Spending Time Research Articles

What Got You through Lockdown?

What Got You through Lockdown?

Skills make you happy: Why high (vs. low) skill activities make consumers happier, yet they don't choose them

AbstractHigh‐skill activities—defined as those for which ability increases with practice over time—tend to contribute more to well‐being than do low‐skill ones. Nevertheless, consumers may spend the majority of their leisure time partaking in low‐skill activities (e.g., watching television, listening to music, web surfing)—despite correctly recognizing that higher‐skill activities, despite requiring more effort, are more happiness‐inducing. We explore this paradox in the present research. Results from five experiments (three online experiments and two lab experiments) confirm that consumers report being happier when spending time on high (vs. low) skill activities, and that the increased happiness from these high‐skill activities is mediated by increased “flow” from them. Expertise in an activity moderates this effect, such that those who are relative experts in a high‐skill activity experience increased happiness and meaning compared to those who are amateurs. We discuss how consumers can utilize this knowledge to improve their well‐being, and how marketers and employers can build on our findings to enhance customer and employee satisfaction.

Metode Keluarga Yang Belum Memiliki Keturunan Dalam Menjaga Keharmonisan Dari Perspektif Sosiologi Keluarga

Harmony in a household is the dream of every married couple. Building a harmonious family relationship means the establishment of a romantic relationship between married couples in a family and includes everything that has a relationship in the welfare and tranquility of a family. Even though the family does not have an offspring. The research was conducted in Tlogo Village, Kanigoro District, Blitar Regency. With informants 5 families who have no offspring, after approximately 10 households. The research method used in this research is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The research methods used are observation, documentation and interviews. The results of this study show that the 5 families have good household conditions, despite not having a child. The method used by the 5 families in maintaining harmony in the household is by worshiping together, spending time, commitment, appreciation and affection, conducting medical and non-medical treatment and adoption.

Time Spent: The Eight-Hour Day

This second article of the “Time Spent” series examines the eight-hour workday and considers its potential usefulness or applicability to studio voice teaching. The article explores the origin of the eight-hour workday and provides perspectives on how effective (or ineffective) it is in other fields, especially for those considered to be “knowledge workers.” It then presents alternative models to the eight-hour workday, including advocacy for shorter overall hours of work each day or interspersed periods of rest throughout the workday. Finally, the article offers suggestions for voice teachers as to how they may adjust their schedules to bring more focus and energy to a full day of teaching.

How important are home gardens and spending time outside for well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic? Comparing and combining data from 2020 to 2021

Recent studies find that people's use of nature during the COVID-19 pandemic, including home gardens and public green spaces, correlates positively with measures of subjective well-being. To further investigate this relationship, we replicated a study conducted in 2020 in Germany, which focused on comparing garden owners and non-garden owners. Almost exactly one year after the original study in 2020, we collected matched data from n = 490 people living in Germany in 2021. We again found that garden owners had significantly greater life satisfaction and better mental well-being than non-garden owners. Indeed, the second study reproduced many of the 2020 findings. Garden owners and non-garden owners again differed on several sociodemographic factors. For instance, garden owners were more likely to have a higher income and less likely to live alone. Additionally, garden owners spent substantially more time in their garden than non-garden owners spent in public green spaces. We also replicated most findings regarding personality traits—namely, garden owners were more extroverted, more conscientious, less neurotic, and had more agency than non-garden owners. By pooling the data from 2020 to 2021, our hierarchical regression analyses supported the main conclusion from the original study, i.e., garden owners' greater life satisfaction and better mental well-being were attributable to the differences between the groups in sociodemographic factors (e.g., higher income), time spent outside (e.g., longer hours), and personality traits (e.g., less neuroticism). Overall, we found lower levels of life satisfaction in 2021 than in 2020.

Çocuk Dostu Restoranların Çocuk Gereksinmeleri Ölçeğinde İncelenmesi

A child is an individual who is constantly developing and rapidly developing physically, psychologically and cognitively. As a result of meeting the needs of the child correctly, spaces can become meaningful for children. Thanks to the answers given by these spaces to children, the child can turn into a more free, self-confident and more creative individual in the space. It has been observed that there are not many child-friendly restaurants in our country compared to abroad. The preference of child-friendly restaurants abroad is increasing, as they offer activities that will contribute to both families' spending quality time and the development of children. In the study, it is aimed to examine how child-friendly restaurants are designed for children's needs and to examine how positive aspects can be gained in the development of the child in a place where children's needs are met. In this context, the study was designed in 6 steps. For the first time, child-friendly restaurants abroad, which were made in the last 10 years, were examined in the literature. And a total of 63 child-friendly restaurants were scanned and a total of “13” child-friendly restaurant structures meeting the criteria determined within the scope of the criterion sample used in the study were selected as the sample group. Selected restaurants were examined under the titles of physiological, psychological, cognitive, safety and aesthetic-perception needs of children. In the examined child-friendly restaurants, it was observed that the space designs were shaped in line with these needs of children.

Patients' and Caregivers' Preferences for Mental Health Care and Support in Atopic Dermatitis.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has large mental health impacts for patients and caregivers, yet their preferences regarding how to relieve these impacts are poorly understood. Objective: To understand patients' and caregivers' preferences for AD-related mental health care and support. Methods: We surveyed 279 adult AD patients and 154 caregivers of children with AD across 26 countries regarding their AD-related mental health burden, preferred strategies for improving AD-related mental health, and experiences with mental health care in AD. Results: Caregivers reported significantly worse overall mental health (P = 0.01) and anxiety (P = 0.03) than adult patients when controlling for AD severity. Among adult patients, 58% selected treating the AD, 51% managing itch, 44% wearing clothing to cover up skin, 43% avoiding social situations, and 41% spending time alone, as strategies they felt would improve their own AD-related mental health. Caregivers selected managing itch and treating the AD most frequently for both their own (76% and 75%, respectively) and their children's (75% and 61%) mental health. Adult patients were less satisfied with mental health care from mental health providers versus nonmental health providers (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Effective AD management is the preferred method for improving mental health among patients as well as caregivers, who may experience the greatest mental health impacts. Self-care strategies should be considered in a shared decision-making approach.

Fraud in Tax Evasion Decision: Effect on Financial Pressure, Tax Investigation and the Perceived Probability of Audit

Purpose – This research aims to investigate the effects of financial pressure, the perceived probability of audit, and tax investigation on the decision to carry out tax evasion.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach – The Study is a quantitative research approach that uses online-based data collection methods (e_ questionnaire) combined with interviews with certain taxpayers to get their views on fraud in tax evasion decisions. The sample in this study was 98 individual taxpayers in Indonesia.&#x0D; Findings – This research shows that financial pressures have a dominant effect on tax avoidance. This finding proves that financial pressure is one of the reasons for committing tax evasion fraud as stated in the fraud triangle theory. This research also shows that the perceived probability of audit and tax investigation does not affect reducing the tendency to tax evasion, this research indicates that tax investigation does not have a deterrent effect on taxpayers in committing tax evasion. Taxpayers understand that the government is spending considerable time and money to prove an alleged tax evasion case. Several tax policies in Indonesia such as the sunset policy, tax amnesty, and voluntary tax reporting can provide space for tax evaders to get certain tax collections and tax deductions when making tax payments.&#x0D; Research limitations/implications – Although this research has explored taxpayers in Indonesia with several different occupational backgrounds, it is still necessary to test tax evasion on corporate taxpayers other than personal taxpayers. &#x0D; Practical implications – This research critically analyzes the impact of psychological factors in tax non-compliance decisions through tax evasion fraud.&#x0D; Social implications – The behavioral approach and consideration of psychological factors in every tax decision are expected to help realign and harmonize law enforcement practices in Indonesia to reduce the occurrence of tax evasion in Indonesia.&#x0D; Originality/value – Examines the implementation of fraud triangle theory in tax evasion decisions. This research combines behavioral and psychological approaches to test the occurrence of tax evasion fraud in the perspective of taxpayers in Indonesia.

Attention and behavior problems in childhood predict adult financial status, health, and criminal activity: A conceptual replication and extension of Moffitt et al. (2011) using cohorts from the United States and the United Kingdom.

This study is a conceptual replication of a widely cited study by Moffitt et al. (2011) which found that attention and behavior problems in childhood (a composite of impulsive hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive-aggressive behaviors labeled "self-control") predicted adult financial status, health, and criminal activity. Using data from longitudinal cohort studies in the United States (n = 1,168) and the United Kingdom (n = 16,506), we largely reproduced their pattern of findings that attention and behavior problems measured across the course of childhood predicted a range of adult outcomes including educational attainment (βU.S. = -0.22, βU.K. = -0.13) and spending time in jail (ORU.S. = 1.74, ORU.K. = 1.48). We found that associations with outcomes in education, work, and finances diminished in the presence of additional covariates for children's home environment and achievement but associations for other outcomes were more robust. We also found that attention and behavior problems across distinct periods of childhood were associated with adult outcomes. Specific attention and behavior problems showed some differences in predicting outcomes in the U.S. cohort, with attention problems predicting lower educational attainment and hyperactivity/impulsivity predicting ever spending time in jail. Together with the findings from Moffitt et al., our study makes clear that childhood attention and behavior problems are associated with a range of outcomes in adulthood for cohorts born in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s across three countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

SLAMICP Library: Accelerating Obstacle Detection in Mobile Robot Navigation via Outlier Monitoring following ICP Localization.

The Iterative Closest Point (ICP) is a matching technique used to determine the transformation matrix that best minimizes the distance between two point clouds. Although mostly used for 2D and 3D surface reconstruction, this technique is also widely used for mobile robot self-localization by means of matching partial information provided by an onboard LIDAR scanner with a known map of the facility. Once the estimated position of the robot is obtained, the scans gathered by the LIDAR can be analyzed to locate possible obstacles obstructing the planned trajectory of the mobile robot. This work proposes to speed up the obstacle detection process by directly monitoring outliers (discrepant points between the LIDAR scans and the full map) spotted after ICP matching instead of spending time performing an isolated task to re-analyze the LIDAR scans to detect those discrepancies. In this work, a computationally optimized ICP implementation has been adapted to return the list of outliers along with other matching metrics, computed in an optimal way by taking advantage of the parameters already calculated in order to perform the ICP matching. The evaluation of this adapted ICP implementation in a real mobile robot application has shown that the time required to perform self-localization and obstacle detection has been reduced by 36.7% when obstacle detection is performed simultaneously with the ICP matching instead of implementing a redundant procedure for obstacle detection. The adapted ICP implementation is provided in the SLAMICP library.

ARE WE THERE OR DO WE HAVE MORE TO DO? METAVERSE IN FACILITY MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Businesses are eager to adopt new technologies such as augmented reality, blockchain, extended reality, and artificial intelligence, among others, as they see beneficial applications for strategic empowerment. As one of the technological disruptions, metaverse has caught the attention of the larger business community and facility management (FM) sector. In a world where various virtual realities converge, the hyper-connected digital universe known as the metaverse has the potential to fundamentally alter how FM and business interactions are conducted in the future. More people are spending time conducting business online, increasing the metaverse’s potential. Businesses are also making significant investments in the development of metaverse techniques. This study reviews the current literature to comprehend how metaverse techniques have shaped the building blocks of FM by looking at 206 papers. There is currently a dearth of functional metaverse research. This article aims to provide a thorough analysis of the integration of metaverse techniques for facility management. The review reveals several opportunities for further research into the FM-metaverse ecosystem, including improving data interoperability, enhancing the precision of point cloud data for as-built models of existing facilities, and producing efficient virtual property database integration.

Experiences of participation in patient's with infective endocarditis: a qualitative study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with increasing incidence worldwide. An important aspect in a patient’s course of illness is having a close and understanding caregiver. Receiving support from a partner or spouse has been found to be associated with increased survival and lower recurrence of heart diseases. Likewise, the caregiver may be able to experience positive emotions and personal growth by being an important part of the patient’s course of illness. Previous studies have explored patients’ and caregivers’ experiences with participation during the patient’s course of illness. To our knowledge, these perspectives have not yet been studied in patients with IE and their caregivers. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and elucidate patients with IE and their caregivers’ experiences with each other’s participation during the patient’s course of illness including hospitalization and recovery at home. Methodology The design was a holistic single-case study, where patients with IE and their caregivers were the target of interest. The empirical data was collected using qualitative, semi-structured dyadic interviews where the participants were interviewed in pairs. Theory-driven and data-driven coding was used as the analytical tools in the analysis of the data. Results The empirical data suggest that social support plays a significant role in the participants’ lives and course of illness, in which emotional support, physiological and practical assistance, as well as attitude transmission accounted for the greatest sources of impact. Important factors to the psychological well-being of participants were spending time with family members and maintaining a positive outlook on life. In light of theories of coping in social psychology, some participants reported using emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping and protective buffering coping, whilst others did not use these. The majority of the caregivers reported that the course of illness did not have an impact on their working life and social relations, while some stated that it had a negative impact on their work, finances, mental and physical energy and social relations. An additional insight was given as the participants shared their thoughts on a need for psychological counseling and their experiences with compassionate healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The study concludes that the participation of patients with IE and their caregivers in the course of illness played an important and positive role in their lives. As such, it could be advised that healthcare professionals should focus more on how patients and their caregivers cope both individually and together in the course of illness. Understanding their perspectives could have implications on how healthcare professionals plan health measures to improve outcomes for both the patient and the caregiver.

Parents' coping behaviors and mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how parents of young children coped with stress during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic.BackgroundFamilies with young children faced substantial stress during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Yet, relatively few studies have examined parents' mental health during the pandemic and the behaviors parents have used to cope with their stress.MethodThe current study surveyed 199 parents (76% women, Mage = 33 years) of children aged 2 to 4 years from across the United States between September and December 2020 about their COVID‐related stress and coping behaviors since stay‐at‐home orders began in March 2020.ResultsThe coping behavior that parents most commonly endorsed was spending time with their children, a strategy that frequently made parents feel better. Successful coping (engaging in behaviors that made parents feel better) was positively associated with better mental health, regardless of parents' COVID‐related stress. Distraction and unsuccessful coping were not significantly associated with parents' mental health as a main effect. However, parents who engaged in more unsuccessful coping under conditions of high COVID‐related stress reported greater symptoms of anxiety and depression.ConclusionAlthough the COVID‐19 pandemic presented novel stressors for parents, it also presented new opportunities to spend time with family, which may have helped parents cope with the stress of the pandemic.ImplicationsYoung children may be considered an asset in the family system that prompts parents to engage in activities that make them feel better.

How do consumers interact with social media influencers in extraordinary times?

PurposeConsumers are increasingly spending more time on social media platforms to cope with anxiety and loneliness resulting from the recent pandemic. The extraordinary times, characterised by isolation and lockdown, has placed increasing dependence on online technology as a coping mechanism in which social media influencers (SMIs) served as the human face of brands, helping both consumers and brands maintain human connection. How should practitioners navigate their social media campaigns in this changing environment?Design/methodology/approachTo answer this question, the Source Connectedness Pyramid is proposed to help explain and compare the interactions between consumers and SMIs in ordinary and extraordinary times.FindingsIn their interactions with influencers during ordinary times, consumers are satiated with influencer source characteristics of attractiveness, trustworthiness and expertise. However, during extraordinary times, consumers substitute their usual preference to focus on connectedness, characterised by relatedness, belongingness and attachment.Originality/valueThe empirical study within this paper lends support to this proposition and offers additional insights. The proposed Source Connectedness Pyramid contributes to influencer communication theoretically and has strategic implications for practitioners when navigating their social media campaigns in these extraordinary times.

More than greening: Using a novel index to assess restorative nature and vulnerability relationships.

Urban living limits access to nature yet spending time in nature is crucial for human health and well-being. To overcome this, urban planners and policymakers are actively looking for different ways to conserve and create more urban nature through parks, street trees, and other greening strategies. However, research shows that in most cities, these greening efforts are not equitably distributed, nor are they equal in terms of their quality or benefits they provide. Creating more equitable access to urban nature is a challenge and a priority in the next decade, and so is improving the quality of urban nature and associated benefits for urbanites. To address this challenge and contribute at both practical and conceptual levels, we propose a new Local Restorative Nature (LRN) index for geospatially assessing the "restorative quality" of urban nature that can support mental well-being. To contextualize the LRN index, we map the distribution of restorative nature in relation to social vulnerability in Vancouver, Canada. The novel LRN index provides critical insights showing that many neighborhoods with vulnerable populations in Vancouver have less exposure to restorative nature to support mental health and highlights where to strategically prioritize urban greening investment in areas that need it the most. The LRN index is scalable and can be used by urban planners in other cities and contexts to improve equitable distribution of restorative nature and better support urbanites' well-being.

Time Spent on Mobile Apps Matters: A Latent Class Analysis of Patterns of Smartphone Use among Adolescents.

The aims of the present study are: (1) to determine classes of adolescents with homogeneous patterns of smartphone or social media use; and (2) to examine the level of distress across the empirically derived profiles. Three hundred and forty adolescents (Mage = 15.61, SD = 1.19; 38.2% females) participated in a cross-sectional survey. Participants provided objective trace data on time spent on smartphones and applications, as well as self-reported social media addiction, social media use intensity, online social comparison, emotion dysregulation, and psychological distress. Latent class analysis (LCA) with total smartphone use categorized participants into three classes. Participants in Class 3 (19%) showed a more impaired functioning profile, with a tendency towards social media addiction and greater levels of distress. LCAs with the amount of time devoted to specific applications are more heterogeneous, and results showed that heavy use of social media apps was not consistently connected to the most impaired psychosocial profiles. Although the amount of mobile screen time can be a characteristic of problematic users, the link between social media usage and an adolescent's psychological characteristics is mixed. More research is needed to explore the interplay between mobile screen time and social media usage among adolescents.

Effects of short-term speleotherapy exposure on the bioelectric activity of a healthy brain

BACKGROUND: Speleotherapy is a non-drug therapeutic approach that involves spending time in underground caves or mines with health promotion purpose. However, adaptation mechanisms of the human body and the effects of speleotherapy in healthy brain remain largely unknown.&#x0D; AIM: To study changes in the functional state of the brain of a healthy person in terms of EEG activity parameters under the speleotherapy exposure.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METODS: The study involved a group of 25 student volunteers who were informed about the studys purpose, agreed to participate in the experiment and sighen the informed consent. In the experimental group, EEG registration was carried out before and after a 2-hour speleotherapeutic exposure using the Encephalan-EEGR-19/26 electroencephalograph-recorder. In the control group, EEG was taken before and after a 2-hour rest in a switched off speleological chamber. EEG rhythm ratio indices were calculated as ratios of the power of alpha/theta, alpha/beta1, and (theta + alpha)/beta1 rthythms. Data analysis was carried out using MS Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics v. 26.0 software.&#x0D; RESULTS: Significant changes in the EEG alpha/theta index in P4, T6 and O2 leads were observed in the experimental group, but not in the control group. The alpha/theta index appeared to be the most sensitive to speleotherapy. No other significant differences between the groups were found.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the alpha/beta1 and (theta + alpha)/beta1 indices in the subjects undergoing the speleotherapy procedure, while there were significant changes in these indices in O2 derivation in the control group. The alpha/theta index is the most sensitive indicator for assessing the effect of speleotherapy on the healthy human brain.

Pre-pandemic mental health and coping strategy usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis of the Southern Cities Study

BackgroundLittle is known about the usage of coping strategies recommended by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether coping strategy usage varies by pre-pandemic mental health. This study examined the prevalence of different coping strategies and associations of their usage with pre-pandemic mental health.MethodsData were collected from adults residing in metropolitan areas of the U.S. South in May/June 2020 using random-digit-dialing and web-based surveys (n = 1,644). We estimated the prevalence of each coping strategy: (1) keeping up-to-date about COVID-19; (2) taking breaks from the news or social media; (3) taking care of physical health; (4) engaging in relaxing activities; (5) reaching out to and spending time with others; and (6) trying to find comfort in religious or spiritual beliefs. We examined the association between the use of each strategy and pre-pandemic mental health using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for covariates. We also analyzed the association between pre-pandemic mental health and the number of coping strategies employed using ordered logistic regression.ResultsThe most prevalent strategies were: “keeping up-to-date about COVID-19” (53%), “taking care of physical health” (52%), and “reaching out to and spending time with others” (52%). Good pre-pandemic mental health was associated with an increased prevalence of “reaching out to and spending time with others” (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.91). The use of other coping strategies and the number of coping strategies used during the pandemic did not vary by pre-pandemic mental health.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that people who had good pre-pandemic mental health were more likely to connect with other people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the well-documented impact of social support on mental health in disaster contexts, efforts to promote safe social connections for those with pre-existing mental health concerns are needed.

“It was like I was not a person, it was like I was the nature”: The impact of arts-in-nature experiences on the wellbeing of children living in areas of high deprivation

BackgroundNature can weaken the negative effects of deprivation on health, shifting away from pathogenic models of health and supporting the wellbeing of disadvantaged groups. Nevertheless, children living in deprived areas are nine times less likely to have access to nature compared to more affluent children. Schools can facilitate equity of access to nature, thereby playing a crucial role in addressing health inequities. What has received scant attention in existing literature is how access to, and engagement with, nature can be facilitated through arts experiences. Methods‘Eco-capabilities’ is a pilot study exploring the impact of the arts-in-nature practice - ‘Artscaping’ - on the wellbeing of 101 children (aged 7–10) living in areas of high deprivation. Qualitative and arts-based methods were used to understand children's, artists' and teachers' experiences of participating in the intervention. Quantitative methods were used to gain preliminary information on children's self-reported measures of wellbeing pre- and post-intervention. FindingsChildren's wellbeing was supported by the development of: self-confidence and self-esteem; agency; slowliness and calmness; and connectedness with nature. Although children's self-reported measures of wellbeing did not reach statistically significance, the most noticeable changes were that children felt happier with their life as a whole, spending time outdoors and doing things away from home, and more optimistic about what future holds for them. ConclusionsThis study developed the proof of concept for the arts-in-nature intervention. Future research should focus on scaling-up this intervention in primary, secondary and special schools in a wider range of geospatial contexts. Future research should also prioritise the collaboration between artists and teachers to ensure the sustainability of this practice beyond the scope of the research.

Time Spent on Private Tutoring and Sleep Patterns of Chinese Adolescents: Evidence from a National Panel Survey.

In recent decades, there has been a marked increase in private tutoring and a decline in sleep health among adolescents. This study aimed to outline the association between time spent on private tutoring and sleep patterns of Chinese adolescents. Participants were from a nationwide two-wave panel survey. We performed OLS regressions of sleep duration at wave 2 and Poisson regressions of sleep problems at wave 2 on tutoring time at wave 2, adjusting for baseline sleep duration and other covariates. Tutoring time was assessed by three items: daily hours of tutoring, daily hours of tutoring on weekdays, and daily hours of tutoring on weekends. Overall, more time spent on private tutoring was associated with shorter sleep duration and more sleep problems. Furthermore, both weekday and weekend tutoring can have a positive effect on the number of sleep problems. With regard to sleep duration, weekend tutoring time played a negative role, while the effect of weekday tutoring time was negligible. In the Chinese context, which is characterized by intense academic competition, participation in private tutoring plays a significant role in shaping students' sleep duration and sleep problems. To improve the sleep health of adolescents, the time spent on private tutoring should be carefully monitored and regulated.