Third Of Group Research Articles

Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal and Estimation of Dentin Microhardness Using TRITON Endodontic Irrigant: An In Vitro Study

Background and objectives: Irrigation is essential in endodontic therapy, and traditional irrigation was done with NAOCl and EDTA to remove the smear layer and clean the canal, but it had several difficulties. Many solutions, such as Smearoff, Qmix and MTAD, are available as a single irrigant solution to disinfect and remove the smear layer. TRITON is a revolutionary two-in-one irrigant that can both remove smear layer and disinfect the canal. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Triton on smear layer removal and compare it with Qmix and conventional NaOCl and EDTA irrigation protocols. Methods: Thirty extracted single canal teeth were divided into three groups; Group 1 was irrigated with NaOCl and EDTA. Group 2 received Triton treatment, but Group 3 received Qmix irrigation. Each tooth was then cut in half and subjected to Scanning electron microscope. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups investigated, however, there was a significant difference between the middle and apical thirds in Group 2 (P=0.009). Conclusion: Triton intracanal irrigant revealed effectual capability to eradicate smear layer from radicular dentin as conventional root canal irrigating solutions (NaOCl/EDTA). Triton can be used as an alternative to NaOCl+EDTA and Qmix as an irrigant. Keywords: TRITON, NaOCL, EDTA, SEM, Irrigation

Correlations of cognitive function with serum levels of homocysteine, sex hormone binding globulin, and leptin in patients with schizophrenia.

To investigate the correlations of cognitive function with serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and leptin in patients with schizophrenia. This was retrospective study. This study included 58 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) as observation group and 60 clinically healthy individuals as control group admitted to Xiangshan County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical and Health Group Third Hospital from March 2022 to June 2023. Serum levels of Hcy, SHBG, and leptin in the two groups were measured, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the correlations between the Hcy, SHBG, and leptin levels and the psychiatric symptoms and cognitive function in the observation group. The Hcy and SHBG levels in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05, respectively), and the leptin level was lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). The observation group scored significantly lower than the control group for each dimension of the MCCB (p<0.05, respectively). In the observation group, Hcy was positively correlated with negative symptoms and the PANSS total score (p<0.05, respectively) and was negatively correlated with scores for the leptin was negatively correlated with negative symptoms and the PANSS total score (p<0.05, respectively) and was positively correlated with scores for speed of processing (SOP), WMS-III, BVMT, and MSCEIT (p<0.05, respectively). Increased levels of Hcy and SHBG and decreased leptin are strongly associated with the occurrence of cognitive impairment in SCZ cases. Therefore, clinical observation and monitoring of these markers can help identify changes in patient conditions.

Comparison of the quality of three obturation techniques in primary anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography: An in vitro study

Background: This study aimed to compare the number of voids of primary anterior teeth obturated with Endoflas by using three different obturation techniques, namely, endodontic pressure syringe, modified disposable syringe, and reamer using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six single-rooted primary incisors and canines with lengths ranging within 15–22 mm were randomly divided into three groups (12 teeth/group) according to the obturation techniques used. Group A, endodontic pressure syringe; group B, modified disposable syringe; and group C, reamer. A single operator instrumented and obturated all teeth by using Endoflas. An independent evaluator analysed the quality of the obturation techniques by using CBCT imaging to determine the number of voids in the root canals. Fisher's exact test and multiple pairwise comparisons adjusted by the Dunn–Bonferroni method were used to statistically assess the results. Results: All study groups showed no statistically significant difference in the number of voids (P &gt; 0.05). Comparing the thirds of each group, the coronal and middle thirds of group A contained the maximum number of voids, followed by groups B and C, with no statistically significant difference. For the apical third, voids were highly presented in group C followed by group B. Meanwhile, group A was found to have no voids. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current research, we concluded that voids existed in all techniques used; however, they were the least when using endodontic pressure syringes. Thus, an endodontic pressure syringe used with an Endoflas obturation material may be preferred as an obturation technique.

Canal disinfection using Nd: YAG Laser, synchronized microbubble-photodynamic activation, and carbon quantum dots on microhardness, smear layer removal, and extrusion bond strength of zirconia post to canal dentin. An invitro scanning electron microscopic analysis.

Evaluation of the impact of the latest root canal disinfectant, that is carbon quantum dots (CQDs), synchronized microbubble-photodynamic activation (SYMPA), and Nd: YAG laser along with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a final irrigant on the Marten hardness (MH), smear layer (SL) removal, and extrusion bond strength (EBS) of zirconia post to the canal dentin. Eighty intact single-rooted premolars were obtained and disinfected using 0.5% chloramine-T solution. Root canal preparation was performed using ProTaper files followed by obturation. The post space was prepared for prefabricated zirconia post and all the teeth were randomly divided into four groups based on the disinfection used (n = 20 each) Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA (Control), Group 2: Nd: YAG laser + 17% EDTA, Group 3: SYMPA + 17% EDTA, and Group 4: CQDs + 17% EDTA. MH, SL removal, and EBS of zirconia post-bonded to root dentin were performed using a microhardness tester, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and universal testing machine, respectively. Both intragroup and intergroup comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc-Tukey test for significant difference (p < .05). Group 2 samples (Nd: YAG laser + 17% EDTA) (0.24 ± 0.06 GPa) exhibited highest values of MH. Samples in group 3 (SYMPA + 17% EDTA) treated teeth unveiled the lowest MH scores (0.13 ± 0.02 GPa). Moreover, the coronal third of Group 3 specimens (SYMPA and 17% EDTA) (1.54 ± 0.31) eliminated SL from the canal with the greatest efficacy as well as presented the highest EBS (10.13 ± 0.69 MPa). However, the apical third of Group 1 samples (5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA) (2.95 ± 0.33) exhibited the least efficient elimination of SL from the radicular dentin as well as the lowest bond strength (5.11 ± 0.19 MPa) of zirconia post to the dentin. The SYMPA technique with 17% EDTA proved highly effective in removing the SL from canal dentin and enhancing the EBS of zirconia posts. The least preferable method for SL removal and MH improvement was found to be 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA. CQDs and Nd: YAG laser demonstrated satisfactory smear layer removal properties from the canal, along with achieving appropriate bond strength of zirconia posts. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Nd: YAG laser and 17% EDTA as canal disinfectant exhibited the highest values of MH. Specimens irrigated with SYMPA and 17% EDTA eliminated SL from the canal with the greatest efficacy. The coronal third of Group 3 (SYMPA + 17% EDTA) samples unveiled the highest zirconia post-bond integrity score to the canal dentin. Cohesive failure was a dominant failure type among different experimental groups.

Effect of canal medicaments triple antibiotic paste, Bio-C Temp, and Nano-silver gel activated by visible blue light on canal dentin microhardness and extrusion bond strength of AH plus sealer: A SEM and EDX analysis

AimAssessment of contemporary canal medicaments (Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), Bio-C Temp, and Nano silver gel activated by visible blue light on the dentin microhardness (MH) and push-out bond strength (PBS) of AH plus endodontic sealer. MethodSixty extracted premolars were obtained and decontaminated. Canal cleaning and shaping were performed. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups based on the intracanal medicaments. Group 1= CH paste, Group 2= TAP, Group 3= Bio-C Temp, and Group 4= Nano-silver gel activated by visible blue light. MH assessment was performed using a Vickers Microhardness tester. Forty specimens, ten from each group underwent root canal obturation. PBS and failure mode evaluation were performed. ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey test were utilized to conduct intra and inter-group comparisons. ResultsThe maximum outcome of surface hardness was presented by Group-3 (Bio-C Temp®) specimens. However, minimum scores of MH were displayed by Group 1 (CH) treated teeth. The highest outcomes of EBS were exhibited by the cervical third of Group 3 (Bio-C Temp®) samples. The apical section of Group 4 Teeth with Nano Silver gel activated by visible blue light revealed the lowest scores of bond integrity. ConclusionBio-C Temp and TAP proved to be better intracanal medicament than other tested groups in terms of the push-out bond strength of the sealer. TAP displayed lower microhardness as compared to the Bio-C Temp.

Punica granatum Peel Extract, Nano Chitosan, and Er: YAG on Canal Disinfection Against E. faecalis and Extrusion Bond Strength of Fiber Post to Radicular Dentin

Objectives: Canal disinfectants (Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI), Nano chitosan (NCS), Pomegranate peel extract (PPE), Er: YAG against E. faecalis and push out bond strength (PBS) of fiber reinforced composite (FRC) post to radicular dentin. Methods: Canals were prepared followed by obturation. Canal filling was performed up to 9 mm. Forty teeth were incubated with E. faecalis. The included specimens were allocated into 4 groups based on the irrigation. Group 1:2.5% NaOCl +17% EDTA, Group 2: Er: YAG +17% EDTA, Group 3: NCS +17% EDTA and Group 4: PPE +17% EDTA. E. faecalis survival rate was determined on the incubated samples. FRC post-bonding was performed on forty specimens and sectioned horizontally. PBS and failure mode analysis were performed using a UTM and stereomicroscope. Statistical tests were used to compare the means of PBS and the survival rate of E. faecalis. Results: Group 1 samples exhibited the minimum survival rate of E. faecalis. The highest survival rate was demonstrated by Group 4. The coronal third of Group 1 unveiled the maximum values of PBS. The apical section of Group 2 specimens showed the minimum bond integrity scores. Conclusion: Nano Chitosan proved to be potent as a canal disinfectant because it displayed antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and PBS of fiber-reinforced composite post comparable to that of sodium hypochlorite.

Pretreatment of Root Dentin Using Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming, Photodynamic Therapy, and Riboflavin with EDTA as a Final Irrigant to Improve Bond Integrity of Glass Fiber Post.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of post space disinfection using Er,Cr:YSGG laser (ECYL), riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP), and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) along with ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) as final irrigant on the bond values of glass fiber post (GFP) to the canal wall. Materials and methods: Forty human mandibular premolars were subjected to root canal treatment after decoronation till the cementoenamel junction. Post space was prepared using a Gates-Glidden drill leaving 4 mm of gutta perch at the apical third of the root section. Random allocation of samples was performed into four groups based on the post space disinfection (n = 10 each): Group 1: 1% RFP and 17% EDTA, group 2: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA (control), group 3: PIPS and 17% EDTA, and group 4: ECYL and 17% EDTA. GFP was luted using Rely X Unicem. A universal testing machine and stereomicroscope were used to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) and failure mode, respectively. Analysis of variance determined the PBS amid different experimental groups at three root levels. Multiple group comparison using means of tested groups was identified using post hoc Tukey. Results: The coronal third of group 2 (5.25% NaOCl +17% EDTA) demonstrated the highest PBS (8.83 ± 0.11 MPa). However, the lowest bond integrity (4.15 ± 0.52 MPa) was displayed in an apical third of group 1 (RFP +17% EDTA). The intergroup comparison revealed that 5.25% NaOCl +17% EDTA at all three levels demonstrated comparable outcomes of PBS with PIPS +17% EDTA and ECYL +17% EDTA specimens (p > 0.05). However, riboflavin +17% EDTA demonstrated the lowest bond strength (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Er,Cr: YSGG and PIPS in combination with 17% EDTA demonstrated comparable outcomes of bond score with those of conventional gold standard irrigation regime 5.25% NaOCl.

The adhesive strength of fiber post-to-canal dentin with Aniline green, Fotoenticine activated by PDT, green tea, and ozone as a final irrigant

The effect of novel final disinfection protocols Malachite green (MG), Fotoenticine® (FTC), Green tea extract (GTE), and Ozonated water (OW) on the bond strength of prefabricated glass fiber posts (PGFP) adhered to canal dentin. The canals of fifty premolars with closed apices were cleansed and obturated. The specimens were randomly assigned to one of five groups based on the final irrigant used, with the control group receiving NaOCl+EDTA and the experimental groups receiving MG, FTC, OW, and GTE. The GFP was cemented with a self-etching, dual-cure paste; the bond strength was estimated with a universal testing machine; and failure analysis was conducted with a stereomicroscope. The highest PBS was observed in the coronal third of Group 4 (using ozonated water as the final irrigant), whereas the lowest bond integrity was observed in the apical section of Group 2 (1.02-0.54MPa) using Malachite green as the final irrigant. Group 1, Group 4, and Group 5 exhibited no significant difference in the bond integrity of GFP to dentin when compared to Group 2 (p>0.05). In addition, comparable bond score values were obtained for Groups 2 and 3 (p>0.05). The results of this study suggest that OW and GTE may be effective final disinfectants for root canals, as they increase the bond strength of resin-luting cement.

Use of final irrigants MTAD, Salvedora Perscia, Malachite green, and Ti-sapphire laser on push-out bond strength of Zirconia post

AIM: Evaluation of the push-out bond strength (PBS) of zirconia post-bonded to radicular dentin after using different final irrigants (MTAD, Malachite green (MG), Ti-sapphire laser and Salvadora persica (S.persica). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Forty human permanent single-rooted were decoronated above the cement-enamel junction. An experienced endodontist performed all the root canal instrumentation using ProTaper universal rotary files. Canals were irrigated using 5.25% NaOCl solution followed by EDTA as a final sterilant. Obturation with gutta-percha using AH Plus sealer was performed. Post-space preparation was completed using Gates Glidden and specimens were randomly assigned to four groups based on the final disinfectant received (n=10). Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl + MTAD, group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + MG, group 3: 5.25% NaOCl +Ti-sapphire laser, and group 4: 5.25% NaOCl + S. persica. The chemically polymerized resin was used to lute zirconia posts. PBS and failure mode analysis were performed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope at 40X magnification. Data were compared between the two groups with 95% CI using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Tukey post hoc test. p=0.05. RESULTS: Group4(5.25% NaOCl+ S.persica) specimens demonstrated the maximum (8.94±0.14 MPa) bond strength. Conversely, the apical third of Group 2 (5.25% NaOCl+ MG) (2.87±0.15 MPa) samples revealed the minimum bond strength scores. Intergroup comparison exposed that Group 1 (1.3% NaOCl+ MTAD), Group 3 (5.25% NaOCl+Ti-sapphire laser), and Group 4 (5.25% NaOCl+ S. persica) at all three-thirds unveiled no significant difference in PBS (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Ti-sapphire laser and Salvedora Persica possess the potential to be used as a final root canal irrigant to improve the push-out bond strength of zirconia post-to-root dentin.

Effect on martens hardness and pushout bond strength of fiber post to canal dentin final irrigated with fotoenticine, chitosan, and ozone

AimsTo estimate the effect of contemporary final root canal irrigants (Ozonated water (OW), Chitosan, and Fotoenticine (FTC) on the bond scores of glass fiber post (GFP) and Martens hardness (MH) of root dentin. Materials and methodsSixty extracted human premolars having a single straight canal that ends in a closed apex were included. Specimens were de-crowned till the cementoenamel junction preserving 12 mm of root length and were mounted vertically. Canal therapy was performed using a crown-down approach. Obturation was performed followed by post-space preparation. Samples were allocated into 4 groups based on chemical irrigations and photosensitizers used(n = 15). Group 1 (5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA), group 2 (5.25% NaOCl + FTC), group 3 (5.25% NaOCl + Chitosan), group 4 (5.25% NaOCl + OW). The ultra microhardness tester was put under a load of 5 mN at a speed of 1.5 mN/s for 1 s to assess the MH. The fiber post was luted with dual-cure cement and slices of 1 mm were prepared from each third of the tooth. PBS and failure mode analysis were performed using a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons t-tests for assessment of PBS and MH p > 0.05 ResultsGroup 1 (5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA) exhibited the highest MH (0.19 ± 0.04 GPa). Whereas, group 2 (5.25% NaOCl + FTC) displayed the lowest MH (0.011 ± 0.14 GPa). The highest PBS was exhibited by the coronal third of group 1 (5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA) (7.11 ± 0.81 MPa). The apical section of group 3 specimens (5.25% NaOCl + Chitosan) (2.33 ± 0.26 MPa) unveiled the lowest PBS. Intergroup comparison analysis revealed that group 2 and group 3 displayed comparable outcomes of PBS. Group 1 and Group 4 also demonstrated no significant difference in the bond scores in all three sections. ConclusionOW as a final irrigant can be used as an alternative to EDTA as it improves the bond strength with minimum impact on marten hardness

Effectiveness of final cavity disinfectant terminalia chebula, malachite, and indocyanine green, against E. Faecalis and on the bond interface of fiber post to radicular dentin

AimsEvaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of contemporary disinfection Malachite green (MG), Terminalia chebula (T. chebula), and Indocyanine green (ICG)) against E. faecalis and their effect on push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber post (GFP) bonded to root dentin in comparison to conventional irrigation used (Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (17% EDTA). Materials and methodsRoot canal treatment was initiated on sixty human single-rooted premolars and working length was established. The canals were enlarged using ProTaper universal system till F3. The prepared canals were obturated with Gutta-percha (GP) and AH Plus sealer followed by post-space preparation. Twenty canals contained a standard strain of E. faecalis (n=5 in each group) cultured overnight at 37 °C in BHI broth. All the samples were randomly allocated into four groups based on post-space irrigation. (n = 10) Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA (Control), Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + ICG, Group 3: 5.25% NaOCl + MG and Group 4: 5.25% NaOCl + T. chebula. Survival rates of E. faecalis were evaluated on the twenty specimens. GFP was placed on the remaining samples using self-etch dual-cure pastes and sectioning was performed in 1 mm thick slices. PBS and failure mode were analyzed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison t-tests were used for data analysis. (p = 0.05). Results5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA demonstrated (0.11±0.01 CFU/mL) the lowest survival rate of E. faecalis. However, Group 2 (5.25% NaOCl + ICG) exhibited the highest survival rate (0.52 ± 0.10). Furthermore, the coronal third of group 4 (5.25% NaOCl + T. chebula) (8.71±0.25 MPa) specimens demonstrated the highest PBS of GFP. However, an apical section of group 2 samples (5.25% NaOCl + ICG) (1.21±0.71 MPa) displayed the lowest outcome of bond integrity. ConclusionTerminalia chebula when used as a final canal disinfectant seems to be promising in improving canal sterility and the bond strength of GFP to the root dentin.

Effectiveness of Morinda citrofolia, Sapindus mukorossi, and curcumin used in curry spice, to the radicular canal irrigant in improving bond integrity of glass fiber post

AimEvaluation of the push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber reinforced post (GFRP) bonded to root dentin after canal disinfection using food-based root canal irrigants i.e., Curcumin photosensitizer (CP), Riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP), Morinda ctrifolia juice (MCJ) and Sapindus mukorossi (SM) along with MTAD as a final irrigant. Material methodsFifty human single-rooted premolar teeth were decoronated. Endodontic preparation was performed along with 2.25% sodium hypochlorite NaOCl solution followed by EDTA solution. Canals were dried and obturated followed by post-space preparation by removing GP. Specimens were allocated into five groups based on different food-based disinfection regimes (n = 10). Group 1: 2.25% NaOCl + MTAD (Control), Group 2: 6% MCJ + MTAD, Group 3: SM + MTAD, Group 4: CP + MTAD and Group 5: RFP + MTAD. All GFRP were bonded to radicular dentin. Root sectioning was performed followed by PBS and failure analysis using a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Post Hoc Tukey HSD test (p = 0.05). ResultsSamples disinfected with(MCJ+MTAD) at coronal third demonstrated maximum PBS (9.41 ± 0.51 MPa). However, the apical third of group 5 (RFP + MTAD) exhibited the minimum values (4.06 ± 0.23 MPa). Intergroup comparison analysis unveiled that group 2 (MCJ +MTAD) and group 3 (SM+MTAD) displayed comparable outcomes of PBS at all three-thirds. Similarly, samples in group 1 (2.25% NaOCl + MTAD), group 4 (CP + MTAD), and group 5 (RFP + MTAD) exhibited comparable PBS. ConclusionFruit-based irrigants Morinda citrifolia and Sapindus mukorossi have the potential to be used as root canal irrigants with a positive influence on bond strength.

Canal pretreatment using cold atmospheric argon plasma, chitosan and Chlorine p6 activated by photodynamic therapy with EDTA as a final irrigant on the pushout bond strength of fiber post

AimsTo evaluate the effect of contemporary root canal irrigants i.e., Cold atmospheric argon plasma (CAAP), Chlorine p6 (Clp6), and chitosan on the push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber post (GFP) and marten hardness (MH) of root canal dentin compared to NaOCl+EDTA. Materials and methodsThe anatomic crown of sixty human mandibular premolars was removed by transversal section till cement-enamel junction (CEJ). Root canals were prepared and canals were dried and obturated using gutta-percha points and AH plus sealer. Post space was prepared and specimens were arbitrarily divided into four groups based on the post-space irrigation. (n = 15) Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group 2: CAAP + 17% EDTA, Group 3: Chitosan + 17% EDTA and Group 4: Clp6 + 17% EDTA. For MH evaluation five samples from each disinfected group were taken and MH was assessed with the help of an ultra microhardness tester. GFP was cemented using self-etch dual cure cement on the remaining 10 samples from each group. Samples were vertically planted in acrylic resin blocks 1 mm thick slices were subjected to push-out testing and failure mode analysis using a universal testing machine and Stereomicroscope. ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to compare the means of bond integrity attained (p = 0.05). ResultsThe maximum values of PBS and MH were displayed in group 1 (5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA) specimens. However, group 3 exhibited the minimum values of bond strength and MH scores. Intergroup comparison analysis revealed that group 2, group 3, and group 4 displayed comparable outcomes of PBS and MH (p > 0.05). The cervical and middle third of group 1 specimens displayed a cohesive type of failure. However, the apical section of group 1 and other tested groups exhibited the adhesive type of failure. ConclusionCanal irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA appears to be better in terms of improving the bond integrity of fiber posts with no compromise in MH of the dentin as compared to the contemporary irrigant used.

Evaluation of Polyherbal preparation of Livina against Ethanol Induced Liver Dysfunction

The present study was performed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ployherbal preparation of livina against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Four groups of adult albino wistar rats were taken for the study. Rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 animals. Group first is normal group received the normal saline 10ml/kg for 21th days. Group second negative control this group received ethanol 12ml/kg bw per day is standard dose of this group is Silymarin (100mg/kg) daily for 21th days and in 21th day administered ethanol. Group third is standard dose of this group is Silymarin (100mg/kg) daily for 21th days and in 21th day administered ethanol. Silymarin and ethanol is administered orally. Fourth group is treated with ethanol + livina (Herbal capsule). The level of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Test (SGPT), Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase Test (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin were determined to assay hepatotoxicity. Ethanol administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evidenced by elevated serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP and total bilirubin levels. The polyherbal preparation of livina and silymarin administration prevented the toxic effect of ethanol. The present study concludes polyherbal preparation of livina that has significant hepatoprotective activity against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity, which may be associated with its bioactive component.

Assessment of push-out bond strength of post-surface pretreatment before salinization using hydrogen peroxide, aluminum trioxide, and natural photosensitizers to radicular dentin

ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the effect of different post surface pretreatment methods i.e., 24% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP), curcumin photosensitizer (CP) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and silane only on the bond values of glass fiber post to resin cement Materials and MethodsFifty single-rooted human teeth were obtained and crowns were sectioned coronally to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Protaper universal file system was used for canal cleaning and shaping followed by obturation. Post space was prepared and all the posts were then randomly divided into five groups depending on the surface pretreatment used (n = 10). Group 1: 24% H2O2 + silane, Group 2: RFP + silane, Group 3: CP + silane, Group 4: Al2O3 + silane, Group 5: silane only. Post-surface treatment was followed by post-placement using a self-etch dual-cure cement Panavia F 2.0. Acrylic blocks were used to hold the specimens perpendicularly and all the samples were sectioned by slow-speed saw into coronal, middle, and apical third. The universal testing machine determines pushout bond strength and failure mode was analyzed by stereomicroscope. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to analyze data. ResultThe coronal section of group 4 (Al2O3 + silane) displayed the highest PBS (8.23±0.14 MPa). Whereas, an apical third of group 2 (RFP + silane) exhibited the lowest PBS (2.02±0.12 MPa). PBS values in samples in group 1 surface treated with 24% H2O2 + silane displayed comparable outcomes to samples in group 4 at all three levels (p>0.05). Samples in group 2 (RFP + silane) group 3 (CP + silane) and group 5 (Silane Only) demonstrated comparable PBS (p>0.05). ConclusionGlass fiber reinforced post-surface pretreatment method using hydrogen peroxide and aluminum trioxide along with silane improves push-out bond strength at all three levels (coronal, middle, and apical). The use of a silane coupling agent on glass fiber posts alone does not improve bond values. The practice of photosensitizer on post-surface needs to be investigated further.

Photodynamic therapy and other pretreatment methods on epoxy-based glass fiber post on the push-out bond strength to radicular dentin

AimTo assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber post (GFP) conditioned using different surface treatment regimens bonded to radicular dentin Material and MethodsSixty central incisors and canine were collected and disinfected. Decoronation following working length was determined using K-file. Rotary file system was used for cleaning and shaping. Canals of all samples were dried with paper points and obturated with gutta percha. Canal space was prepared with peso reamers. Now samples were randomly allocated into six groups based on pretreatment of GFP. Post in group 1 treated with 9% HFA+ Silane, post in group 2 surface treated with silane only, Post in group 3 surface treated with airborne particle (50 µm), group 4 post conditioned with photodynamic therapy (PDT), group 5 post pretreatment was performed with MBP and in group 6 GFP was not treated. Conditioned and non-conditioned posts were positioned in canal space and cemented. Tooth were sectioned coronally, middle and apically. Sections were positioned in universal testing machine (UTM) and debonded surfaces were evaluated for failure modes. The means and standard deviations of PBS were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). ResultsCoronal third of group 3 in which posts were sandblasted using airborne Al2O3 particle presented the highest PBS (11.21±0.64 MPa). Whereas, an apical section of group 4 in which posts were treated with PDT exhibited the lowest bond integrity. ConclusionSandblasting using airborne particles (50 µm) and hydrogen peroxide (H3PO4) conditioned with GFP exhibited significantly higher bond strength as compared to the control. However, PDT decreases the PBS of fiber post with the root dentin.

Efficacy of Various Irrigants Used with Self- Adjusting File System on Smear Layer: An In Vitro Study

Aim: To assess the efficacy of various irrigants used with Self-Adjusting File (SAF) system on smear layer.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Forty extracted mandibular teeth were taken and decoronated. All samples were instrumented manually up to number 20 K file. SAF file was further used to prepare the canals. All the samples were randomly divided into four Groups: Group I: Neem Extract Group II: Amla Juice; Group III: 5.25% NaOCl+ 20% Citric Acid; Group IV: 5.25% NaOCl solution was used for 4minutes. All roots were sectioned longitudinally in the buccolingual plane and viewed under electron microsope.&#x0D; Statistical Analysis Used: The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical evaluation and Mann-Whitney ???? test was used for multiple comparisons&#x0D; Results: Comparison between same thirds of group showed statistically significant difference in coronal and middle parts. Group 3 showed the best results for smear layer removal. Group 4 showed least efficacy of smear layer removal.&#x0D; Conclusion: Group 3 showed the best removal efficacy followed by group 1 and 2 with least being for group 4.

Influence of Propolis, Ozone and Photodynamic therapy in root canal disinfection on resin bond strength to radicular dentin.

The aim of the present study was to assess post space disinfection using different irrigants and their effect on radicular dentin bond to SERC. Forty single rooted mandibular 2nd premolars were collected and disinfected. All samples were decoronated maintaining root length of 12 mm and embedded vertically in acrylic resin. Shaping of the canal was performed using reciprocating system. Canals were dried using paper points and obturated with gutta percha via lateral condensation. Peso-reamers were used to create post space up to 10 mm. The post space was irrigated with 1% NaOCl before being randomly allocated into four groups (n = 10) according to different methods of canal disinfection. Samples in group 1 were subjected to photoactivated disinfection (PAD), group 2 irrigated with ethanol based propolis group 3 disinfected using ozone and group 4 irrigated with 2.25 % NaOCl with 17 % EDTA and ECL. GFP was fitted using SERC. Each sample was cut into 1 mm from coronal, middle and apical and subjected to pushout bond strength (PBS) via universal testing machine. Fracture analysis were confirmed by stereomicroscope at 40x magnification. For comparison of means, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test was used maintaining the level of significance at p < 0.05. The highest PBS at all three levels were found in group 4, canal disinfected with 2.5 % NaOCl with 17 % EDTA and ECYL. Whereas, the lowest PBS was observed in group 1. Inter group comparison, prosthetic space disinfected with propolis extract showed no significant difference to group 4 canal disinfected with 2.5 % NaOCl with 17 % EDTA and ECYL at all three levels (p > 0.05). Intra group comparison in all experimental groups showed no significant difference was noted in coronal and middle thirds of group 1, group 2 and group 3 respectively (p > 0.05). 2.5 % NaOCl with EDTA and ECL treatment (group 4) remains the gold standard when used as a final canal irrigant. Propolis can be used as potential irrigant for canal disinfectant provided if the composition becomes standardized.

Spironolactone-furosemide combination therapy and acid-base disorders in liver cirrhosis patients .

Respiratory alkalosis (RA) and dilutional hyperchloremic acidosis (DHA) are the most common acid-base balance (ABB) disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to clarify whether RA develops in relation to DHA via respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis and whether spironolactone in combination with low-dose furosemide - diuretics known to ameliorate DHA - positively affects RA in liver cirrhosis patients. 59 patients with advanced cirrhosis were divided into two groups. Group D consisted of individuals (urine sodium concentration (UNa+) > 20 mmol/L) who responded to combination therapy consisting of spironolactone and low-dose furosemide. The non-D group consisted of individuals (UNa+ ≤ 20 mmol/L) who either did not respond to the treatment or who were not administered it. In both groups, we examined serum and urine concentrations of electrolytes and ABB parameters, including SNa+-SCl- and SNa+/SCl- values. In group D, we found a statistically significant relationship between pCO2 and SHCO3-: r = 0.756 (p < 0.001) and between pCO2 and SNa+-SCl-: r = 0.522 (p = 0.001). Neither Salb nor the corrected anion gap were associated with changes in SHCO3- or pCO2 values. Although SHCO3- values were normal, abnormal pCO2 values were observed in one third of group D patients. Based on multivariable analysis, SHCO3- proved to be a statistically significant influencing factor on pCO2 values. DHA contributes to the development of RA in individuals with liver cirrhosis. Reducing DHA by means of effective diuretic therapy comprising spironolactone and furosemide has a beneficial effect on RA in such patients.

The effectiveness of the protective role of beetroot juice for the male reproductive system of albino rats against the toxicity of cadmium chloride

This study was designed to evaluate the protective role of beetroot juice against the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in male albino rats.&#x0D; The study included 20 male albino rats ages ranged between (2-3 months) and weights ranged between (220-260g), which were randomly distributed into 4 groups, the first group that has been promised to control group was given distilled water, the second group was given beetroot juice 10 ml/kg b.w., group third was given at a dose of cadmium chloride 5 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days, which promised an infected control, and the fourth group were treated beetroot juice 10 ml/kg b. w. with cadmium chloride.&#x0D; The results showed that the treatment of animals cadmium chloride led group to a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the hormonal serum, to negative effects on of the natural shape of the sperm and to negative effects cleared on histological in testes tissues compared with the control group, In general has dosage rats treatment cadmium chloride juice of beetroot, to the positive improvement for most of the values ​​of previous indicators has led to increase significantly, the concentration of the LH, FSH and Testosterone hormone , to an improvement in the natural shape of the sperm, decreased significantly in the form abnormal sperm, led to an improvement cleared tissue in these totals became approach with what has been observed in the control group.