the relative density of TiN-doped TiB2 ceramic producing a nearly fully dense ceramic with relative density of 99.9% in comparison with the monolithic ceramic having 96.7% relative density.

Abrasive Wear of Compacted Graphite Cast Iron with Added Tin

The abrasive wear behavior of traditional compacted graphite cast iron (CGI) and compacted graphite cast iron with 0.1% tin addition (CGI–Sn) is studied using a pin-on-disk tribometer. The microstructures of these two CGIs were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that Sn reduces the average size of vermicular graphite and promotes the generation of pearlite. Sn narrows the average lamellar spacing of pearlite. In the wear tests, CGI–Sn yields a decreased wear loss by 16.5% compared with CGI. Both CGI and CGI–Sn show typical abrasive worn morphology, while CGI presents a more severe wear condition in which large fragmentations can be seen. Under the current test condition, Sn is likely to improve the abrasive wear resistance of compacted graphite iron. Further studies of the specific working conditions are needed, such as testing against frictional material in braking systems, to check the validity of the findings.

Effect of TiN addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2-FeNi based cermets

The TiB2-x vol% TiN-20 vol% (Fe-Ni) system cermets with various volume fraction of TiN were successfully fabricated through gas pressure sintering. The effects of TiN content on the mechanical properties and microstructure of TiB2-based cermets was explored in detail. The microstructure and compositional analyses of TiB2-based cermets were investigated by SEM, EPMA, TEM, and X-ray diffraction. The results shown that only TiB2, TiN and Fe0.64Ni0.36 phases in the TiB2-based cermets, not any other brittle phases such as M2B, M23B6 could be found. The TiB2 grains formed a typical core-rim structure, but the TiN particles didn't. The dominant fracture mode of TiB2-based cermets transformed from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture as the TiN content increasing from 0 to 25 vol%. Toughening mechanisms of TiB2-based cermets transformed from debonding, crack deflection to crack bridging and crack deflection as the TiN content increasing. The properties of TiB2-based cermets have been greatly enhanced as the TiN content varying from 0 to 25 vol%. The transversal rupture strength, indentation fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and relative density of TiB2–20 vol% TiN-20 vol% (Fe-Ni) cermet reached up to 1191.12 ± 40 MPa, 18.77 ± 0.40 MPa m1/2, 14.40 ± 0.20 GPa, and 99.74 ± 0.20%, respectively.

Combustion synthesis of metal-ceramic silicon nitride-based composites and their photocatalytic activity

The paper represents the method for obtaining and evaluating the catalytic properties of metal-ceramic composites based on silicon and titanium nitrides. The optimum conditions of the materials synthesis in the combustion mode are determined. The results have shown that the obtained iron-containing composites in the presence of H2O2, H2C2O4, EDTA have a catalytic activity during the degradation of dyes exposed to UV radiation. The addition of TiN to the ceramic matrix is shown to increase the efficiency of photocatalytic generation of hydrogen from carboxylic acids.

A study on annealing‐induced softening in cold drawn Cu−Cr−Sn alloy

AbstractThe softening behavior of a 60 % cold‐drawn Cu‐0.48Cr‐0.16Sn alloy during annealing at temperatures between 450 °C and 750 °C was investigated. The mechanical properties and microstructures evolution of the alloy in both as‐drawn and annealed conditions were analyzed using hardness measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back‐scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results showed that the softening behavior of the alloy was strongly affected by precipitate coarsening, recovery and recrystallization, and was predominant by recrystallization when the temperature higher than 500 °C. The recrystallization kinetics was characterized by measurements of hardness. The obtained experimental data were evaluated in terms of the Johnson‐Mehl‐Avrami‐Kolmogorov model. The values of the Avrami exponent were ranged from 0.87 to 1.36, and the activation energy of recrystallization was about 117.9 kJ mol‐1 for 60 % cold‐drawn Cu−0.48Cr−0.16Sn alloy, which suggested that recrystallization process of the Cu−Cr−Sn alloy was mainly controlled by grain boundary migration. The softening resistance of the Cu−Cr−Sn alloy is stronger than that of the pure copper due to the addition of Chromium (Cr) and Tin (Sn). In addition, the reduction in strain had a positive effect on the improvement of softening resistance.

Selective laser melting of nano-TiN modified AlSi10Mg composite powder with low laser reflectivity

A novel ultrasonic vibration dispersion method was used to produce TiN nanopowder decorated TiN/AlSi10Mg composite powder. The promising selective laser melting (SLM) technique was then used to fabricated TiN/AlSi10Mg nanocomposites. It showed that the near-spherical composite powder surface was uniformly distributed with TiN nanopowder. The laser reflectivity of the composite powder was reduced from 62% to 25% compared to that of the original powder. The SLMed composite parts, with a uniform distribution of nano TiN reinforcing particles and well-bonded interfaces, could be successfully formed at a low laser power of 100 W. A few agglomerated TiN particles grew into micron-sized spherical clusters. With the addition of TiN, the microstructure was significantly refined, and the hardness of the samples increased from 126 HV0.1 to 145 HV0.1.

Solidification and Room Temperature Microstructure of a Fully Pearlitic Compacted Graphite Cast Iron

Compacted graphite cast irons are rapidly developing for they have better mechanical properties than lamellar graphite cast irons and present less porosity than spheroidal graphite cast irons. For many applications, an as-cast fully pearlitic matrix would be desired which can hardly be achieved when graphite is compacted. Addition of manganese, copper and tin are thus made as these elements are known to be pearlite promoters. However, their amount should be limited so as to avoid detrimental effects amongst which are heterogeneities in the matrix properties which impede easy machining. In the present work, a compacted graphite cast iron containing 0.3 wt% Mn, 0.8 wt% Cu and 0.1 wt% Sn was cast in sand mould and in standard thermal analysis cup. The cup sample showed a nearly fully pearlitic matrix and was selected for further study. The characterization consisted of measuring and correlating the distributions of pearlite interlamellar spacings and microhardness values. An attempt was made to look for the effect of solidification microsegregation on microhardness which did not reveal any trend.

An Obscured or Nonexistent Binary Intermetallic, Co7Pr17, Its Existent Neighbor Co2Pr5, and Two New Ternaries in the System Co/Sn/Pr, CoSn3Pr1–x, and Co2–xSn7Pr3

Four compounds are reported in this study. Co7Pr17 (10, cP96, P213, a = 13.4147(8) A, Z = 4), either nonexistent or obscured in the Co/Pr phase diagram, has been obtained from a PrBr3 flux. With 29.2 mol % Co, it is close to Co2Pr5 (28.6 mol % Co, 2, C2Mn5 type of structure, mC28, C2/c, a = 16.5471(7) A, b = 6.5107(3) A, c = 7.1067(3) A, β = 96.230(3)°, Z = 4), existent in the Co/Pr phase diagram, produced by arc-melting of a stoichiometric mixture of the metals. The addition of the reactive metal tin to Co/Pr mixtures yielded two new ternary polar intermetallics, CoSn3Pr1–x (x = 0.04, 11, RuSn3La type, cP40, Pm3n, a = 9.587(3) A, Z = 8) and Co2–xSn7Pr3 (x = 0.78, 12, Ni2–xSn7–yCe3 type, oC24, Cmmm, a = 4.5043(4) A, b = 27.227(2) A, c = 4.5444(3) A, Z = 2). Electronic structure calculations reveal extensive heteroatomic Co–Pr interactions in the binaries with little homoatomic contributions. With tin as the third component in the ternaries, heteroatomic Co–Sn and Sn–Pr bonding interactions are dominant, ...

Processing and Characterization of a Copper Based Binary Alloy Achieved by Solid Phase Compaction and Sintering

In the present work, (Cu-Sn, Cu-Co) based alloys with different compositions have been obtained by using powder metallurgy (PM). These alloys were created with the purpose of increasing mechanical and structural properties of the industrial parts. The compacts are made according to the sintering manufacturing method, the uniaxial compressed cold samples. Metallographic characterizations, hardness and density measurements were carried out in order to study the influence of the addition of tin and cobalt, the variation of the compaction pressure and the sintering temperature on the finishing product. It has been proved that the addition of tin and cobalt to a copper powder mixture increase the properties of the sintered parts.

Effect of Process Atmosphere Dew Point and Tin Addition on Oxide Morphology and Growth for a Medium-Mn Third Generation Advanced Steel During Intercritical Annealing

The combined effects of process atmosphere oxygen partial pressure, annealing time, and a 0.05 wt pct Sn addition on the selective oxidation of a model 0.1C-6Mn-2Si third generation advanced high-strength steel (3G-AHSS) composition were investigated. External and internal oxidation of both steels were observed after intercritical annealing at 963 K (690 °C) for holding times of 60 to 600 seconds under all process atmosphere dew points explored—i.e., 223 K, 243 K, and 278 K (− 50 °C, − 30 °C, and + 5 °C). The external MnO morphology was changed from compact and continuous film-like nodules to a fine and discrete globular morphology, with thinner external oxides, for the Sn-added steel. Cross-sectional TEM analysis revealed that the Sn addition also resulted in significant refinement of the internal oxide network. Kinetic studies showed that both the external and internal oxidation followed a parabolic rate law, where the Sn addition to the steel chemistry resulted in lower external and internal oxidation rates. 3D atom probe tomography of the external oxide/steel interface showed that Sn was segregated to the interface with enrichment levels ten times the bulk value, which was concluded to be responsible for the observed morphological changes. The resultant refined external oxide structure is expected to have significant benefits with respect to reactive wetting by the continuous galvanizing bath.

From the Nonexistent Polar Intermetallic Pt3Pr4 via Pt2- xPr3 to Pt/Sn/Pr Ternaries.

Although the Pt-Pr phase diagram has been explored well, recent work on rare-earth metal cluster halides with endohedral transition metal atoms has provided a new binary intermetallic that is nonexistent in the known phase diagram: The binary Pt3Pr4 (1) crystallizes in a new structure type ( mP56, P21/ c, a = 12.353(2) Å, b = 7.4837(9) Å, c = 17.279(2) Å, β = 118.003(7)°, Z = 8) with six crystallographically independent Pt as well as eight Pr positions. The subsequent detailed investigation has led to another previously unreported, binary phase with the Ga2Gd3 structure type, Pt2- xPr3 (2, tI80, I4/ mcm, a = 11.931(9) Å, c = 14.45(1) Å, Z = 16), that is practically overlapping with the rhombohedral Pt2Pr3 existing in the phase diagram. Application of different tin containing fluxes to reproduce the newly detected phases brought about two almost iso-compositional ternary compounds with Sn, Pt4Sn6Pr2.91 (3), and Pt4Sn6Pr3 (4), as well as Pt12Sn24Pr4.84 (5). 3 is a representative of the Pt4Ge6Ce3 type ( oP52, Pnma, a = 7.2863(3) Å, b = 4.4909(2) Å, c = 35.114(2) Å), while 4 represents a new variant of the prolific T4 E6 R3 family ( T = transition metal, E = main group (semi)metal, R = rare-earth metal; Pt4Sn6Pr3: oP52, Pnma, a = 27.623(1) Å, b = 4.5958(2) Å, c = 9.3499(5) Å). Pt12Sn24Pr5- x (5) crystallizes as a variant of the Ni8Sn16Gd3 type ( cI82, Im3̅, a = 12.274(1) Å, Z = 2). Electronic structure calculations provide hints on the origin of the structural changes ( pseudo-polymorphism) for Pt xPr3 with x = 1.97 and 2.00, respectively, and reveal that heteroatomic Pt-Pr bonding strongly dominates in both binaries while the addition of the reactive metal tin leads to dominating Pt-Sn bonding interactions in the ternaries; Pt-Pt bonding interactions are strong but represent a minority in the binaries and are not present at all in the ternaries.