Breastfeeding Time Research Articles

The view of parents and teachers about the occurrence of deleterious oral habits in a group of preschool children

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the parents and teachers views about the occurrence of deleterious oral habits in preschool children. Methods: a cross - sectional study with a quantitative analysis. Parents and teachers answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding the deleterious habits of preschool children and signed the Informed Consent Term. At the end, 221questionaries were included. The data were submitted to Chi-square test, Fisher exact and McNemar tests. Results: according to the parents, the most frequent habit was the bottle with 52.04%, followed by the pacifier with 24.09%. According to the teachers, the pacifier was the most frequent one, accounting for 20.36% of cases, followed by the use of bottle (7.69%). In the present sample, 90.95% of the children were breastfed. When related to oral habits, it was observed that the longer the breastfeeding time, the lower the use of pacifiers and bottles. By comparing the questionnaires, it was verified that the parents noticed, more frequently, the oral habits than did the teachers. Conclusion: in the group studied, the parents reported more the presence of deleterious oral habits than did the teachers. It is important that parents, and especially teachers, have information about the harm caused by the prolonged presence of such habits, so that they can encourage their interruption, thus, avoiding possible damages to the stomatognathic system and the performance of orofacial functions.

Tipologías nutricionales en población infantil menor de 5 años de la provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer tipologías nutricionales de niños y niñas menores de 5 años de edad. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional. Se estudiaron 6.040 niños y niñas menores de 5 años (2.955 hombres y 3.085 mujeres) atendidos en las unidades operativas de la Dirección Provincial de Salud de Chimborazo durante el año 2013. Las variables estudiadas fueron: zona geográfica, edad, sexo, peso, longitud/talla, lactancia materna y suplementación con Hierro y Vitamina A. Para el diagnóstico del estado nutricional se utilizó los indicadores antropométricos: talla para edad (T//E) é índice de masa corporal para edad (IMC//E), los puntos de corte que se utilizaron para el diagnóstico del estado nutricional fueron de la OMS-2006. Los datos se analizaron utilizando los programas Anthro v1.0.4 y JMP v11. Se realizó un análisis univariable y luego un análisis multivariable por cluster con el método K means para establecer tipologías nutricionales. Resultados: La prevalencia de retardo en talla fue de 36,8 % y la prevalencia exceso de peso fue de 6.3 %. El cluster (conglomerado) 3 presenta las siguientes características; menor T//E, mayor IMC//E, menor edad, menor tiempo de lactancia exclusiva, menor edad de destete, mediana prescripción de hierro y Vitamina A. Este cluster representa el 54,95 % de los niños y niñas. Conclusión: El cluster 3 es el de mayor importancia para el apoyo y vigilancia nutricional.

Observation of labor process combined with comprehensive nursing care in cesarean section postoperative pregnancy after vaginal delivery of pregnant women in the application of the effect of observation

Objective To investigate the effect of combined nursing care in postoperative vaginal delivery of pregnant women after cesarean section. Methods A total of 85 pregnant women with repregnancy after cesarean section in the hospital from February 2016 to May 2017 were selected as the research objects. According to the admission order, they were divided into the observation group (43 cases) and the control group (42 cases). The control group was given general nursing and labor process observation, observation group on this basis combined with comprehensive nursing intervention. The success rate of vaginal delivery, neonatal outcome and nursing satisfaction of the two groups were compared. Results The success rate of vaginal delivery in the observation group was higher than that in the control group [93.02% (40/43) vs76.19%(32/42)] , and the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). Apgar score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, and the initial breast-feeding time was shorter than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The nursing satisfaction degree of the observation group was higher than the control group [93.02%(40/43)vs73.81%(31/42)], and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Observation of labor process combined with comprehensive nursing can effectively improve the success rate of vaginal delivery of pregnant women after cesarean section, improve neonatal outcomes, shorten the time of first breastfeeding, and nursing satisfaction is high.It is worthy of clinical promotion and application. Key words: Re-pregnancy after cesarean section; Vaginal delivery; Labor process observation; Comprehensive care

Relationship between fitness, birth weight and breastfeeding in adolescents of a rural village in Spain

Summary Objectives Fitness in adolescence is closely related to health even in adulthood. Fitness can be improved with the practice of physical activity however other factors cannot be modified as in the case of birth weight or breastfeeding. Equipment and methods In this study we measured fitness of 233 students 14.76 (± 0.84) years through tests of the Eurofit battery such as 20 meter shuttle run test, horizontal jump, sit and reach, sit up 30 seconds, handgrip strength agility (4 × 10) and anthropometric data. Furthermore, we asked the birth weight and breastfeeding time. Results The results showed no significant differences in terms of breastfeeding, there were only differences in the boys in the sit up test (breastfeeding was related with better scores) and girls in flexibility (breastfeeding was related with lowers scores). Regarding the boys birth weight, a positive relationship was found between the anthropometric data and the dynamometry test; and the weight at birth. In girls, however, differences were found in several physical fitness tests with positive relationships in the aerobic endurance, hand grip strenght, sit up and horizontal jump tests. In conclusion birth weight was related with better fitness scores in girls. Additionally, for boys we found relationship with anthropometric variables. On the other hand, the time of breast milk intake did not seem to show a clear association with any of these variables.

Changes of feeding patterns in Chinese city children under 2years from 1985 to 2015: results from a series of national cross-sectional surveys.

In China, as the social transformation and economic development from 1985 to 2015, children's feeding pattern has undergone some changes. So we aimed to analyze the secular trend on feeding patterns of city children in China. All data were from a series of national survey which implemented once every 10years in China from 1985 to 2015. We use same indexes to evaluate the feeding pattern of children in these four surveys. From 1985 to 2005, the exclusive breastfeeding rates in infants under 6months of age decreased, especially in suburban areas decreased by 17.7%; the continuous breastfeeding rate of 1-year-old children in suburbanarea decreased from 60.1 to 27.6%. However, from 2005 to 2015, the exclusive breastfeeding rates under 6months of age increased by16.0% in urban areas and 5.9% in suburban areas; the continuous breastfeeding rate of 1-year-old children in urban increased from 17.0 to 36.0%. The overall feeding rate of complementary food in infants under 6months of age declined from 1985 to 2015; the average age at introduction ofall complementary foods was around 6months of age in 2015. There is an obvious trend on feeding pattern of Chinese children. From 1985 to 2005, the breastfeeding rate decreased, the duration time of breastfeeding was shortened and the age at introduction ofcomplementary food was advanced. From 2005 to 2015, the breastfeeding rate increased, the duration time of breastfeeding wasprolonged, and the age at introduction of complementary food was postponed.

Is there an association between vitamin D level and iron deficiency in children?

Vitamin D (VitD) affects the erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal/child 25-OH VitD (25-OHD) levels and iron deficiency (ID) and anemia (IDA) in children aged 6 months-5 years. Between September 2014 and January 2016 children who were admitted to outpatient clinic were included to study. We excluded the children with acute or chronic infection, malnutrition, chronic disease and preterm birth history. Complete blood count, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, 25-OHD levels were examined from children and their mothers. Iron and VitD supplementation during infancy and pregnancy and breastfeeding history were questioned. The study included totally 117 children. There were 67 children with ID/IDA [Group 1, mean age (years):2.05±1.24 (0.5-5)] and 50 normal children [Group 2, mean age (years): 1.87±1.12 (0.58-5)]. There were more VitD deficient children and mothers in Group 1 than in Group 2 (respectively, children 49.3 % vs. 20 % p=0.002; mothers 94 % vs.64 %, p=<0.001). There was a positive correlation between hemoglobin levels of children and maternal/child 25-OHD.The independent risk factors for IDA in children were longer exclusively breastfeeding time (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.1550.789; p=0.011), shorter duration of regular iron supplementation during infancy and pregnancy (infancy: OR,1.69; 95 % CI 1.148-2.508; p=0.008. pregnancy: OR,1.39; 95 % 0,1.070-1.820; p=0.014) and lower maternal 25-OHD level (OR,1.16; 95 % 0,1.034-1.292; p=0.011). Maternal/child VitD deficiency is associated with ID/IDA in children aged 6 months-5 years.

Maternal breast volume in pregnancy and lactation capacity.

Successful breastfeeding, crucial for a child's development, depends on a woman's ability to initiate lactation, milk yield, and composition. Those traits differ among women, but the cause and physiological mechanisms responsible for this variation are not fully understood yet. Growing evidence shows that lactation and milk composition vary among women and depend on maternal traits. The aim of this study was to test whether breast volume and its changes during pregnancy are related to the nutritional quality of breastmilk and to breastfeeding dynamics. Almost 93 pregnant women (mean age: 29.67 ± 3.65), participated in the longitudinal study. Breast measurement was performed at each pregnancy trimester using 3D scanning. Milk samples were collected in the beginning of the second month of lactation from 69 women. Milk macronutrient and calorie content were measured. Women were also interviewed on breastfeeding time and frequency. Breast volume changes during pregnancy were not related to the probability of establishing successful lactation, milk calorie, fat and protein content. We found a negative correlation between milk lactose content and breast volume in the second and third trimester but not with breast volume change. Maternal breast volume in pregnancy was also positively related to the total breastfeeding time (per 24 hr). The results are in line with the notion that milk macronutrient content tends to be weakly associated with various maternal factors and adverse conditions. However, maternal breast volume and its changes during pregnancy are related with time spent breastfeeding per day, what suggests a positive correlation between breast volume in pregnancy and milk yield.

Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage.

This study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

Effect of early maternal and infant skin contact on breast feeding in newborns

Objective To explore the effects of immediate skin contact in 90 minutes after birth on the start-up time of breast-feeding, so as to provide reference for clinical practice in promoting breast-feeding. Methods A total of 160 neonates delivered in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Hospital of Peking University from October 2016 to August 2017 were randomly divided into control group and observation group with 80 neonates in each group. The control group was given neonatal daily care after delivery. The observation group received early maternal infant skin contact at least 90 min after delivery. When feeding signals were present, mothers were encouraged to start breastfeeding. In the control group, 14 cases were lost in the late stage, and 5 cases in the observation group. The start-up time of breast-feeding, exclusive breast-feeding and duration of first breast-feeding were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in the time of foraging, the time of connection, the time of sucking, the time of finishing sucking, the duration of first breast feeding, the rate of breast feeding completed within 90 minutes, and the rate of 3-month exclusive breast feeding (P>0.05) . The rate of starting breast-feeding within 30 minutes, breast-feeding before discharge and exclusive breast-feeding before discharge in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . Conclusions Early maternal infant skin contact within 90 min after delivery can improve the rate of breast-feeding, promote early onset of breast-feeding and the success of breast-feeding. It is worthy of adoption and application. Key words: Infant, newborn; Breast feeding; Skin contact

An Evaluation of the Association of Reproductive History and Multiple Births during Adolescence with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.

Introduction Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass. Reproductive factors are known to affect bone mineral density (BMD). Calcium loss from maternal bone and decreased BMD have been observed especially during pregnancy and lactation, although this loss has been reported to recover within 6 – 12 months. There is no consensus on whether the effect of reproductive factors on the bone is positive or negative. The adolescent period is important for total bone mass, and total bone mass is significant in osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of first gestational age, multiple births during adolescence, interpregnancy interval and reproductive history such as duration of breastfeeding on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods BMD was measured in a total of 196 postmenopausal patients and in accordance with the results, analysis was made of three groups as normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to take the lumbar, femoral and total bone BMD measurements. Results No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of total breastfeeding time (p = 0.596). It was detected that an increased interpregnancy interval decreased the risk of osteoporosis. In patients with osteoporosis, the mean interpregnancy interval was 1.4 ± 0.73 years, while it was longer in patients with osteopenia (1.92 ± 1.20) and normal BMD (2.45 ± 1.77) (p = 0.005). While no effect was determined of the first gestational age on BMD, in the univariate logistic regression analysis, multiple births in the adolescent period were seen to increase the risk of osteoporosis 6.833-fold (p = 0.001, OR = 6.833, 95% CI = 2.131 – 21.908; p = 0.001). The increase in the age of menopause was determined to decrease the risk of osteoporosis (OR = 0.911, 95% CI = 0.843 – 0.985; p = 0.019). Conclusion Having frequent births throughout the whole reproductive age and having more than one child in adolescence has an adverse effect on postmenopausal bone mineral densities.

Relationship between aerobic capacity with Birth Weight and breastfeeding patterns in children: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze if aerobic capacity is related to Birth Weight and breastfeeding patterns in boys and girls, products of a term pregnancy and normal weight. Methods A representative sample of 230 Brazilian children (6-10 years old), born at term (after 37-weeks’ gestation) with normal weight (between 2.5 and 4.0kg). These children performed a Yo-Yo Test to estimate their aerobic capacity and mothers reported their children’s Birth Weight and breastfeeding patterns. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between aerobic capacity with Birth Weight and breastfeeding patterns. Results We did not observe any significant associations between aerobic capacity with Birth Weight and breastfeeding time in either sexes (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion These results indicate that aerobic capacity is not related with Birth Weight or breastfeeding time in children born with normal weight and gestational age, suggesting that this complex physiological parameter does not appear to be determined by intrauterine factors that dictate the Birth Weight and breastfeeding patterns in the beginning of life.

Clinical profile of pediatric patients diagnosed with food allergy in Northwestern Mexico

Food allergy is an adverse reaction secondary to a specific immune response after exposure to a food. Knowing the natural course of food allergies is essential for opportune diagnosis and treatment. To know the clinical profile of children diagnosed with food allergy attended to at the pediatric allergology department of a secondary care hospital. Cross-sectional study of medical records of children with a confirmed diagnosis of food allergy. The type of food allergy, initial clinical presentation, history of familial atopy, time of breastfeeding, ablactation age and positive food allergens per patient, among others, were assessed. Descriptive analysis was performed and association was searched with the chi-square test. Females were predominant among 95 patients. Milk, soy, wheat and egg were the foods with more allergic responses. Predominant clinical manifestations were gastrointestinal. The time from symptoms' onset to definitive diagnosis was 3.2 years. Food allergy was associated with an ablactation age ≥ 6 months, milk and soy with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, egg with respiratory and dermatological symptoms, and wheat with gastrointestinal symptoms. Food allergies in our population appeared mainly as gastrointestinal symptoms and there was an association between clinical presentation and allergenic foods.

Impact of family integrated care on infants\u2019 clinical outcomes in two children\u2019s hospitals in China: a pre-post intervention study

BackgroundMost Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) in China have restricted visiting policies for parents. This also implicates that parents are not involved in the care of their infant. Family Integrated Care (FIC), empowering parents in direct care delivery and decisions, is becoming the standard in NICUs in many countries and can improve quality-of-life and health outcomes of preterm infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a FIC intervention on the clinical outcomes of preterm infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD).MethodsA pre-post intervention study was conducted at NICUs in two Chinese children’s hospitals. Infants with BPD were included: pre-intervention group (n = 134) from December 2015 to September 2016, post-intervention (FIC) group (n = 115) and their parents from October 2016 to June 2017. NICU nurses were trained between July and September 2016 to deliver the FIC intervention, including parent education and support. Parents had to be present and care for their infant minimal three hours a day. The infants’ outcome measures were length-of-stay, breastfeeding, weight gain, respiratory and oxygen support, and parent hospital expenses.ResultsCompared with control group (n = 134), the FIC group (n = 115) had significantly increased breastfeeding rates (83% versus 71%, p = 0.030), breastfeeding time (31 days versus 19 days, p < 0.001), enteral nutrition time (50 days versus 34 days, p < 0.001), weight gain (29 g/day versus 23 g/day, p = 0.002), and significantly lower respiratory support time (16 days versus 25 days, p < 0.001). Oxygen Exposure Time decreased but not significant (39 days versus 41 days p = 0.393). Parents hospital expenses in local Chinese RMB currency was not significant (84 K versus 88 K, p = 0.391).ConclusionThe results of our study suggests that FIC is feasible in two Chinese NICUs and might improve clinical outcomes of preterm infants with BPD. Further research is needed to include all infants admitted to NICUs and should include parent reported outcome measures. Our study may help other NICUs with limited parental access to implement FIC to enhance parental empowerment and involvement in the care of their infant.

Abstract PD-033: A PRE-POST INTERVENTION STUDY TO ASSES THE IMPACT OF FAMILY INTEGRATED CARE ON INFANTS’ CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN TWO CHINESE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS

Aims & Objectives: In China, parents have limited access to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and are not integrated in the care of their preterm infant during hospitalization. Family Integrated Care (FIC) is a model where parents become the primary caretaker to improve quality-of-life and health outcomes of preterm infants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a FIC intervention on the clinical outcomes of preterm infants with Bronchopulmonary Disease (BPD). Methods A pre-post intervention study at NICUs in two Chines children’s hospitals. The pre-intervention group included infants (n=134) hospitalized from December 2015 to September 2016; FIC group were infants (n=115) admitted between October 2016 to June 2017. NICU nurses were trained, July to September 2016, to deliver the FIC intervention; parent education and support. Parents needed to take care for their infant for minimal three hours a day. Outcome measures were length-of-stay, breastfeeding, weight gain, respiratory and oxygen support. Results Compared with control group (n=134), FIC group (n=115) had significantly higher breastfeeding rate (χ2 = 4.696, p=0.030), breastfeeding time (t = 4.501, p<0.001), enteral nutrition time (t = 7.195, p<0.001), weight gain (t=3.180,p=0.002), and significantly lower respiratory support time (t = -5.388, p<0.001). Oxygen Exposure Time decreased but not significant (39.38 ± 14.918 VS 40.94 ± 13.786; p=0.393) (Table 1).Conclusions Our study suggests that educating and involving parents in the care might improve clinical outcomes of preterm infants with BPD and provides a reference for further implementation of FIC to enhance parental involvement in those NICU with limited parental participation.

Duração e frequência de consultas médicas e sua influência no tempo de aleitamento materno em uma unidade básica de saúde

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda aleitamento materno exclusivo por seis meses e complementado até os dois anos. A maior duração do aleitamento materno diminui risco de obesidade e infecções. Objetivo: Descrever as taxas de aleitamento materno exclusivo e misto em uma população de uma unidade de saúde, bem como os fatores de desmame; comparar o tempo de aleitamento exclusivo e total entre as crianças atendidas por profissionais da prefeitura e alunos da faculdade de medicina. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com revisão de 610 prontuários de crianças nascidas de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2013 em seguimento na Unidade em questão. Resultados: O tempo médio de aleitamento exclusivo foi de 117 dias e o de aleitamento misto de 246 dias. A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro mês foi de 82,3%, superior às taxas da região Sudeste, tendo como fatores associados ao desmame precoce: parto cesárea, baixa produção de leite, tipo de atendimento. Conclusões: Observamos tempos de aleitamento materno exclusivo e total acima das médias nacionais e internacionais para esta população, particularmente no atendimento acadêmico onde as pacientes tem tempo de consulta maior e com maior possibilidade de reavaliação durante o primeiro mês de vida. A inclusão dos pacientes com registros mais completos e, portanto, exclusão daqueles onde não houve registro adequado, pode ter levado ao superdimensionamento destas taxas, pois não sabemos se a falta de registro está ou não acompanhada da orientação adequada para o aleitamento materno.

Vitamin A content in mature breast milk and its adequacy to the nutritional recommendations for infants.

To determine vitamin A content in breast milk and evaluate whether it satisfies the recommendations for infants. Observational, prospective, cross sectional study. Milk samples were obtained between 30 and 90 days postpartum from mothers seen in public hospitals, and analyzed. Vitamin A concentration was determined by chromatography and its adequacy to the recommended dietary intake. The correlation between outcome measures was analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. A total of 79 mothers participated. Vitamin A concentration in milk samples was 1.80 umol/L (1.36-2.30) and the mean breastfeeding time was 57 days. No significant correlation between breastfeeding days and vitamin A content was observed. In 50% of the samples, vitamin A content did not satisfy the recommendations for infants. Vitamin A content was not enough to satisfy the recommendations in half of the cases.

Food and nutrition insecurity indicators associated with iron deficiency anemia in Brazilian children: a systematic review.

This study aimed to review food and nutrition insecurity indicators associated with iron deficiency anemia in Brazilian children below 5 years. We searched in electronic databases (SciELO, Lilacs, and Medline) and selected studies by titles, abstracts and full-text reading. Of the 1,023 studies analyzed, 11 fit the inclusion criteria. The results of the studies evidenced that iron deficiency anemia in Brazilian children was associated with sociodemographic and health indicators (male, age below 24 months, children of adolescent mothers, respiratory infections, diarrhea, low maternal schooling, parents' working conditions, nursery time, lack of basic sanitation, maternal anemia, lack of ferrous sulfate use by the mother and/or child and late onset of prenatal care), nutritional indicators (low birth weight, diet characteristics, such as the habit of milk consumption close to meals, low exclusive and full breastfeeding time) and economic indicators (low per capita income). The food and nutrition insecurity analyzed in this study from the perspective of different indicators is associated with iron deficiency anemia in children under 5 years in Brazil.

Lactancia materna, obesidad y síndrome metabólico en la edad escolar

Introduction: Breastfeeding (BF) can be a protective factor against obesity and its associated metabolic complications. Objective: To determine the association between breastfeeding history and present obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR). Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 20 public schools in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry and blood pressure were assessed. Blood lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA index were measured in a fast blood sample. Parents answered a survey on BF. MS was defined according to Cook´s criteria and IR as HOMA > 90th percentile. Parents answered a survey about the antecedent of breastfeeding. Chi2 and Fischer tests were used (SSPS). Results: 3,278 surveys were valid. Average age: 11.4 ± 1 years, 52.3% were female. Most of them (98.2%) were breasted, with a 15.9% prevalence of obesity versus 18.6% in the group that was not breastfed (p = 0.039). There was a non-significant trend of higher prevalence in MS and its components (except IR) in the non-breastfed group. The group breastfed from three to six months hadma lower prevalence of obesity and MS components than the 0 to 3 months group ; the effect was the opposite when BF lsted longer than nine months. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity was higher in children that did not received breastfeeding. A longer breastfeeding time during the first semester of life was associated with lower prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications.

Breastfeeding, obesity and metabolic syndrome at school age

Breastfeeding (BF) can be a protective factor against obesity and its associated metabolic complications. To determine the association between breastfeeding history and present obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR). Cross-sectio nal study in 20 public schools in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry and blood pressure were assessed. Blood lipids, glucose, insulin and HOMA index were measured in a fast blood sample. Parents answe red a survey on BF. MS was defined according to Cook's criteria and IR as HOMA > 90th percentile. Parents answered a survey about the antecedent of breastfeeding. Chi2 and Fischer tests were used (SSPS). 3,278 surveys were valid. Average age: 11.4 ± 1 years, 52.3% were female. Most of them (98.2%) were breasted, with a 15.9% prevalence of obesity versus 18.6% in the group that was not breastfed (p = 0.039). There was a non-significant trend of higher prevalence in MS and its components (except IR) in the non-breastfed group. The group breastfed from three to six months had a lower prevalence of obesity and MS components than the 0 to 3 months group ; the effect was the opposite when BF lsted longer than nine months. The prevalence of obesity was higher in children that did not received breastfeeding. A longer breastfeeding time during the first semester of life was associated with lower prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications.

Development and Prospect of Chinese Women’s Labor Rights Legislation

女性&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;主要指女性&#21171;&#21160;者在整&#20010;&#21171;&#21160;&#36807;程中享有的男女平等的&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;利和根据其生理特点和孕育后代的社&#20250;&#19982;家庭&#36131;任而享有的&#19982;男性所不同的特殊&#26435;利。中&#22269;的《&#23466;法》、《&#22919;女&#26435;益保障法》等&#32434;&#39046;性法&#35268;&#19982;《&#21171;&#21160;法》、《就&#19994;促&#36827;法》、《女&#32844;工&#21171;&#21160;保&#25252;&#35268;定》、《女&#32844;工禁忌&#21171;&#21160;范&#22260;的&#35268;定》等具&#20307;法&#35268;，就是&#35268;范女性&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;的法律。根据法律&#35268;定女性&#21171;&#21160;者享有男女平等的就&#19994;、晋升、&#32844;&#19994;待遇等方面的&#26435;利之外，在&#32463;期、孕期、&#20135;期&#19982;哺乳期享有在&#21171;&#21160;强度、&#21171;&#21160;&#26102;&#38388;、&#20135;假及哺乳&#26102;&#38388;等方面的特殊保&#25252;。&#23545;女性&#21171;&#21160;者在&#21171;&#21160;强度、禁忌&#21171;&#21160;范&#22260;、生&#20135;安全&#26465;件的具&#20307;&#35268;定也&#20307;&#29616;了社&#20250;&#23545;女性的&#20851;&#24576;。目前男女&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;方面的法律的平等&#19982;&#29616;&#23454;的平等&#36824;具有一定的差距。&#29616;&#23454;中&#36824;是存在就&#19994;机&#20250;、&#32844;&#19994;待遇、&#31163;&#32844;等方面的不平等，&#32844;&#22330;&#21457;生性&#39578;&#25200;，“四期”保&#25252;得不到落&#23454;等各&#31181;&#38382;&#39064;。&#20026;了&#30495;正&#23454;&#29616;男女&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;平等和女性特殊&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;益的保障，在改&#21464;&#28382;后的立法理念的同&#26102;完善相&#20851;立法，使其具有可操作性。&#21478;外，&#22269;家&#24212;引入法律援助、公益&#35785;&#35772;、&#20030;&#35777;倒置&#19982;&#19987;&#38376;仲裁等多元化的解&#20915;&#32416;&#32439;机制&#23454;&#29616;男女平等的&#21171;&#21160;&#26435;，&#28385;足追求美好生活的女性&#21171;&#21160;者的愿望。Labor rights of women mainly refer to female employees enjoying the labor rights of equality between men and women throughout the labor process, and the special rights different from those of men based on their physiological characteristics and the social and family responsibilities of the offspring. The laws and rules which regulate labor rights of women include, “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China”, “Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women”, “Labor Law”, “Employment Promotion Law”, “Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees,” and “Rules on Scope of Working Prohibition for Female Employees”, etc. In accordance with the law, female employees enjoy rights of equality between men and women in terms of employment, promotion, occupational treatment, etc., and enjoy special protection in terms of labor intensity, working hours, maternity leave and breastfeeding time during menstruation, pregnancy, maternity and lactation. Furthermore, the specific provisions on the labor intensity, scope of working prohibition, and production safety conditions for female employees also reflect the social concern for women. There is still a certain gap between the current law on equality and the reality of equality of men and women in labor rights In reality, there are still various problems such as employment opportunities, occupational treatment, resignation and other aspects of inequality, sexual harassment in the workplace, and the failure to implement the protection of “four periods”. In order to truly guarantee the equal labor rights of men and women and the special rights and interests of women, it is necessary to improve the relevant legislation while changing the lagging legislative concept and make it workable. In addition, in order to realize the equal labor right of men and women and to meet the desire of female employees who pursue a better life., the state should introduce various dispute resolving mechanisms such as legal aid, public interest litigation, reversal of evidence, special arbitration and etc.