Time Of Maximum Activity Research Articles

Target set selection with maximum activation time

Target set selection with maximum activation time

Domination and convexity problems in the target set selection model

In the target set selection model (TSS), introduced by Chen in 2009, it is given a graph G with a threshold function τ:V(G)→N upper-bounded by the vertex degree. For a given model, a set S0⊆V(G) is a target set if V(G) can be partitioned into non-empty subsets S0,S1,…,St such that, for i∈{1,…,t}, Si contains exactly every vertex v outside S0∪⋯∪Si−1 having at least τ(v) neighbors in S0∪⋯∪Si−1. We say that t is the activation time tτ(S0) of the target set S0. The problem TSS-Size of finding a minimum target set has been widely studied in the literature. In 2013, Cicalese et al. investigated the problem of finding a target set with activation time 1, which we call here TSS-Domination. In 2021, Keiler et al. investigated the problem TSS-Time of finding a target set with maximum activation time. In this paper, we introduce the problem of finding a maximum proper subset of vertices which is not a target set, which we call TSS-Max-Convex. We prove that, even in split graphs and bipartite graphs, TSS-max-convex is Poly-APX-Complete, TSS-Domination is Log-APX-Complete and their parameterized versions are W[1]-hard and W[2]-hard, respectively, when parameterized by the size of the solution and the maximum threshold τ∗=maxv∈V(G)τ(v). Moreover, we prove that both problems are FPT in bounded local-treewidth graphs when parameterized by the size of the solution and the maximum threshold τ∗. Finally, we prove that TSS-Domination is FPT in d-degenerate graphs when parameterized by the size of the solution and the degeneracy d, extending the main result of Alon and Gutner in 2009.

Experimental Study on the Preparation of a Highly Active Bacterial Suspension for MICP in the South China Sea

Most previous studies investigating the use of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) to reinforce foundations have indicated that the final curing effect can be improved by changing the nutrient environment parameters during the MICP reaction. However, using such methods to improve the construction process increases the construction cost and the impact on the surrounding environment. This study was conducted to determine if we could prepare a bacterial suspension with high activity in a short period of time by examining the effects of inoculation time, the concentration of the inoculated bacterial suspension, and shaker speed during expansion to determine whether sporosarcina pasteurii would vigorously grow. Based on the analysis of the pattern of activity variations in the bacterial suspension, the most appropriate growth scheme for preparing high-activity bacterial suspensions when using MICP to strengthen structures in the South China Sea was proposed. In terms of the results, it was found that the trend of changes in activity and the peak time of maximum activity in the bacteriophage cultured under low-speed conditions in the expanded culture tended to be the same. The value of the bacteriophage’s activity was low. During medium speed culture of the bacterial suspension, urease activity peaked much higher than that of the other comparison groups, with the medium speed bacterial broth having the highest peak. As a result of the prolonged shaking incubation time, the effect of prolonged shaking on urease activity in the bacterial suspension was mainly reflected in the fact that the activity decay cycle of the colony itself was slowed.

Gastric ulcer healing by chebulinic acid solid dispersion-loaded gastroretentive raft systems: preclinical evidence.

Background: Chebulinic acid (CA), a component in Terminalia chebula, exhibits antiulcer activity, but has poor aqueous solubility. Raft-forming systems incorporating solid dispersions (SDs) of CA, were developed to overcome its poor biopharmaceutical properties and to prolong thegastric residence time for maximum activity. Methods: SDs were formulated by a solvent evaporation method using Eudragit EPO. Raft formulations consisted of sodium alginate as apolymer. Results: Release of CA in thedissolution mediumwas 40%, whereas SDs showed 95.45% release. TheCA raft system (20mg/kg) showed curative efficacy in analcohol-induced gastric ulcer modeland increased protectionwhen compared with omeprazole (10mg/kg)and CA suspension (20mg/kg). Conclusion: These studies demonstrated SD raft systems to be a promising approach for antiulcer therapy by CA.

Landscape forest impacts the potential activity time of an invasive lizard and its possibilities for range expansion in Taiwan under climate warming.

Climate warming may have an impact on invasive species and their ecological consequences. Invasive reptiles, which have temperature-dependent physiology, are expected to be greatly impacted by climate warming, though data supporting this is limited. We investigated the potential impact of a warmer climate on an invasive lizard, Eutropis multifasciata, in Taiwan. A mechanistic model, NicheMapR, was used to simulate the maximum activity time available at three elevations, with varying forest densities, under the current climate and a warmer scenario. The results show that climate warming will provide this species more time for activity in the currently occupied lowland region but not in the mountain areas, which are covered with dense forests. However, if the landscape becomes more open in mountain areas, it will become more suitable for this species and may enable an expansion upslope. Our results show that climate warming has a positive impact on this species, and that landscape's characteristics profoundly modulate its impact and the possibilities for elevational expansion in the future.

Target set selection with maximum activation time

A target set selection model is a graph G with a threshold function τ : V(G) → N upper-bounded by the vertex degree. For a given model, a set S0 ⊆ V(G) is a target set if V(G) can be partitioned into non-empty subsets S0, S1,....,St such that, for all i∈{1,....,t}, Si contains exactly every vertex v having at least τ(v) neighbors in S0∪⋯∪Si−1. We say that t is the activation time tτ(S0) of the target set S0. The problem of, given such a model, finding a target set of minimum size has been extensively studied in the literature. In this article, we investigate its variant, which we call TSS-time, in which the goal is to find a target set S0 that maximizes tτ(S0). That is, given a graph G, a threshold function τ in G, and an integer k, the objective of the TSS-time problem is to decide whether G contains a target set S0 such that tτ(S0)≥k. Let τ*=maxV∈V(G)τ(v). Our main result is the following dichotomy about the complexity of TSS-time when G belongs to a minor-closed graph class C: if C has bounded local treewidth, the problem is FPT parameterized by k and τ*; otherwise, it is NP-complete even for fixed k = 4 and τ* = 2. We also prove that, with τ = 2, the problem is NP-hard in bipartite graphs for fixed k = 5, and from previous results we observe that TSS-time is NP-hard in planar graphs and W[1]-hard parameterized by treewidth. Finally, we present a linear-time algorithm to find a target set S0 in a given tree maximizing tτ(S0).

Thermal physiology explains the elevational range for a lizard, Eutropis longicaudata, in Taiwan.

1: The decrease of temperatures along an elevation gradient imposes physiological constraints on reptiles that ultimately determine their distribution ranges. Forest patterns are likely to interact with this process, but very few studies have examined their contribution in determining distribution limits. 2: We examined the role played by thermal physiology and forest cover in determining the elevational ranges of a lizard, Eutropis longicaudata. We integrated this species' thermal traits in simulating its maximum activity time under different conditions of forest cover and elevation using a NicheMapR model. In addition, we evaluated the influence of winter temperatures on the range limit by examining the simulated soil temperatures at the occurrence sites. 3: Laboratory experiments showed that E. longicaudata has a high preferred body temperature and low cold tolerance. The model predicts that maximum activity time decreases with elevation and forest cover. Although unforested areas may provide longer active time in all simulated elevations, mountain areas in Taiwan are heavily forested and are predicted to allow only a very short period of activity above 1000m elevation. 4: All sightings were indeed located in areas below 1000m elevation, in which the predicted average soil temperature is above 10°C in January in cold years. 5: Our results show that reptile physiological response does respond strongly to the change of microclimate induced by forest cover and elevation. Overall, this suggests that forest cover is a major determinant of some reptiles' elevational range.

Evaporative water loss simulation improves models' prediction of habitat suitability for a high-elevation forest skink.

Accurate evaluation of habitat availability for wildlife is relevant for ecological applications. Researchers have frequently used models to simulate habitats thermally suitable for reptiles, but these results have limited application for species highly selective for habitat humidity. Here, we use the biophysical Niche Mapper™ model to investigate impacts of vegetation cover on the habitat quality of a high-elevation forest skink, Sphenomorphus taiwanensis, and to predict changes in habitat suitability in a future warmer climate (3°C increase in air temperature). We assess habitat suitability with different densities of canopy cover in our study areas using two ecologically relevant estimates for lizards: maximum activity time and evaporative water loss (EWL) during the activity season. We measured preferred body temperature and EWL of this species for model parameterization, and behavioral response to EWL to supplement habitat quality assessment. The results indicated that this species is sensitive to EWL and reduces its activity when dehydrated. The model predicted that denser canopy levels increase microclimate cooling and humidity, and that most canopy levels are thermally suitable for this species, as the lizard can thermoregulate to manage adverse temperatures. Nevertheless, increasing canopy density could significantly decrease EWL during activity. In the warmer climate scenario, simulated maximum activity time and EWL changed little because of thermoregulation behavior. Our results suggest that habitat preference of this species is a consequence of water and energy requirements, and we note that combining EWL and maximum activity time data can enhance model accuracy of lizards' habitat quality in a warmer climate.

Extrato etanólico de própolis verde na proteção de feijoeiro contra bacterioses

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic extract of green propolis (EEP) in the protection of common bean plants against two main bacterial cultures, bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) and wildfire (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci). Experiments on antimicrobial activity were performed, inducing phytoalexins, defense-related enzymes, and disease severity, under concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0%. The EEP presented antimicrobial activity on both phytobacteria, causing a decrease in their development. It has also promoted a linear accumulation of phaseolin in bean hypocotyls according to the EEP concentration used. There was a reduction in the lesion area, which was caused by bacterial blight on bean leaves treated with EEP, and local and systemic effect were observed. Polyphenoloxidase was activated with 5% EEP, reaching the maximum activation time 62.5 h after application. An increase was observed in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in plants treated with EEP, with local and systemic effect. Results indicated the potential of EEP in the control of these diseases.

Co-imaging extrinsic, intrinsic and effector caspase activity by fluorescence anisotropy microscopy

In order to overcome intercellular variability and thereby effectively assess signal propagation in biological networks it is imperative to simultaneously quantify multiple biological observables in single living cells. While fluorescent biosensors have been the tool of choice to monitor the dynamics of protein interaction and enzymatic activity, co-measuring more than two of them has proven challenging. In this work, we designed three spectrally separated anisotropy-based Förster Resonant Energy Transfer (FRET) biosensors to overcome this difficulty. We demonstrate this principle by monitoring the activation of extrinsic, intrinsic and effector caspases upon apoptotic stimulus. Together with modelling and simulations we show that time of maximum activity for each caspase can be derived from the anisotropy of the corresponding biosensor. Such measurements correlate relative activation times and refine existing models of biological signalling networks, providing valuable insight into signal propagation.

Tissue-muscle perfusion assessed by one day 99mTc-MIBI rest-dipyridamol scintigraphy in non-diabetic and diabetic patients

AimTo determine the perfusion reserve of the lower limbs using the method 99mTc-MIBI (rest-dipyridamole) perfusion scintigraphy (one-day protocol) in the diagnostic evaluation of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). Material and methodsWe performed tissue-muscle perfusion scintigraphy (TMPS) of the lower limbs, through one-day rest-dipyridamole protocol with 99mTc-MIBI in 24 patients, divided in two groups according to the presence of diabetes – patients with DM (Dp) 13/24 (54%), 2 males and 9 female patients, age 63±13 years and patients without DM (NDp) 11/24 (46%), 3 males and 10 females, age 61±14 years. ResultsIn the dynamic phase of the rest study, the time of maximum activity (Tmax), in the early arterial phase, of the calf region was significantly prolonged in Dp compared to NDp, with lower accumulation of the radiotracer in the 1st minute (85%/87% in Dp vs. 89%/90% in NDp, ns). 4/11 of NDp (36.4%) and 7/13 of Dp (53.8%) registered pathological value of the inter-extremity index of the calves in the stress study. Perfusion reserve (PR) of the thighs (LT, RT) and calves (LC, RC) calculated with the formula “(ROI stress−ROI rest)×100%/ROI rest”, was significantly lower in Dp: LT: 28±19% vs. 43±24% in NDp, p<0.05; RT: 27±17% vs. 40±25% in NDp, p<0.05; LC: 22±15% vs. 36±15% in NDp, p<0.01; RC: 25±15% vs. 38±14% in NDp, p<0.01. ConclusionThis one-day protocol (rest-dipyridamole with 99mTc-MIBI) of perfusion scintigraphy of lower limbs is considered as a useful procedure in PAD assessment, especially the asymptomatic form. TMPS of the lower limbs in our study indicated that perfusion reserve in patients with DM was significantly lower, compared to the patients without diabetes.

Remise steroid-rezistentní Stillovy nemoci při léčbě anakinrou dokumentovaná FDG-PET/CT vyšetřením: kazuistika

After elimination of infectious causes, neoplastic causes and the systemic autoimmune disease of connective tissue, a patient with high fevers over 39 °C was diagnosed with Stills disease. High doses of prednisone led to resolution of symptoms, however after reducing the doses of prednisone to 15 mg, high fevers over 39 °C returned, as well as joint pains. The high doses of prednisone led to decompensation of diabetes mellitus even with 4 daily insulin dosages. Therefore it was proceeded to regular subcutaneous administration of anakinra once a day. Anakinra enabled the reduction of prednisone to as much as the currently administered 2.5 mg a day, but it has not so far allowed for removing glucocorticoids from the treatment completely. Activity of the disease is shown by the findings within the FDG-PET/CT examination. At the time of maximum activity of the disease there was distinct lymphadenopathy with pathological accumulation of FDG visible as well as increased accumulation of FDG in the hematopoietic bone marrow. As the disease activity decreased, the size of nodules regressed and FDG accumulation in both the lymphatic nodes and bone marrow declined. FDG-PET/CT is a suitable method for monitoring the activity of Stills disease.Key words: anakinra - Adult-onset Stills disease.

Impaired gallbladder function in patients after total gastrectomy

Background and aims: The incidence of gallstones and gallbladder sludge is higher in patients after total gastrectomy than in general population. Formation of gallstones after gastrectomy is multifactorial. Here, we investigate the changes in gallbladder and biliary tract functions by cholescintygraphy and monitored changes in cholecystokinin (CCK) release in long-term survivors after total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma.Material and methods: Patients had undergone total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma at least five years ago. The final study population consisted of 25 patients.Results: Eight patients had undergone cholecystectomy before or at the time of gastrectomy. Gallstone formation was observed in seven of the remaining 17 patients during follow-up (41%). Maximum uptake of radioactivity and gallbladder maximum uptake was significantly delayed in the gastrectomy group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in CCK levels after the overnight fasting and at 60 minutes after stimulation among patients with or without stones in situ compared with healthy volunteers, but 30 minutes after the energy-rich drink patients had higher CCK levels than the control group.Conclusions: In gastrectomy patients, technetium isotope visualisation of the gallbladder and time for maximum activity was significantly delayed. This may indicate impaired gallbladder function. On the contrary, CCK release was not impaired.

Circadian rhythmicity in emerging mood disorders: state or trait marker?

BackgroundCircadian rhythm disturbances overlap with the symptoms of mood episodes and may trigger or prolong mood symptoms. There is limited research on the role of circadian disturbances in mood disorders in young people and/or first episode cases of unipolar and bipolar disorders.MethodsActigraphy was undertaken for about 14 days in 63 post-pubertal individuals aged 13–25 years with a recent onset of a mood disorder meeting recognised diagnostic criteria. We examined associations between three easily interpretable markers of circadian rhythm activity (amplitude, acrophase and rhythmicity index) and demography and clinical characteristics. Then, circadian markers were compared between diagnostic groups, controlling for potential confounders.ResultsLonger duration of illness was correlated with reduced circadian rhythmicity and lower levels of activity over 24 h. A delay in the timing of maximum activity was associated with the level of manic but not depressive symptoms. The circadian rhythmicity index differentiated unipolar from bipolar cases, and in bipolar but not unipolar disorder, the rhythmicity was less robust in those with more severe manic or depressive symptoms.ConclusionsLess robust circadian rhythmicity, especially associated with increasing symptom severity, may represent a more specific or a trait marker of young people with mood disorders who are at higher risk of a bipolar course of illness.

Exercise Stress Echocardiography and Tissue Synchronization Imaging of Myocardial Dyssynchrony

Background: Stress echocardiography represents one of the best possible imaging choice for the diagnosis and stratification of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, this imaging technique presents some limitations such as the quality of the image, high inter-observer variability, and the operator-dependent expertise. New technologies have been recently developed to provide an objective, operator-independent, and quantitative analysis of regional myocardial function. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate regional myocardial dyssynchrony using tissue synchronization imaging (TSI) during exercise stress echocardiography (ESE). Patients and Methods: The ESE and TSI analysis of left ventricular (LV) segments was performed for 30 patients with CAD previously treated with revascularization therapy (CADr group) and the results were compared to those in 30 healthy subjects (norm group). The echo protocol comprised echocardiographic examinations at baseline, at the peak of exercise, and at 5 minutes after recovery as well as biplane and triplane acquisitions, pulsed wave of mitral flow, continuous wave of tricuspid regurgitation, tissue Doppler at the mitral annulus, TSI with an automatically detected positive time-to-peak velocity (Tp), and the measurement of the maximum activation time delay between myocardial segments and its standard deviation at baseline and peak stress for each patient. Results: The CADr group showed a lower increase in E (P = 0.005), A (P = 0.006), S' (P < 0.001), and E' (P = 0.006) velocities at both baseline and peak stress and a significantly increased ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline and at peak stress (P < 0.01) compared to the norm group. The baseline-peak variations in the CADr group did not show significant dierences. The relationships between the maximum activation delay and the other echocardiographic parameters showed a significant negative correlation with LV ejection fraction (r = 0.217; P = 0.031) and S' velocity (r = -0.393; P < 0.001) and a positive correlation with the E/E' ratio (r = 0.376; P < 0.001). The comparison between the dierent ischemic territories revascularized in terms of the delay in ventricular activation showed the greatest delay in the revascularized territory in 63% of the patients with ischemia. Conclusions: The TSI analysis in patients with CAD may be considered an interesting parameter in addition to the conventional echocardiographic parameters during ESE.

191 Advancement of Optical Mapping through Automated Algorithms and Second Generation CMOS Detectors to Reveal Murine Atrial Activation Patterns and Regional Variation of Action Potential Duration

IntroductionTo improve temporal and spatial resolution in optical imaging in cardiac electrophysiology we used a second generation complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor camera and novel algorithms to analyse electrical activation.MethodsMurine hearts were perfused...

Radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of the functional state of the transplanted kidney in the post-transplant period

The aim of our clinical study was to evaluate the possibility of diagnosis of postrenal-transplantation complications in recipients using dynamic scintigraphy basing on temporaly parameters standard zones of interest and medullay zone of renal transplantat comparing the results with the histological findings. We determined time of maximum and one-half maximal activity of radiopharmaceutical medication in renal transplantat, parenchyma and medullary zone the graft. According to pathological diagnosis, patients were categorized into three groups: first - normals (n =32), second - acute rejection (n =43), third - chronic nephropathy (n =43). In this study 118 patients aged 21-60 (38.4±9,8) years were included who underwent dynamic renal scintigraphy and biopsy renal transplantat. The time of maximum activity radiopharmlaceuticals parenchyma the graft in patients in first group - 3.24±0.54 min, second - 6.61±3.28 min, third - 6.21±4.17 mnin (p <0,001). The time of maximum activity radiopharmaceuticals medullary zone the graft in patients in first group - 3.95±0.95 ,min, second - 8.94±5.23 min (p <0,001), third - 7.29±4.16min (p <0,01). The time of maximum activity radiopharmaceutical the whole graft in patients in first group - 3.87±0.62 mi, second - 7.4±3.82 min (p <0,001), third - 8.03±4.28 min (p <0,01). The time one-half maximal activity radiopharmaceuticals parenchyma the graft in first group - 10.4±2.95 min, second - 37.09±3.89 min (p <0,001), third - 29.67±3.1 min (p <0,005). The time one-half maximal activity radiopharmaceuticals medullary zone the graft in first group - 11.71-5.93 min, second - 79.34±9.81 min (p <0,001), third - 29.67±3.95 min (p <0,005). The time one-half maximal activity radiopharmaceuticals the whole graft in first group - 12.31±3.91 min, second - 53.29±8.22 min, third - 52.71±7.86 mil (p <0,001). Anderson-Bahadur distance: T1/2 medullary zone the graft most significant between first and second groups patients (17.43), gives maximum index value at chronic nephropathy (-9.07), at differentiation between acute rejection and chronic nephropathy (8.48). Estimate of the area under the ROC indicate most infomative time of maximum accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical of the whole graft (SROC =0.907) in acute rejection and Tmax parenchyma the renal transplantat (SRoc =0.847) in patients with chronic nephropathy the graft. Sensitivity and specificity renal scintigraphy parameters of diagnosing on postrenal transplantation complications amounted 71.43-98.7% and 67.7-96.43% respectively. Renal scintigraphy is an additional test for early detection on postrenal transplantation complications and correct tactics conducting recipients. The parameters of kinetics of nephrotropic radiopharmaceuticals provide diagnosis of acute rejection and chronic nephropathy the graft. Inclusion of radionuclide diagnostics to monitor the state renal transplantat optimizes approach to bioosies graft.

Proximity Ligation Assay for High-content Profiling of Cell Signaling Pathways on a Microfluidic Chip

Here, we present the full integration of a proximity ligation assay (PLA) on a microfluidic chip for systematic cell signaling studies. PLA is an in situ technology for the detection of protein interaction, post-translational modification, concentration, and cellular location with single-molecule resolution. Analytical performance advances on chip are achieved, including full automation of the biochemical PLA steps, target multiplexing, and reduction of antibody consumption by 2 orders of magnitude relative to standard procedures. In combination with a microfluidic cell-culturing platform, this technology allows one to gain control over 128 cell culture microenvironments. We demonstrate the use of the combined cell culture and protein analytic assay on chip by characterizing the Akt signaling pathway upon PDGF stimulation. Signal transduction is detected by monitoring the phosphorylation states of Akt, GSK-3β, p70S6K, S6, Erk1/2, and mTOR and the cellular location of FoxO3a in parallel with the PLA. Single-cell PLA results revealed for Akt and direct targets of Akt a maximum activation time of 4 to 8 min upon PDGF stimulation. Activation times for phosphorylation events downward in the Akt signaling pathway including the phosphorylation of S6, p70S6K, and mTOR are delayed by 8 to 10 min or exhibit a response time of at least 1 h. Quantitative confirmation of the Akt phosphorylation signal was determined with the help of a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line deficient for rictor. In sum, this work with a miniaturized PLA chip establishes a biotechnological tool for general cell signaling studies and their dynamics relevant for a broad range of biological inquiry.

PENGGUNAAN TANAH BENTONIT SEBAGAI ADSORBEN LOGAM Cu

Bentonite serve the purpose of substance adsorpsi because swelling ability and cation for exchange. But adsorption ability is limited so that require to be activated by strong acid to higher level adsorption of bentonite. This research use Ca-Bentonit activated by strong acid HCl. Cation Cu analysed by using Spektofometri Serapan Atom (SSA). Result of research indicate that the increasing of HCl concentration and activation time can improve the adsorption capacity of bentonite. Maximum HCl concentration at 1,6 M and maximum activation time at 24 hour. Optimum heavy bentonite at 4 gr of 100 ppm Cu solution and optimum contact time at 2 hour. Result from Cu isoterm adsorption is weight of adsorption have same range with Cu concentration

Effects of White Noises on Gait Ability of Hemiplegic Patients during Circuit Balance Training

This study examines the effects of different environments on the application of hemiplegia patients circuit balance training. Group 1 performed circuit balance training without any auditory intervention Group 2 performed training in noiseless environments and Group 3 performed training in white noise environments. First, among lower extremity muscular strength evaluation items, maximum activity time(MAT) was not significantly different(p>.05). Maximum muscle strength(MMS) increased significantly in Group 3(p<.01), there was no significant difference in MMS among the groups. Average muscle strength(AMS) indexes also significantly increased in Group 3(p<.01), there was no significant difference in AMS among the groups. Second, among balancing ability evaluation items, Berg's balance scale(BBS) scores significantly increased in all groups(p<.05), BBS scores were significantly difference among the groups. Based on the results, Group 1, 2 and Group 1, 3 showed significant increases (p<.05). Functional reach test(FRT) values significantly increased in Group 2, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in FRT values among the groups. Timed up and go(TUG) test values significantly decreased in Group 2, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in TUG test values among the groups. Third, among walking speed evaluation items, the time required to walk 10m significantly decreased in all groups(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in the values among the groups. Average walking speeds showed significant increases in Group 1, 3(p<.05), and there was no significant difference in the values among the groups. Based on the results of this study, noise environments should be improved by either considering auditory interventions and noiseless environments, or by ensuring that white noise environments facilitate the enhancement of balancing ability.