Time Of Social Change Research Articles

The Role of Self-Efficacy, Academic Abilities, and Parental Education in the Change in Career Decisions of Adolescents Facing German Unification

In times of dramatic social change, new career options emerge and old options may become obsolete. We investigated predictors of change in general career aspirations and of plans to attend a university of East German adolescents from 1989 (before German unification) to 1991 and 1995, respectively, after German unification. Higher pre-unification self-efficacy beliefs were associated with an increase in general career aspirations and a higher probability of switching from non-college-bound vocational training to attending a university. In addition, better pre-unification school grades and having parents who graduated from a university increased adolescents' probability to switch to a university. Furthermore, interaction effects of self-efficacy with grades and cognitive abilities appeared, indicating that for individuals with high self-efficacy, cognitive abilities became more important and grades less important in predicting the wish to pursue university studies. We concluded that beliefs in one's capabilities, and high academic abilities are important resources in vocational reorientation in times of social change.

Human development in times of social change: Theoretical considerations and research needs

Although social change is diverse and ubiquitous, there is to date little research on the impact of social change on individual development, nor on the variables that may mediate and moderate this impact. This lack is, in part, based on insufficient consideration of psychological theories that may be applied to social change, but particularly on the lack of specific theories on psychological consequences of social change. In addition, methodological problems in measuring the complexity of social change have limited research on the consequences of social change on human development. With a focus on the effects of the breakdown of the communist system in Eastern Germany and Eastern Europe on individual development, the present paper analyses how prominent psychological theories can be applied to research on human development in times of social change, namely, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological paradigm, the transactional stress theory, and recent developments of lifespan theories of control and coping. A behavioural model is introduced that analyses developmental consequences of individual’s coping with social change. Finally, we discuss methodological implications for studying social change and set out future research needs.

Professional Aspirations and Job Satisfaction: Chinese Journalists at a Time of Change in the Media

This study examines how Shanghai journalists' professional aspirations are related to their job satisfaction in times of social change. Similar to their counterparts in the West, Shanghai journalists derive satisfaction from job autonomy. However, those who prefer party media as ideal news outlets demonstrate higher levels of job satisfaction. The reverse is not true for those embracing Western professional media as ideals, job satisfaction is also positively associated with the journalists' emphasis on the interpretive role of the media, a belief rooted in Chinese party-press ideology. Stronger positive valuation of professional media relative to that of the party media strengthens the positive relationship between job autonomy and job satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed in the understanding of media changes in China and journalistic professionalism in general.

Perceptions of a fluid consensus: uniqueness bias, false consensus, false polarization, and pluralistic ignorance in a water conservation crisis.

A 5-day field study (N = 415) during and right after a shower ban demonstrated multifaceted social projection and the tendency to draw personality inferences from simple behavior in a time of drastic consensus change. Bathers thought showering was more prevalent than did non-bathers (false consensus) and respondents consistently underestimated the prevalence of the desirable and common behavior--be it not showering during the shower ban or showering after the ban (uniqueness bias). Participants thought that bathers and non-bathers during the ban differed greatly in their general concern for the community, but self-reports demonstrated that this gap was illusory (false polarization). Finally, bathers thought other bathers cared less than they did, whereas non-bathers thought other non-bathers cared more than they did (pluralistic ignorance). The study captures the many biases at work in social perception in a time of social change.

Tiempo y temporalización de la relación salarial. A propósito del tiempo del (post)taylorismo... y de la sociología que lo piensa Time and dynamism of wage relation. About the time of (post)taylorism... and of the sociology that thinks about it

By putting together the current diagnoses of employment and work sociologies we end up with a paradox: more autonomous at work and more heteronomous at the life of work? From this paradox, and following the work sociologies, we attempt, firstly, to report the concept of time —both as a time of social changes and as a time of work activities— underlying the epistemology and the diagnoses of those sociologies in order to, later on, and from the criticism of presentism and the anchorage in the instant where they are, propose a time categorization that, through the analysis of taylorism and its crisis, allows us to grasp both the dynamism of the wage relations and the current transformations in the times of work. Transformations which are only understandable from the established relation between the times of work and the temporality of employment. A relation that, at last, questions the discourses of the growth of autonomy, the participation and the resubjectivism both of the post-modern work and worker.

Europa y la creación de los modelos "célticos". El origen del paradigma étnico-cultural

The particular archaeological reality in Europe during 19th and 20th centuries was the basis of modern Celtic studies. The imperialistic theories, which reproduced Germanic models, introduced a racist concept about the ancient societies and their social structures. The ethnic-cultural paradigm, created in these times, was part of a racist and deterministic world conception, and is present even nowadays. Each country had a different way to live this time of social changes and the intellectual activity was an image of it. In Spain the races of the European situation are still visible at the present day.

Legislation in Australia: Social Control or Education?

The primary function of legislation in Australia is that of an educative one rather than an enforcement role. An example of legislation the main function of which is to educate is the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1985 (O.H.&S. Act). The main aim of the Act is to legislate for a safe work place, breaches of the Act can induce human suffering, therefore the Act is designed to prevent workplace accidents, not to prosecute.The O.H.&S. Act was introduced after a time of social change. The sixties and seventies were times of protest on matters concerning equality for women and for many underprivileged groups. As a result of this, a demand for the rights of safety within the workplace followed. With the advent of the Act in 1985 came a legitimation to the premises of workplace health and safety. The demands for workplace health and safety were recognised by the government and it accommodated by legislating for a safe workplace. The OH & S Act satisfies a need to educate the public on workplace safety and the right to workplace rehabilitation after a workplace illness, by using many social mechanisms. These mechanisms include the set up of a beaurocratic organisation—Workcover, to administer the Act. Workcover educates the public through the use of training schemes, graphic television commercials and standards as a guide to correct practice. Evolution of the Act to management of safety by employers and employees demonstrated that legislation is a self-referential system that has feedback loops which are the result of the education of society. The mechanisms used in the processes of education are socially constructed. Legislation is therefore used to guide society into acceptance of an ideal/framework.

Can a "Hard" Science Answer "Hard" Questions? A Response to Sandstrom and Sandstrom

Previous articleNext article No AccessFinal CommentCan a "Hard" Science Answer "Hard" Questions? A Response to Sandstrom and SandstromJames M. Nyce and Nancy P. ThomasJames M. Nyce Search for more articles by this author and Nancy P. Thomas Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Volume 69, Number 2Apr., 1999 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/603087 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1999 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Keren Dali ViewpointRuminations on peer review in the time of social change, Journal of Documentation 77, no.55 (Mar 2021): 1096–1106.https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-01-2021-0002Cheryl Klimaszewski, Gail E Bader, James M Nyce Hierarchy, complicity and culture in the library and information science preservation agenda: Observations from Romania, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 45, no.11 (Feb 2012): 38–52.https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000611434998Cheryl Klimaszewski, Gail E Bader, James M Nyce Studying up (and down) the cultural heritage preservation agenda: Observations from Romania, European Journal of Cultural Studies 15, no.44 (Aug 2012): 479–495.https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549412455495M. Lützhöft, J.M. Nyce, E. Styhr Petersen Epistemology in ethnography: assessing the quality of knowledge in human factors research, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 11, no.66 (Nov 2010): 532–545.https://doi.org/10.1080/14639220903247777Mindy Whipple, James M. Nyce Community analysis needs ethnography: an example from Romania, Library Review 56, no.88 (Sep 2007): 694–706.https://doi.org/10.1108/00242530710818027Sidney Dekker, James Nyce How can ergonomics influence design? Moving from research findings to future systems, Ergonomics 47, no.1515 (Nov 2010): 1624–1639.https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130412331290853 Alan R. Sandstrom , and Pamela Effrein Sandstrom Antiscientific Approaches to the Study of Social Life: A Rejoinder to Nyce and Thomas, The Library Quarterly 69, no.22 (Sep 2015): 299–303.https://doi.org/10.1086/603088

The Impact of Working‐class Mothers on the Educational Success of their Adolescent Daughters at a Time of Social Change

Current unprecedented levels of academic achievement among girls from all classes raise questions about the contemporary experience of girls in general and, in particular, working‐class girls who, historically, perform less well. As the relatively low achievement of working‐class girls has been associated with family culture and influence, this, in turn, raises questions about girls’ experience in the contemporary family. This paper draws on findings from a recent research project and focuses on the contribution of working‐class mothers to girls’ achievement. Working‐class families were defined as either traditional (retaining traditional gender relations) or transitional (challenging traditional gender relations). Factors which were identified as contributing to a ‘transitional’ life trajectory for a working‐class mother might include: the impact of employment, adult education, the women's movement, and/or the experiences of divorce and lone parenting. The author concludes that while neither traditional nor transitional working‐class mothers might become greatly involved informal aspects of schooling, it is clear that their relationships with their daughters strongly influence their academic experience. Mother‐daughter relationship seemed to favour girls’ educational achievement in three main and interconnected ways: (a) by emphasising independence, (b) by providing emotional support, and (c) by influencing girls’ values in the light of current social change.

Partners Becoming Parents: Talks from the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute

Partners Becoming Parents: Talks from the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute. Christopher Clulow (Ed.). London: Sheldon Press. 1996. 209 pp. ISBN 0-85969-739-9. $24.95 paper. The transition to parenthood is regarded as one of the most significant changes in the family life cycle. Besides joy and fulfillment, the birth of the first child entails changes that require major adjustments in couples' lives. This is even truer in contemporary society where diverse lifestyles, new technologies, and changing socioeconomic circumstances cause the journey from partnership to parenthood, and vice versa, to be less and less clear. Partners Becoming Parents-edited by Christopher Clulow, the director of the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute-addresses the connection between partnering and parenting in times of social change. Twelve distinguished contributors examine this interplay from different perspectives and address two main questions. How do children change relationships, and how do parental relationships affect the development of children? Penny Mansfield reviews the purpose of contemporary marriage in the light of its transformation over the past decades, characterized by early sexual experience, delayed marriage, and cohabitation. She argues that commitment and a sense of the future are necessary ingredients for the secure anchorage that is needed when partners become parents. Penelope Leach discusses the dichotomy that characterizes the way family relationships are thought of in an increasingly individualistic society, a dichotomy that is expressed in the question, Who comes first-partner or child? Children are more and more thought of as what drives couples apart, instead of the glue that holds the marriage together. She addresses an additional issue that dominates current family life: the choice between job and family. Marcus Johns provides a psychoanalytical perspective and discusses the difficulties of three-person relationships. He suggests that the loss of the illusion of possessive exclusivity is probably the most difficult developmental hurdle in life. Although most men and women who want and expect to be parents realize this aspiration at some point in their life, some couples encounter the tragedy of infertility. Lynne Cudmore describes the experiences of couples who seek medical help to have children and addresses the powerful impact of infertility on the identity of men and women and on couples' relationships. Joan Raphael-Leff describes the personal narratives of feelings, fears, and fantasies that men and women construct from their experiences of pregnancy and parenthood and presents her model of the placental paradigm. …

History and Agency in Men's Lives: Pathways to Achievement in Cohort Perspective

People make planful decisions about school and work, but structures of opportunity both constrain and enable pathways to achievement. What is the role of planful competence in times of social change? Drawing on data from the Stanford-Terman sample, the authors examine the role of history and adolescent planfulness in the attainment of men who were born between 1904 and 1917. Men born between 1904 and 1910 avoided the labor markets of the Great Depression by extending their higher education; adolescent planfulness was of little consequence for their adult educational attainment, since they stayed in school irrespective of their planfulness. However, men born between 1911 and 1917 faced viable options between school and work, especially in the postwar economy; for these men, adolescent planfulness was a strong, positive predictor of educational attainment. These findings are compared with insights from the 1962 Occupational Changes in a Generation data set, a nationally representative sample.

The context of Early Medieval barrows in western Europe

In the early Middle Ages there was a short period when prehistoric burial mounds were reused and new barrows constructed over much of western Europe. This is interpreted as an expression of opposition to the new Christian ideology, in a time of social changes in the distribution of power and property.

Counseling Career‐Plateaued Workers During Times of Social Change

This article encourages employment counselors to help employed and unemployed career‐plateaued workers regain a sense of personal investment, motivation, and productivity.

An Examination of Ideology: Julius K. Nyerere and the Tanzanian Example

Anthropologists no longer view ideology as well integrated systems of ideas that reflect social reality. Instead, anthropologists have become aware that ideological systems contain contradictions and, therefore, can be best understood as a system of principals with which only attempts are made to regulate social life. Because of this the search for social determinants of ideology has largely been abandoned. Consequently social scientists, such as Geertz (1973), suggest that we study ideologies as socializing agents and analyze their symbolic content. Making use of Geertz' concepts I studied data from Tanzania and found that ideology used by Nyerere, Ujamaa, has been ineffective as a socializing agent, resulting in the use of repressive techniques to effect economic changes. This finding challenges the notion that ideologies necessarily function as effective socializing agents during times of social change

Commitment and Religious Community: A Comparison of a Charismatic and a Mainline Congregation

A and a Presbyterian congregation in the same geographic area and whose members show similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were compared in order to analyze religious commitment. Commitment is conceptualized in terms of meaning and belonging, and various measures are suggested for operationalizing the concepts. It is found that the charismatic congregation has stronger commitment and that it does so because it is more effective at providing meaning and belonging to its members through stronger closure, strictness, consensus on authority, and cohesion. In addressing the relative importance of meaning versus belonging, it is found that both are highly salient but that belonging is perhaps more central than is usually suggested in the literature. The findings have relevance for the current debate over the reasons for the growth of churches: It is suggested that social structure, or community, is as important as doctrinal stance in explaining their growth. Recent demographic studies of church membership and growth in the United States have conclusively indicated relative declines in the mainline/liberal churches and surprising growth and vitality in the conservative bodies. Kelley's (1972) thesis has demonstrated this most forcefully, while providing plausible explanations for the phenomenon. His explanations are based mainly on the perception of the churches as effective providers of meaning in a time of social change, unrest, and anomie which have watered down the ability of the more mainline and liberal denominations to provide meaning in life.

The male/female dichotomy in the nursing profession in a time of social change: more male nurses, but increasing numbers of female patients‐an international perspective.

We invited a number of internationally well‐known nurses to comment, and their responses are published below for consideration and discussion by our readers.The aim of JANFORUM is to foster debate. We look forward to hearing readers’ views on this or related topics.

The Bewildering World of Psychotherapy

Certain generalizations beneath the apparent chaos of the field of psychotherapy are noted, including the flourishing of psychotherapies in times of social change, the congruence of the values of popular psychotherapies with the values of their era, the similarity of improvement rates following all forms of psychotherapy, and the fact that all cohorts of patients improve on the average over time. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that persons receive psychotherapy not primarily because of specific symptoms but because they are demoralized, and that the effectiveness of all forms lies in their ability to combat this state by a particular relationship, a special setting, a conceptual scheme, and a therapeutic task which, in conjunction, arouse the patient's hopes and restore his sense of mastery over himself and his environment. Implications for the psychotherapist as a social reformer and for research in psychotherapy are considered.

Tom B. Bond, M.D

The first president of the Radiological Society of North America to be chosen from the great Southwest is one to be justly proud of. Kind understanding, knowledge of the problems confronting physicians in these times of social change, administrative experience, and a gift for friendship are the outstanding qualifications of Dr. Tom B. Bond, who now assumes the presidency. His experience in radiology goes back to the days of the old static machine. Many of his qualities were implanted and developed as he followed in the footsteps of his pioneering father in this field. Tom Bond, christened Thomas Burke Bond, was born in Hillsboro, Texas, a small town in the central portion of the state, to which his father, Dr. George D. Bond, and mother, Fannie, had moved from middle Tennessee a few years previously. Young Tom attended public schools, where he spent most of his time in the physics laboratory. In 1902 the elder Bond became interested in x-rays, using a static machine as a generator. Tom's earliest introduction to the new specialty was turning the crank to drive the machine when electrical current was not available. After finishing high school he studied electrical engineering, and during that time designed, constructed, and maintained much of his father's equipment, thus further developing his interest in radiology. This side line gradually consumed more of his time and he decided to become a radiographer. A radiographer, in that day, was not only a technician but was relied upon for interpretation. Operating and designing x-ray equipment required electrical training, but Tom Bond saw that interpretation would necessitate a knowledge of anatomy and medicine and accordingly entered and was graduated from the former Medical Department of Texas Christian University, which later became a part of the Baylor University School of Medicine. He then joined the United States Army and was sent to the Army School of Roentgenology at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, under the command of Colonel Willis F. Manges of Philadelphia. He remained as instructor until the close of World War I. Young Dr. Bond returned to practice with his father in Fort Worth, and together they established the Department of Radiology at St. Joseph's Hospital, of which Tom is still Director. He also established the Radiology Department at the City and County Hospital. While in medical school, he aided his father, along with others, in establishing the Texas Radiological Society, which he has served through every office. He has also been Secretary and President of the Dallas-Fort Worth Intercity Radiological Society, which was organized in his home on Lake Worth. He is Past President of the Tarrant County Medical Society, served for ten years on the Council of Economics of the Texas Medical Association, and is a Past President of the Rocky Mountain Radiological Society.

Dr. Edgar P. McNamee

Leadership, knowledge of the problems confronting physicians in these times of social change, administrative experience, and a gift of friendship—these are the qualities that Dr. Edgar P. McNamee, who now assumes the presidency of the Radiological Society of North America, brings to that high office. Dr. McNamee has been a practising radiologist in Cleveland since his return from service in the first World War. His training in the specialty began in the Army X-Ray School, Pittsburgh, Penna., in 1917 and continued at Cleveland City Hospital. He has been in charge of the Department of Roentgenology at St. Alexis Hospital since 1920 and from an early date has devoted part of his time to the private practice of roentgenology. Dr. McNamee was born in Butler, Penna., in 1890 and, after receiving his early education there, went to the University of Pennsylvania, where he was awarded his M.D. degree in 1913. In the course of the first World War he saw service as a medical officer with the Third Division during en...

Juvenile Delinquency in Times of Social Change

Juvenile Delinquency in Times of Social Change