Tilbury Fox Research Articles

On the Scheme for Obtaining a Better Knowledge of Endemic Skin Diseases of India by Tilbury Fox (1836-1879): A Medico-Historical Overview.

With the presence of western nations in India, a change started appearing in the medical scenario. The civilians and soldiers had to suffer from many endemic diseases like fever, cholera, plague, small pox etc. prevalent in India and it caused great loss to the new comers. To protect the life and properties and to gain a firm ground in the Indian soil, Europeans established various medical institutions that provided western medical care. In the course of time British got hold of the power in most part of this country. As the administrators were more engaged with the fatal endemic diseases, cutaneous disorders with lower mortality got less importance. Tilbury Fox, a distinguished British physician accompanied the Earl of Hopetoun in a tour to the East and reached India in 1864. Fox noticed the chaotic situation in the systematic study of dermatological disorders. He proposed a scheme to study the proper situation in this country which laid the beginning of systematic study of dermatology in India. Though his study was the steppingstone of Indian dermatology, but Fox got little attention in the history of dermatology in India. This article discusses about a brief overview of the scheme and the contribution of Tilbury fox.

Osler and the skin

William Osler was the greatest physician of his time. Specialists reading his textbooks agreed that in their own specialities he was accurate and illuminating. His grasp of dermatology was particularly striking and skin changes are prominent in five of the syndromes named after him and in at least 100 of his papers. This paper describes how his early training in dermatology under Tilbury Fox in London and Hebra in Vienna combined with his unusual personal qualities to enable him to make massive contributions to a wide variety of dermatological topics. These include smallpox, cutaneous tuberculosis, nail growth, leprosy, scleroderma, pigmentation and purpuric eruptions as well as the more obvious hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, angio-neurotic oedema and Osler's nodes.

Bullous urticardia pigmentosa.

Nickel's¹authoritative article on urticaria pigmentosa published in 1957 includes a brief description of bullous urticaria pigmentosa. T. C. Fox²first reported the development of bullous lesions in urticaria pigmentosa in 1883. He described the presence of "distinct blisters, large watery scales or vessicated summits" and reported followup observations on 3 cases of urticaria pigmentosa previously documented by Tilbury Fox. Waters and Lacson³reported a case of bullous urticaria pigmentosa in a boy, 5 years old, in which mast-cell leukemia presented itself as urticaria pigmentosa. Examination of this patient revealed a generalized eruption with erythema, vesicles, excoriations, crusting, and urticarial wheals. Kaminsky, Daitsch and Abulafia⁴described the presence of a solitary lesion of urticaria pigmentosa in a 1-year-old boy. The lesion, located on the upper thigh, was the site of localized dermographism and of the development of spontaneous blisters on several occasions. During the past 3

Ringworm of hands and feet.

In my paper entitled Ringworm of Hands and Feet, which was read before the annual meeting of the American Medical Association in June, 1916, at Detroit, and which was published inThe Journal, I stated as follows 1 : Tilbury Fox was probably the first observer to report a recognized case of trichophyton infection of a volar surface. The diagnosis in his case was simplified by the fact that the lesion began on the dorsal surface of the hand as a typical ringworm, and gradually progressed until it involved the interdigital and palmar surfaces of the fingers. In 1888, Pellizari reported the occurrence of seven cases of infection of the palms and soles in a series of 150 cases of trichophytosis capitis. The first careful and systematic study, however, was not made until 1892. In January of that year, Djelaleddin Moukhtar, working in Fournier's clinic, presented two cases before the Societe

Epidermolysis bullosa in the Negro.

Epidermolysis bullosa is properly classified as a rare disease of the skin. Sakaguchi 1 surveyed the literature in 1915 and found that only 190 cases had been reported since the first description of the disease, by Tilbury Fox 2 in 1879. At the time of Sakaguchi's paper, only one case of this affliction had been reported among the Negro race. 3 Since that time four other Negroes 4 have been reported as having this condition. Ludy 4b stated that epidermolysis bullosa is found equally represented in the Negro, Mongolian and Caucasian races. Since we were able to find but five reported cases in the literature of its occurrence in Negroes, we must question this statement. Dermatologists with wide experience among Negro patients report seeing this condition infrequently. Irgang 5 has seen but two cases in Negroes in 30 years. Hazen 6 has encountered only two cases out of 15,000 Negro

THE REAL TILBURY FOX. A Vindication of his Claim to Eminence.

Journal Article THE REAL TILBURY FOX. A Vindication of his Claim to Eminence. Get access H. G. Adamson, H. G. Adamson Abteilung für Experimentelle Therapie an der Med. Fakultät de Universität, Freiburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. Marquardt P. Marquardt Abteilung für Experimentelle Therapie an der Med. Fakultät de Universität, Freiburg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 62, Issue 9, 1 September 1950, Pages 364–366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1950.tb15479.x Published: 01 September 1950

Peculiar deformity of hands occurring in epidermolysis bullosa.

THE DISEASE known as epidermolysis bullosa was first described by Tilbury Fox in 1879. 1 Since then many case reports have been published, and, although the disease is rare, individual cases are not now worthy of reporting unless they present some unusual feature. Efforts of classification into congenital types and acquired types, hereditary or nonhereditary, have been repeatedly made. Tulipan 2 divided the chief types into three groups: simplex, dystrophica (dominant) and dystrophica (recessive), according to the clinical features. Becker and Obermayer 3 recognized only two forms: epidermolysis bullosa simplex and epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. Most recorded cases have presented the following common features: The condition appears at birth, or shortly afterward, and bullae appear in response to slight trauma and most frequently on the parts most exposed to trauma—the extremities, especially near joints. We herein report a rare case showing a peculiar deformity of the hands resulting from

WILLIAM TILBURY FOX (1836–1879): HIS CONTRIBUTION TO BRITISH DERMATOLOGY.

British Journal of DermatologyVolume 62, Issue 5 p. 221-225 WILLIAM TILBURY FOX (1836–1879): HIS CONTRIBUTION TO BRITISH DERMATOLOGY. G. H. FINDLAY M.B., G. H. FINDLAY M.B.Search for more papers by this author G. H. FINDLAY M.B., G. H. FINDLAY M.B.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1950 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1950.tb14376.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume62, Issue5May 1950Pages 221-225 RelatedInformation

LYMPHANGIOMA CIRCUMSCRIPTUM

Lymphangioma was first described in 1879 by Tilbury Fox and Colcott Fox, under the title of Lymphangiectodes, 1 although Tilbury Fox had given a suggestive description of this disease entity in 1862. 2 The name lymphangioma circumscriptum was given to the disease by Morris in 1893, 3 and it seems to be an appropriate one, even though many synonyms appear in the literature. Various forms of therapy have been advocated, varying from roentgen rays to cauterization. Because of the scarring which would result, I decided to use solid carbon dioxide. REPORT OF A CASE C. G., a white woman aged 26, reported that vesicular lesions of the skin developed in the right subscapular area when she was 6 months old. Since that time this area has never been entirely free of the eruption. However, the number of the lesions varied from time to time. Mild trauma resulted first in

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

Epidermolysis bullosa, a comparatively rare dermatosis, was first recognized as an entity in 1879 by Tilbury Fox.1Goldscheider,2three years later, gave it the name it bears at the present time. Since then most observers have classified the disease into two main groups, namely the simple and the dystrophic forms. The simple form is characterized by the appearance of bullae on the skin, usually without changes in other ectodermal structures such as the teeth, hair and nails, whereas the changes in these appendages is the predominant feature of the dystrophic form. The dystrophic form of the disease has been further subdivided into two types based on hereditary transmission, as a dominant or as a recessive characteristic. Clinically, the dominant dystrophic type is intermediate in severity between the simple and the recessive dystrophic type. The nails may be thickened, clawlike, or absent, but as a rule

STAPHYLOCOCCIC IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA

Two types of impetigo contagiosa of Tilbury Fox can be differentiated, the streptococcic and the staphylococcic. It is the purpose of this article to present the pertinent facts and some additional evidence for the etiology and epidemiology of staphylococcic impetigo contagiosa. CLINICAL PICTURE The clinical characteristics of staphylococcic impetigo are best pointed out by comparison with the streptococcic type. Streptococcic impetigo (figs. 1 and 2) is characterized by lesions with thick, so-called stuck-on crusts of a yellowish, honey-like or dirty color. The regional glands are not infrequently swollen. The original vesicle of streptococcic impetigo is so short lived that usually it is not observed; however, on the fingers, where the horny layer is thicker, larger persisting purulent blisters appear, so-called whitlows. On the limbs streptococcic impetigo, otherwise a superficial infection of the epidermis, may penetrate into the cutis and produce crusted ulcerations, which are called ecthyma. Staphylococcic impetigo (figs. 3

Impetigo or pyodermatitis neonatorum

In 1864, Tilbury Fox described the contagious impetigo of children and infants. He called attention especially to the vesicular form which now appears in maternity wards. In 1891, Almquist showed that the infecting organism was a staphylococcus. In 1900, Matzenauer linked pemphigus neonatorum to impetigo contagiosa by proving the identity of the activating microbe. Animal inoculation generally failed, but in 1911, Landsteiner and his associates produced pemphigoid lesions in the chimpanzee. With these several discoveries, the knowledge of impetigo remained about the same until 1917. Curiously, in the fifty-three years that elapsed after its recognition by Fox, particular attention was not called to the disease in any widespread epidemic. In 1917, however, as a questionnaire verified, this condition, hitherto rare and sporadic, suddenly changed its type and appeared in more or less virulent epidemics. Few maternity cases were exempt, and some physicians who had not had any experience with impetigo as a nursery problem were overwhelmed by the flood of cases. Everywhere nurseries were treated like hospitals for contagious diseases, but only with partial success. Many were closed entirely, and others should have been.

LESIONS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES IN EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

Cases of epidemolysis bullosa were probably first described in 1879 by Tilbury Fox, 1 although Goldscheider 2 is credited with the first accurate description of the disease in 1882. It was not until 1886, however, that Kobner 3 gave the disease its present name and differentiated it from pemphigus and other bullous diseases. Various observers have from time to time suggested other names for the condition. As a result of his examination of the sections, Goldscheider suggested the name acantholysis bullosa. Payne's 4 case in 1884 was entitled A Traumatic Bullous Affection Resembling Pemphigus. In 1897, Beatty 5 also classified the disease clinically with pemphigus under Payne's title. In 1898, Bowen 6 suggested the name congenital bullous dermatitis as being less prejudicial to the etiology. The French describe the disease as congenital pemphigus. The term epidermolysis bullosa, however, as first suggested by Kobner, has been accepted by most dermatologists. Since

IMPETIGO OR PYODERMATITIS NEONATORUM

In 1864, Tilbury Fox described the contagious impetigo of children and infants. He called attention especially to the vesicular form which now appears in maternity wards. In 1891, Almquist showed that the infecting organism was a staphylococcus. In 1900, Matzenauer linked pemphigus neonatorum to impetigo contagiosa by proving the identity of the activating microbe. Animal inoculation generally failed, but in 1911, Landsteiner and his associates produced pemphigoid lesions in the chimpanzee. With these several discoveries, the knowledge of impetigo remained about the same until 1917. Curiously, in the fifty-three years that elapsed after its recognition by Fox, particular attention was not called to the disease in any widespread epidemic. In 1917, however, as a questionnaire verified, this condition, hitherto rare and sporadic, suddenly changed its type and appeared in more or less virulent epidemics. Few maternity cases were exempt, and some physicians who had not had any experience with impetigo as a nursery problem were overwhelmed by the flood of cases. Everywhere nurseries were treated like hospitals for contagious diseases, but only with partial success. Many were closed entirely, and others should have been.

THE PRESENT STATE OF EPIDERMOPHYTOSIS IN EUROPE

In 1910, epidermophytosis was supposed to be a well described clinical entity when Sabouraud had added to the clinical aspects hitherto known epidermophytosis of the hands and feet. Other publications which appeared before 1914 (as articles by Dudumi, 1913; Nicolau, 1913, and Fischer, 1914) only completed the knowledge of the different clinical types of the disease without offering new facts. In 1914, the discernment that the clinical aspect of epidermophytosis was not an etiologic entity began to gain consideration. This period was inaugurated by the publications of Marie Kaufmann-Wolf; the results of other publications will not be considered, because they appeared in the epoch before Sabouraud and have not been proved by cultures (Tilbury Fox. Pellizarri, Mansouroff, Dubreuilh, Moukhtar, Whitfield and others). Knowledge of epidermophytosis has continued to develop in this direction; today, although it is the most complicated form of dermatomycosis, it is given greatest consideration in the field

ERYSIPELOID AND SWINE ERYSIPELAS IN MAN

Tilbury Fox 1 was apparently the first to describe what is now generally designated as erysipeloid. In 1873, he briefly described two instances of an eruption clinically conforming with that disease. In the same year Monant Baker 2 under the name of erythema serpens described a number of cases occurring exclusively on the hands of cooks and butchers, and on those handling game and rabbit skins. His description of the eruption was essentially the same that Rosenbach subsequently described. Rosenbach aptly designated the eruption as erysipeloid (now generally known as erysipeloid of Rosenbach) and published in 1884 3 and in 1887 4 the results of his study. He described the eruption as an erysipelas-like affection, frequently encountered in cooks, kitchen workers, butchers and those who handle game and fish, and in shopkeepers who handle cheese or herring, manifesting itself chiefly about the fingers and hands, and characterized by a slowly

IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA

BACTERIOLOGIC REVIEW Impetigo (contagiosa) was definitely described as a clinical entity in 1864 and 1869 by Tilbury Fox. 1 Kohn, 2 in 1871, concluded that it was due to an organism of the hyphomycete group. In this he was supported by Behrend, 3 but this view has been generally abandoned in recent years. Demme, 4 in 1886, was the first to cultivate a diplococcus from a case of acute contagious pemphigus. Bockhart, 5 in 1887, concluded that impetigo was caused by Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and albus . In 1893, M. C. Leroux 6 took cultures from 120 children with cases of contagious impetigo. He obtained seventy positive cultures, finding divers varieties of Staphylococcus pyogenes and streptococci . He called attention to the contagious character of the disease and its appearance among children in the same family and after contact. Studying impetigo experimentally, he inoculated a series of children, reproduced typical lesions, and

A BORDERLINE CASE OF NEUROTIC EXCORIATIONS

MacKee and Senear and I have recently called attention to a group of self-inflicted eruptions, under the title Neurotic Excoriations. In their slight degrees they are familiar, but the more extreme forms of the condition, while their character is doubtless recognized, have not hitherto been reported in this country. The subject has been described carefully by English authors, notably by Erasmus Wilson, Tilbury Fox, and Adamson. I believe the cases are so frequent that the subject should be impressed on our minds. The clinical pictures differ from the ordinary feigned eruptions, and the conditions differ essentially from feigned eruptions in the mental states of the patients. In a feigned eruption the patient is secretive and tries to cover up the fact that the eruption is self-produced. In neurotic excoriations the patient has a strong impulse to produce damage to the skin and, while he may not suggest the part that

THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF POMPHOLYX

Pompholyx was first described, as a form of dyshydrosis, by Tilbury Fox, 1 who was of opinion that condition was characterized essentially by the retention in follicles of skin of sweat, rapidly and freely excreted, and believed that affection bore same relation to sweat follicles that acne vulgaris does to sebaceous glands. Hutchinson 2 who independently recognized and described disease at about same time, was opposed to this view, and, basing his argument on symmetry and spontaneous appearance and disappearance of clinical manifestations, and on fact that condition was seen most frequently in persons whose vitality had been lowered by worry, overwork and similar agencies, concluded that it was an acute, inflammatory disease of rete, neurotic in origin. He 3 suggested for it name cheiropompholyx.

On recurrent vesicular disease of the hands—i.e., on the skin affections described as cheiro-pompholyx (hutchinson), dysidrosis (tilbury fox), pompholyx (a. robinson)

On recurrent vesicular disease of the hands—i.e., on the skin affections described as cheiro-pompholyx (hutchinson), dysidrosis (tilbury fox), pompholyx (a. robinson)