Tillage Working Research Articles

Parameters of tillage working bodies

This article notes that most of the soil-cutting working bodies wear out their socks a lot, as a result of which their limiting state is reached. Despite the fact that other parts of the working body are still workable and the stock of metal for wear is still sufficient, the working body is completely rejected. In this regard, it is emphasized that increasing the durability of the nose parts leads to an increase in the durability of the entire working body. To determine its parameters, the condition for leveling the resources of socks and other parts of the soil-cutting working bodies is considered. When determining the length of the nose of the bits, an analytical dependence is recommended, taking into account the geometric parameters of the bit and the plowshares welded to it. To obtain self-sharpening in the process of bit nose wear, it is recommended to use a new two-faceted profile. The rational values of the length, the angle of the wedge and the sharpening of the nose are determined, equal to 90 mm, 100 and 350-400, respectively. Based on the condition of rational combinations of strength and self-sharpening characteristics of the toes of bits, the thickness and width of the latter were determined, equal to 22.3 mm and 30 mm, respectively.

Methods of Laboratory Studies of the Star Draining Tillage Working Body

At the moment, the issue of creating and positioning tools for deep loosening of the subsurface layer and the formation of aeration drainage has been studied in detail. The modern market offers many different tools for deep loosening or moling, but according to the analysis of machines and tools, as well as promising developments presented in the form of patents, we can say that there are no systems capable of performing deep loosening and drainage operations together. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in creating a fundamentally new star-shaped design of a draining tillage working body that will be able to form an optimal water-air regime of the soil due to the formation of maximum aeration drainage per unit area, with simultaneous loosening of the subsurface horizon, excluding over-compaction of the near-drainage zone as part of the soil-forming system. (Materials and methods) To simulate the operation process, predict and identify the optimal parameters and operating modes, as well as to bring the developed working body to field testing, it is necessary to conduct a number of laboratory experiments and studies. The article presents the scheme of the laboratory installation and described the principle of its operation. (Results and discussion) The article presents a full factor experiment with three factors and three levels of variation in three-fold repetition to assess the influence of existing factors on the operation of the star-shaped drainage working body, the quality of the treatment of the subsurface horizon and the formation of drains, the interaction of factors with each other, as well as creation a mathematical model of the process of combined tillage, including the processes of deep loosening and aeration drainage. (Conclusions) The proposed method will allow us to more accurately and systematically identify the optimal parameters and modes of operation of the body, based on changes in the optimization parameters.

Evaluation of the ecological efficiency of soil cultivation machines with innovative dynamic working bodies

The research results are related to the problem of enhancing the environmental safety of technical means in crop production. A research object is a tillage machine with standard and innovative dynamic working bodies. The research is aimed to a comparative ecological assessment of the efficiency of using typical and dynamic working bodies for surface tillage. The scientific novelty is represented by the regularities of changes in resistivity per unit of active frontal area of the investigated working bodies, inertia force and total kinetic energy, per hectare fuel consumption, fuel economy and reduction of emissions of toxic components at different speed modes of operation of the tillage unit. During the research, the methods of experimental research in the field, analysis and generalization of experimental data were used. It has been established that the resistivity per unit of active frontal area of a dynamic tillage working body with an energy-storage transmission mechanism within the range of speed variation from 2.22 to 3.33 m/s decreases by 33-41% in comparison with a typical working body. With an increase in the speed of the tillage unit with standard working bodies from 2.22 to 3.33 m/s, the fuel consumption increases from 5.12 to 9.21 kg/ha. Within these limits of the speed of the tillage unit with dynamic tillage working bodies and energy-accumulating transmission mechanisms, the per hectare fuel consumption increases from 4.81 to 8.30 kg. The use of dynamic working bodies on the tillage machine allows to save from 0.310 to 0.910 kg of fuel per 1 ha. Herewith, the decrease in the level of emissions of toxic components is 6-10%, which ensures a decrease in the environmental load of soil-cultivating units during the cultivation of crop products.

Artificial Soil Environment Justification for Laboratory Studies of Wear and Traction Characteristics of Soil-Cutting Working Bodies

The authors presented the results of laboratory studies of artificial soil based on sand-paraffin mixtures, reflecting the physical and mechanical soil properties with the presence of plant residues. They conducted tests to determine the soil-cutting working bodies’ traction resistance during tillage with the presence of root and crop residues.(Research purpose) To substantiate the parameters of an artificial soil environment containing models of root and crop residues for laboratory studies of the wear and traction characteristics of soil-cutting working bodies operated on post-harvest, virgin and fallow farmland.(Materials and methods) An artificial soil environment was developed by introducing filamentous components 5-25 millimeters long into its composition.(Results and discussion) The authors determined the criteria of geometric similarity “model – nature” for the soil conditions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. It was found that the equality of the criteria “model – nature” for laboratory research of fallow lands occurred when the length of the filamentous components was from 20 mm and the concentration was from 20 segments per unit cross-sectional area when passing 0.1 meter in artificial soil. It was revealed that for modeling old arable lands, the length of the filamentous components should exceed 5 millimeters, the concentration should be from 10 segments per 0.1 meter of the length of passage in artificial soil. The authors conducted field tests of arable units on fallow and old arable lands.(Conclusions) The authors found out that the equality of the geometric criteria for the similarity of the artificial soil environment and real soil conditions allowed laboratory studies of the wear and traction characteristics of the tillage working bodies’ blades. It was determined that more than 30 percent of energy costs were accounted for by breaking the root system of the vegetation cover on virgin and fallow lands.

Study of the formative parameters of the root system of tiller crops

For the production of tiller crops sown using wide-row technology, strip-till or Strip-till technology is becoming more common. When developing tillage working bodies for this technology, it is necessary to specify the size parameters of the root system of the main crops: sunflower, corn and soy, cultivated in the arid conditions of the steppe zone of the South-East of Russia. As a result of the research, measurements of the parameters of the root system of tiller crops in the conditions of development in 2019 in the Left-Bank microzone of the Saratov region were carried out.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ФРЕЗИ НА ПРОЦЕС ПОДРІБНЕННЯ РОСЛИННИХ ЗАЛИШКІВ ГРУБОСТЕБЛОВИХ КУЛЬТУР ПО СМУГАХ ОБРОБІТКУ

Проведено теоретичні дослідження фрезерного ґрунтообробного робочого органу, зокрема динамічні властивості в умовах періодичного зовнішнього навантаження та обґрунтовано основні технологічні параметри, а також проаналізовано енергетичні показники роботи. Вихідними даними для теоретичних досліджень фрезерного робочого органу були прийняті наступні: величина міжряддя та рядка, розмірні характеристики кореневих та стеблових залишків. Теоретичні дослідження фрези дали такі обґрунтовані результати: діаметр фрезерного барабана Dфр.бар = 0,3 м, частота обертання фрезерного барабана nфр.бар = 190…430 хв-1, кількість встановлених ножів на одному диску n = 4 шт, обертова швидкість Vоб = 6,59 м/с. Обґрунтовано раціональні параметри і режими роботи: потужність на фрезерування Nфр = 19,3 кВт, крутний момент на валу фрезерного барабана Мкр = 0,45 кН·м. Отримано подальший розвиток теоретичних основ подрібнення рослинних залишків та ґрунту, зокрема фрезерних робочих органів, що використовуються в комбінованих агрегатах. Теоретично обґрунтований фрезерний робочий орган реалізовано у розробці комбінованого подрібнювача рослинних залишків грубостеблових культур. Досліджений робочий орган, що виконує технологічний процес подрібнення ущільнених рослинних залишків грубостеблових культур при запропонованій технології, дасть змогу в подальшому більш детальніше обґрунтувати математичну модель комбінованого способу обробітку поля, засміченого рослинними залишками та визначити конструктивно-технологічну структуру подрібнювача.

Distribution of gas-liquid jet of liquid meliorants

The article deals with the process of distribution of liquid meliorants on the surface of their application by means of a device for introducing liquid meliorants. The device itself is attached to the tillage working organ-the plane-cutting leg of the cultivator-deep-digger. In order to determine the quality of liquid spray and its distribution on the application surface, laboratory studies were conducted. The research was aimed at determining the optimal size of the hole diameters of the device to create a high-quality spray torch of the gas-liquid jet of meliorants. In the course of experiments it was revealed that the rational diameters of the external and internal pipelines of the device for introducing liquid ameliorants are 7 and 5 mm, respectively.

To the question of the value of sharpening of the corners of working bodies of agricultural machines. Justification. Influence on the quality of work

The paper highlights the influence of the angle of sharpening of tillage working bodies and their theoretical justification. The work is of a research nature, expressed in the fact that a theoretical analysis of the method of determining the angle of sharpening of tillage working bodies by their degree of wear is given. The type of construction is proposed and described. As a result of this work, the angle of sharpening of the working bodies and the influence of wear on the traction resistance of the blade plough are theoretically proved. The conclusions present the main results achieved so far.

Determination of the specific soil resistance using deep subsurface tillage in conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

The paper proposes a method for determining specific soil resistance and presents the results of the conducted research. One of the main limiting factors in determining the working width of the tillage implement is specific soil resistance. This indicator is a quantitative characteristic of the labor intensity of soil tillage. Therefore, when designing new machinery, it is necessary to have reliable data on its value. The data presented in the scientific literature on the value of specific soil resistance are average and do not take into account the parameters of tillage working tools. Therefore, the determination of specific soil resistance for working tools with known parameters is the current topic of scientific research. The purpose of the research is to determine the value of specific soil resistance for working tools with known parameters. The research method consists of the experimental determination of the total draft resistance of the tillage implement and further mathematical processing of the experimental data obtained on the basis of the rational formula of V.P. Goryachkin. To conduct experimental research, a laboratory unit was developed, the design of which eliminates the impact of its weight on the draft resistance, arising from the friction between the parts of the working tool and soil. It was found that for the soils under consideration, which are typical for Northern Kazakhstan, the specific soil resistance is k = 45908 N/m2. The obtained coefficient of variation υ < 10 % indicates a slight change in the considered variation. Therefore, the obtained value of the specific soil resistance is reliable. The results obtained will be used to substantiate the working width of the tillage implement with the working tools under consideration.

Mechanized spraying of liquid meliorants

This article deals with the process of distribution of liquid meliorants on the surface of their application by means of a device for introducing liquid meliorants. The device itself is attached to the tillage working organ-the plane-cutting leg of the cultivator-deep-digger. In order to determine the quality of liquid spray and its distribution on the application surface, laboratory studies were conducted. The research was aimed at determining the optimal size of the hole diameters of the device to create a high-quality spray torch of the gas-liquid jet of meliorants. In the course of experiments, it was revealed that the rational diameters of the external (D) and internal (d) pipelines of the device for introducing liquid meliorants are D = 7 mm, d = 5 mm.

On the problem of interaction of the tillage working body with the soil

The article is devoted to the main soil treatment with disk working bodies. The article has a research character, which is expressed in the fact that the theoretical analysis of the interaction with the soil, as well as excerpts from the works of leading scientists on the subject under study, which provide optimal soil treatment and their shortcomings and ways to solve these problems are indicated. Equations obtained allow us to determine the movement of a particle on the surface of the disk’s blade at the moment of its operation. The disk shape is theoretically justified. In conclusion, the main results achieved so far are presented.

Обоснование выбора износостойких покрытий при упрочнении почвообрабатывающих рабочих органов лесохозяйственных машин

Обоснование выбора износостойких покрытий при упрочнении почвообрабатывающих рабочих органов лесохозяйственных машин

Rationale for the choice of wear-resistant coatings in the hardening of tillage working bodies of forestry machines

The article deals with the interaction of soil-cutting elements of forestry machines with soil and trees and shrubs. It substantiates the statement that when choosing wear-resistant coatings when hardening tillage working bodies, it is necessary to take into account the composition and physico-mechanical properties of the soil. The method of choosing wear-resistant coatings depending on the hardness of abrasive particles of soil mass is considered. According to the results of experimental studies in the hardening of soil-cutting elements, it is recommended to use flame spraying of wear-resistant coatings from self-fluxing alloys.

Explanation of the angle of sharpening of a plough cutting working body

The work is devoted to main tillage, namely the theoretical justification of the angle of sharpening of tillage working bodies. The article has a research character, which is expressed in the fact that the theoretical analysis of the method of determining the angle of sharpening of tillage working organs on the degree of gradual wear of working bodies. Also, the type of the proposed design is justified, its description and the flow of technological process are given. As a result of the work done, the theoretical dependence of the sharpening angle of the working bodies and the influence of the degree of wear on the traction resistance of the arable unit are obtained. The conclusions set out the main results achieved so far.

Justification of ways to increase the durability of tillage working bodies

Based on an analysis of the features of operation of tillage working bodies proposed methods to increase their durability, combining intermittent overlaying welding surfaces by wear–resistant materials and influence deep cold. Justified stand options for cryogenic influence on details of tillage machinery. The results of the experiment for the realization of the offered methods of durability for example loosening claws of the tiller are given

Resistencia mecánica del suelo a la penetración de raíces y forma de la raíz reservante de la batata a partir del descriptor de Huamán

´Se estableció un ensayo para determinar la influencia de la resistencia mecánica a la penetración de raíces (RP), en un suelo afectado por la labranza y por la distancia de siembra, sobre la forma de la raíz reservante del cultivo batata (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamb). El diseño del experimento se basó en un arreglo en franjas, donde los sistemas de labranza (SL) fueron asignados a las parcelas grandes y las densidades de siembra (DS) a las franjas. Los SL consistieron en: 1) labranza vertical profunda con cincel y 3 pases de rastra (LC); 2) profunda con arado de disco y 3 pases de rastra (LA); 3) media con 3 pases de rastra de disco (LCo); y 4) mínima con un pase de rastra de disco (LM). Con 4 profundidades de trabajo de 18, 23, 12 y 7 cm, respectivamente. Las DS fueron de 0,25 cm (D1) y 0,15 cm (D2) en la hilera. La RP fue superior en los estratos del suelo a profundidades de 5 a 15 y 15 a 25 cm en los tratamientos de LM, (44 y 37%, respectivamente), respecto al promedio observado en el resto de los tratamientos en los estratos mencionados. Hubo escasa diferenciación entre los sistemas de labranza media y profunda (LCo, LC, LA) para RP. Se encontraron formas redondeadas preferiblemente en los tratamientos de LA; elíptica y redonda, elíptica bajo LC; y redonda y redonda elíptica en LCo y LM. No se observó una mayor restricción del crecimiento longitudinal de la raíz del cultivo en el suelo con mayor dureza bajo los tratamientos de LM. Esto en parte explicado a partir de los valores no limitantes a la penetración de raíces (< 2 MPa) del suelo en los diferentes tratamientos.

Determination of forces acting on the back surface of tillage working bodies

The paper discusses the results of the theoretical and operational studies to determine the forces acting on the back surface of the working bodies of the tines, plowshares, to improve their health and quality of processing. The aim of the study is to evaluate the load capacity of the working organs of tillers to select a way to improve their longevity. Analysis of the wear of the cutting elements of these working bodies revealed the main factors determining the value of underlying common loads acting on the blade of the working bodies and determine their efforts on the rear surface to develop a mechanism to reduce them. The data obtained revealed that the value of the total load on the actuator is dependent on the parameters of soil compaction and the geometric dimensions of the cutting elements and the values of the sharpening angle of the blade angle and to install it in the direction of movement. The results can be used in mechanical engineering in the manufacture of these components with the optimal settings. These studies may be useful in determining the optimal values of the basic parameters of the working bodies of the blades as in manufacturing and in the repair to improve the quality of soil treatment and reducing the wear rate of the operation.

Performance wear paws cultivators

The paper presents the data, reflecting the given theoretical studies of the wear process of hoes, depending on their geometrical parameters and forces, acting on the surface of the tillage working element. The scheme of the forces action and particles motion direction on the hoe blade during the cultivator motion is given. Standard sizes of hoes and their geometrical parameters are given. The functional dependence for abrasive wear of hoes on such parameters, as normal specific dynamic soil pressure, friction path, hoe material hardness, friction area, is given. It is shown that for ensuring the hoes durability and wear rate reduction it is necessary to reduce the wear ability of abrasive, and also ensure optimal parameters of hoes, which reduce the wear dynamics and ensure the tillage quality.

Justification of the limit blade wear oftillage tools

In modern ecological agricultural technologies primary attention is paid to the use of tillage equipment. It is necessary to follow the agrotechnical requirements in order to obtain good harvest. Rapid wear of tillage working bodies is a significant obstacle to the quality of soil cultivation. Therefore, the actual problem is to determine the limiting wear of tillage tools.The results of experimental studies on determining the allowable wear of hoe blades are given. Multifactor field and laboratory experiments were conducted, which studied the influence of hoe blades wear on the uniform functioning of hoes in depths, quality of weeding, energy performance and defined physical and mechanical properties of weed roots. Based on them, it was found that wear from operating time of 6276 km of path length does not affect the quality and performance indicators, and operating time of about 100 km in selected field conditions can be considered as acceptable limiting wear of hoe blades.