Thiazole Derivatives Research Articles

Rationalizing the stability and noncovalent interactions of N-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-(methylthio)thiazole-4-carboxamide: Insights from X‐ray structure and QTAIM analysis

A novel thiazole derivative, N-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-(methylthio)thiazole-4-carboxamide was synthesized and the structural interpretations were accomplished unambiguously by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Structure investigation revealed that the crystal packing is stabilized by CH…N, and NH…O intermolecular interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis used to explore the quantitative details of noncovalent interactions which are responsible for the crystal packing. The 3D energy framework, interaction energies and lattice energy of the compound were computed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was also employed to study various physicochemical properties of the compound. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis have been performed to study the intra and intermolecular interactions present in the thiazole derivative and also validate with the experimental results.

New Thiazole Derivatives: Carbonic Anhydrase I–II and Cholinesterase Inhibition Profiles, Molecular Docking Studies

AbstractThiosemicarbazone derivative was obtained by the addition of thiosemicarbazide to 5‐nitro‐thiophene‐2‐carbaldehyde. The addition–cyclization of the 2‐bromoacetophenone derivative to thiosemicarbazone derivative gave the new thiazole derivatives (2 a‐k). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), antioxidant, and human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I and II isoform inhibitory activities of the thiazole derivatives 2 a‐k were investigated. The effects of thiazole derivatives on carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I–II) isoenzymes were examined in vitro using the esterase method. IC50 values for enzyme inhibition were found to be 2.661–22.712 μM for hCA I and 5.372–26.813 μM for hCA II. All derivatives reduced the activities of carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes and were new potential inhibitor molecule candidates. These compounds were found to have minimal effects on AChE and BChE. The antioxidant properties of the target compounds were determined using DPPH and ferric ion‐chelating assays. In particular, compounds 2 k and 2 h had the highest antioxidant effect in the series with IC50 values of 30.11±0.008 μM and 30.21±0.006 μM, respectively. ADMET properties of the compounds found to be effective were evaluated and their interactions with the enzyme were determined by molecular docking.

Unveiling anti-diabetic potential of new thiazole-sulfonamide derivatives: Design, synthesis, in vitro bio-evaluation targeting DPP-4, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase with in-silico ADMET and docking simulation

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) can be managed by targeting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), an enzyme that breaks down and deactivates peptides such as GIP and GLP-1. In this context, a new series of 2-(2-substituted hydrazineyl)thiazole derivatives 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 11 conjugated with the 2-hydroxy-5-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)benzylidene fragment were designed and synthesized. The virtual screening of the designed derivatives inside DPP-4 demonstrated good to moderate activity, with binding affinity ranging from −6.86 to −5.36 kcal/mol compared to Sitagliptin (S=-5.58 kcal/mol). These results encourage us to evaluate DPP-4 using in-vitro fluorescence-based assay. The in-vitro results exhibited inhibitory percentage (IP) values ranging from 40.66 to 75.62 % in comparison to Sitagliptin (IP=63.14 %) at 100 µM. Subsequently, the IC50 values were determined, and the 5-aryl thiazole derivatives 10 and 11 revealed strong potent IC50 values 2.75 ± 0.27 and 2.51 ± 0.27 µM, respectively, compared to Sitagliptin (3.32 ± 0.22 µM). The SAR study exhibited the importance of the substituents on the thiazole scaffold, especially with the hydrophobic fragment at C5 of the thiazole, which has a role in the activity. Compounds 10 and 11 were further assessed toward α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes and give promising results. Compound 10 showed good activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 3.02 ± 0.23 µM compared to Acarbose 3.05 ± 0.22 µM and (11 = 3.34 ± 0.10 µM). On the other hand, for α-amylase, compound 11 was found to be most effective with IC50 value of 2.91 ± 0.23 µM compared to compound 10 = 3.30 ± 0.16 µM and Acarbose (2.99 ± 0.21 µM) indicating that these derivatives could reduce glucose by more than one target. The most active derivatives 10 and 11 attracted great interest as candidates for oral bioavailability and safe toxicity profiles compared to positive controls. The in-silico docking simulation was performed to understand the binding interactions inside the DPP-4, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase pockets, and it was found to be promising antidiabetic agents through a number of interactions.

The immobilization of L-Valine on superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a novel, recoverable and green nanocatalyst for the synthesis of new thiazole derivatives

The novel immobilization of L-Valine on superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was prepared using a simple protocol for the first time. This compound acts as a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of thiazole derivatives via a one-pot and multi-component condensation reaction of arylglyoxals monohydrate, cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyls, and thiobenzamides in a water solvent. The structure of the nanocatalyst was characterized and confirmed using various techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). This heterogeneous nanocatalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by an external magnetic field and reused for subsequent reactions at least five times without losing significant catalytic activity.

Selective and ultrasensitive detection of the herbicide glyphosate by means of plasmon catalysis on Ag nanoparticles

This work aims at the detection of the important herbicide glyphosate based on the previous modification of glyphosate in two stages and final detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In a first step, the affinity of glyphosate for metal plasmonic surfaces was increased by inclusion of a sulphur containing group (dithiocarbamate). In a second step, the cyclization of the latter intermediate rendered a thiazole derivative of the herbicide. The latter compound exhibits higher Raman cross section which leads to stronger SERS enhancement factors. The second step was possible thanks to the plasmon catalysis driven by metal nanoparticles, specifically silver adatoms created at the surface, and irradiated at a proper wavelength. This methodology was optimized by selecting the most appropriate experimental conditions for the chemical reactions. Density Functional Theory treatment of all the involved molecules was done in order to obtain the theoretical spectra and to identify the structural marker bands. A key goal of this work was to develop an effective system of glyphosate detection based on portable PickMolTM technology developed and patented by the SAFTRA Photonics Ltd. company to ensure an easy, quick, low cost, in-situ, and univocal detection of glyphosate in the environment.

Discovery and optimization of thiazole-based quorum sensing inhibitors as potent blockers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes life-threatening infections especially in hospitalized patients and shows an increasing resistance to established antibiotics. A process known as quorum sensing (QS) enables the pathogen to collectively adapt to various environmental conditions. Disrupting this cell-to-cell communication machinery by small-molecular entities leads to a blockade of bacterial pathogenicity. We aim to devise QS inhibitors acting on the PA-specific PQS QS system via the signal-molecule receptor and transcriptional regulator PqsR (MvfR). In this manuscript, we describe the further optimization of PqsR inverse agonists by broadening the structural space of a previously described triazole-bearing lead compound and arriving at highly potent thiazole derivatives with activities against P. aeruginosa virulence factor pyocyanin in the nanomolar range. All new derivatives were profiled regarding biological activity as well as in vitro ADMET parameters. Additionally, we assessed safety-pharmacology characteristics of the two most promising compounds both bearing a 3-chloro-4-isopropoxyphenyl motive. Demonstrating an overall favorable profile, our new PqsR inverse agonists represent a valuable addition as optimized lead compounds, enabling preclinical development of P. aeruginosa-specific pathoblockers.

Green Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of New Bis-Imidazole-Thiazole Hybrids Targeting Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Given the inadequacies of current chemotherapy, there is a need for more effective anticancer agents. Imidazole and thiazole compounds have demonstrated significant biological activity, making them promising candidates. Aims and Objective: This study investigates the anticancer potential of imidazole and thiazole derivatives, focusing on liver cancer. The aim is to synthesize bis-imidazole-thiazole hybrids and evaluate their efficacy as anticancer agents against hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: The hybrids were synthesized using (2,2'-((1,4-phenylenebis(2-mercapto-4-methyl1H-imidazole-1,5-diyl))bis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(hydrazine-1-carbothioamide), hydrazonoyl halides, and α-halo ketones, catalyzed by DABCO. This method is designed to be fast, yield high amounts of product, and be environmentally friendly. Structural confirmation was provided by FT IR, NMR, and MS spectroscopy. Results: The synthesized hybrids were tested in vitro against HepG-2 and WI-38 cell lines. Compounds 16b, 14a, 16a, and 7b showed significant inhibitory activity, with IC50 values indicating strong inhibition comparable to or better than the standard drug Sorafenib. Conclusion: The bis-imidazole-thiazole hybrids exhibit potent anticancer properties, particularly against hepatocellular carcinoma, making them potential candidates for future cancer therapies. Their selectivity and safety were further demonstrated by their effects on normal WI-38 human fibroblasts.

Thiadiazole-thiazole derivatives as potent anti-tubercular agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and In silico docking studies

The present study focuses on research findings related to the development and assessment of thiadiazole-linked thiazole derivatives as promising anti-tubercular agents. We present the synthesis data of eleven new compounds (4a-4k) and confirm their structures using spectroscopic techniques. Subsequently, the compounds were screened for their anti-tuberculosis activities against M. tuberculosis H37Ra. The results demonstrated that compounds 3 and 4b exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.90 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL, respectively. In-vitro, studies for few compounds exhibited high antioxidant activity against DPPH and OH radical scavengers along with minimal to no cytotoxicity against RBCs which is a promising result. Investigation of molecular docked conformations revealed different molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, and interactions involving Pi electron cloud. The study sheds light on conserved interactions with residues like Met131, Val163, His90 and Gln161 from the tubercular MCAT enzyme. Interestingly, the synthetic chemistry reveals that the employment of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) plays a crucial role for N-butylation and it also expedites the reaction in tetrahydrofuran solvent.

Chemoselective synthesis, X-ray structure study, Hirshfeld surface analysis, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities of new Thiophene and Thiazole derivatives

A base-controlled chemoselective reaction of 1-phenylbutane-1,3‑dione with PhNCS and 1-chloropropan-2-one is described. Thiophene derivative 5 is obtained from the reaction in NaOEt solution, whereas thiazole 11 was isolated using potassium carbonate/DMF mixture. Spectral and X-ray structure analyses were used to characterize the synthesized compounds. Possible intermolecular interactions that control the molecular packing of the studied crystalline compounds were elucidated using Hirshfeld topology analysis. For thiophene 5, the O…H contacts are the most important and contribute to 17.7 % of the whole predicted interactions. In the case of thiazole 11, the CH…π and O…H non-covalent interactions are the most important contacts whereas the%C…H and%O…H contacts are 16.7 and 22.8 %, respectively. Additionally, there are some short H…H (47.0 %) interactions were detected where the H16A…H10A (2.165 Å) is the most important. The H…H interaction is the most dominant interaction which contributed by 47.0 and 47.0 % in 5, and 11, respectively.When compounds 5 and 11 were tested for their antimicrobial activity, the results revealed that thiophene derivative 5 has promising activity against both Salmonella SP. and Escherichia coli when compared to the standard medication gentamicin. Moreover, they were tested using the MTT assay for their antitumor activities against the colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG-2). The results showed a lower cytotoxic effect against various cell lines in comparison to doxorubicin.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel thiazole derivatives as c-Met kinase inhibitors and anticancer agents

In search of novel anticancer agents, the design and synthesis of novel sixteen thiazole derivatives (7a-p) have been reported along with their characterization using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, MS, and HPLC. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated against c-Met kinase, followed by anticancer evaluation of the most promising compounds using the MTT assay. The results of these studies identified compound 7a with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM against c-Met kinase along with good anticancer activity against HT29 (IC50 = 7.79 µM, SI of 6.33) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 5.78 µM, SI of 8.65) cancer cell lines. In order to study the in-depth binding interactions of all the synthesized compounds at the active site of c-Met kinase using molecular docking, the typical U-shaped bent conformation of the identified compounds was predicted for all synthesized compounds. Compounds 7a and 7j were found with the best binding energy of −7.98 and −8.26 kcal/mol, respectively. The present work has led to the start-point in the design and discovery of thiazole derivatives as novel c-Met kinase inhibitors and potential anticancer agents.

Exploring the antimicrobial potential of novel 2-oxo-2-H-chromene conjugates with guanine, thiazole, and imidazole: Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation

Five derived forms of 2-oxo-2-H-chromene clubbed guanine, thiazole and imidazoline derivatives 10 (i–v), 11 (i–v), and 12 (i–v) were synthesized, characterized, and biologically tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity against two types of bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 87) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 40). The synthesized compounds demonstrated mild to moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at all concentrations (100 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, and 500 μg/ml) in comparison to standard drug ciprofloxacin. It was observed that the compounds 10i, 10v, 11i, 11v, 12i, 12ii, 12iv and 12v have noticeable activity at higher dose in comparison to standard drug. Zone of inhibition values indicated higher antimicrobial activity at 500 μg/ml against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in case of imidazoline and thiazole clubbed coumarin derivatives in comparison to guanine derivatives. The guanine derivatives have been found to be potent at lower dose (100 μg/ml) in comparison to thiazole and imidazoline derivatives having negligible activity at 100 μg/ml. This suggests a differential efficacy profile among the synthesized compounds, with guanine derivatives showing promising activity at lower doses while thiazole and imidazole derivatives manifesting increased potency at higher concentrations. These findings underscore the potential of these novel compounds as antimicrobial agents, warranting further investigation into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives with potential antibacterial and antioxidant activity

Heterocyclic systems containing 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole moieties were synthesized by heterocyclization of thiosemicarbazones with arylglyoxals and Meldrum's acid in ethanol and water 1:1 (v/v) under reflux conditions. The paper reports an efficient, facile, and environmentally friendly protocol via a novel one-pot three-component reaction to access a broad range of 2-(2-Hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives. Products were isolated by plate chromatography and their structures were established from their spectroscopic data, then the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of synthesized 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives were evaluated, and demonstrated encouraging antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as a gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli as a gram negative bacteria. Furthermore, when representative products were assessed for radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH0), high antioxidant effects were observed, indicating their potential safety for use in pharmacological studies.

Facile benzothiazole-triazole based thiazole derivatives as novel thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Experimental and computational approaches

The present study reports the new thiazole (A-L) derivatives based on benzothiazole fused triazole which were synthesized and assessed against thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Several compounds with the same basic structure but different substituents were found to have high activity against the targeted enzymes, while others with the same basic skeleton but different substituents were found to have medium to low activity among the members of tested series. These analogs showed a varied range of inhibition in both case thymidine phosphorylase and alpha glucosidase, A (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.70 µM), B (IC50 = 8.80 ± 0.10 µM and IC50 = 2.10 ± 0.30 µM), C (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.40 µM and IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.20 µM) and thiazole containing analogs such as G (IC50 = 11.10 ± 0.20 µM and IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.20 µM) and H (IC50 = 12.30 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.20 µM). When compared with standard drugs 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 10.60 ± 0.50 µM) and acarbose (IC50 = 4.30 ± 0.30 µM) respectively. These analogs were also subjected to molecular docking studies which indicated the binding interaction of molecules with active sites of the enzyme and strengthen the drug profile of these compounds. ADMET studies also predict the drug-like properties of these compounds, with no violations of drug likeness rules.

New thiazole derivatives linked to pyridine, fused pyridine, pyrimidine and thiazolopyrimidine scaffolds with potential dual anticancer and antimicrobial activities: Design, synthesis and docking simulation

The present study involved the design and synthesis of a novel series of thiazole derivatives 3, 5, 7, 8, 10–13 having various heterocyclic scaffolds, including pyrazole, pyridine, and/or pyrimidine. Upon screening of their antiproliferative efficacy, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 5a,b and pyrimidine 10a,b, afforded excellent activity against cancerous HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines with safety borders against normal human diploid cell line WI-38 comparing with doxorubicin and erlotinib. Then, their impact upon the apoptotic indicators; caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 was assessed. Regarding to antimicrobial activities, all screened Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains except Candida albicans, were effectively inhibited by the thiazole moiety bearing pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 5a,b and pyrimidine 10a,b. Additionally, thiazole-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine 5b exhibited remarkable and superior inhibitory properties against EGFR and E. coli DNA gyrase (IC50 = 0.3‏5 ± 0.‏25 and ‏‏2‏‏‏.55‏ ± 0.03 µM, respectively) in comparison with references erlotinib and novobiocin (IC50 = 0.27 ± 0.02 and 3.78 ± 0.02 µM, respectively). In order to provide improved optimization and rationalization of effective novel anticancer and antimicrobial leads, in silico ADMET and docking investigations were ultimately constructed.

Study of the Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency by Using New Azo Compounds from Thiazole Derivatives

Azo compounds were prepared by reacting thiazole derivatives with 2-naphthol, o-vanillin, 4-(dimethyl amino) pyridine, and 4-bromo aniline with thiazole derivatives. The molar conductivity of the azo compounds prepared in this study was measured using (ethanol) as a solvent and at room temperature, all compounds showed non-electrolytic behavior. The compounds were characterized by TGA/DTA, studying the thermal stability and calculating the activation energy of azo compounds, where the thermal analyses of the prepared compounds were measured to identify the temperature at which the compound disintegrates, as the compound has more than one degree of disintegration, and this variation in the degrees of disintegration and the remaining materials depends on the nature of the compound and the type of groups present in it, as well as the efficiency of their use as materials. Resistant to corrosion by weight loss method with different concentrations at constant temperature. The higher the concentration, the greater the inhibition efficiency.

Thiazole, Isatin and Phthalimide Derivatives Tested in vivo against Cancer Models: A Literature Review of the Last Six Years.

Cancer is a disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of cells and is the second leading cause of death in the world. The search for new effective and safe anticancer compounds is ongoing due to factors such as low selectivity, high toxicity, and multidrug resistance. Thus, heterocyclic compounds derived from isatin, thiazole and phthalimide that have achieved promising in vitro anticancer activity have been tested in vivo and in clinical trials. This review focused on the compilation of promising data from thiazole, isatin, and phthalimide derivatives, reported in the literature between 2015 and 2022, with in vivo anticancer activity and clinical trials. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PUBMED, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER, and CAPES PERIODIC databases, selecting relevant works for each pharmacophoric group with in vivo antitumor activity in the last 6 years. In our study, 68 articles that fit the scope were selected and critically analyzed. These articles were organized considering the type of antitumor activity and their year of publication. Some compounds reported here demonstrated potent antitumor activity against several tumor types. This review allowed us to highlight works that reported promising structures for the treatment of various cancer types and also demonstrated that the privileged structures thiazole, isatin and phthalimide are important in the design of new syntheses and molecular optimization of compounds with antitumor activity.

Next generation imidazothiazole and imidazooxazole derivatives as potential drugs against brain-eating amoebae.

Managing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, induced by Naegleria fowleri poses a complex medical challenge. There is currently no specific anti-amoebic drug that has proven effectiveness against N. fowleri infection. Ongoing research endeavours are dedicated to uncovering innovative treatment strategies, including the utilization of drugs and immune modulators targeting Naegleria infection. In this study, we explored the potential of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and imidazooxazole derivatives that incorporate sulfonate and sulfamate groups as agents with anti-amoebic properties against N. fowleri. We assessed several synthesized compounds (1f, 1m, 1q, 1s,and 1t) for their efficacy in eliminating amoebae, their impact on cytotoxicity, and their influence on the damage caused to human cerebral microvascular endothelial (HBEC-5i) cells when exposed to the N. fowleri (ATCC 30174) strain. The outcomes revealed that, among the five compounds under examination, 1m, 1q, and 1t demonstrated notable anti-parasitic effects against N. fowleri (P ≤ 0.05). Compound 1t exhibited the highest anti-parasitic activity, reducing N. fowleri population by 80%. Additionally, three compounds, 1m, 1q, and 1t, significantly mitigated the damage inflicted on host cells by N. fowleri. However, the results of cytotoxicity analysis indicated that while 1m and 1q had minimal cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells, compound 1t caused moderate cytotoxicity (34%). Consequently, we conclude that imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and imidazooxazole derivatives containing sulfonate and sulfamate groups exhibit a marked capacity to eliminate amoebae viability while causing limited toxicity to human cells. In aggregate, these findings hold promise that could potentially evolve into novel therapeutic options for treating N. fowleri infection.

Structure based design, synthesis of novel fused triazole-thiazole derivatives and their comparative study on Alzheimer disease along with in silico modeling

In this approach, fused triazole thiazole derivatives (1–14) were synthesized and designed as dual inhibitors of AChE and BuChE which exhibit promising inhibitory activity to cure one of the progressive disorders, Alzheimer’s disease. Different spectroscopic techniques (13C NMR, 1H NMR and HREI-MS) were employed for the synthetic confirmations of all the derivatives. Using the standard drug donepezil (IC50 = 10.60 ± 0.20 for AChE and 11.80 ± 0.49 µM for BuChE). All the analogues in the current series showed a wide range of inhibitory potentials such as (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.10 to 17.50 ± 0.10 µM for AChE and IC50 = 8.10 ± 0.20 to 18.20 ± 0.10 µM for BuChE). The nature, number and position of the attached substituents in the phenyl ring greatly influenced the inhibitory activity of the current analogues in the series. However, Analogue 4 with IC50 values (7.20 ± 0.10, 8.10 ± 0.20 µM) showed immense potency due to para substituted tri-fluoro methyl moiety. Molecular docking studies and ADME analysis was also conducted for the excellent binding interactions with target enzymes and drug like properties of the potent analogues.

Novel benzimidazole-based thiazole derivatives as a magic bullet for controlling diabetes mellitus based on synthetic and computational approaches

Hyperglycemia, a condition in which blood sugar level rises by the action of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in hydrolysis of macromolecules (carbohydrates) into smaller units (glucose) results in diabetes mellitus. There is high demand for an effective inhibitor to overcome this global health issue. In this regard, we have synthesized benzimidazole derived thiazole based bis-Schiff base derivatives (1–14) and characterized structurally via spectroscopic analysis, such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREI-MS. Anti-diabetic evaluation of these compounds was conducted in contrast to standard drug Acarbose (IC50 = 8.30 ± 0.20 µM, 9.30 ± 0.10 µM). In the series, analog 8 (IC50 = 3.50 ± 0.20 µM for α-amylase and 4.20 ± 0.20 µM for α-glucosidase) displayed immense potency than the standard drug. All the potent derivatives were further studied via molecular docking to investigate protein–ligand interaction (PLI). Moreover, ADME analysis was also performed for the exploration of the drug properties of the potent analogs which strengthen the drug profile of lead compounds.

Synthesis and evaluation of biological activity of novel curcumin-pyrazole derivatives using KSF@Ni and [γ-Fe2O3@HAp-SO3H] nanocatalysts

Curcumin is a β-diketone constituent of the turmeric obtained from the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. This natural product has many biological and pharmacological properties such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant.In this research and in the first part of the work, pyrazole derivatives were made from the combination of curcumin and hydrazine. Also, pyrazole - oxsazole and pyrazole–thiazole derivatives were prepared from the reaction of semi and thiosemicarbazide with curcumin and phenacyl bromide or Dicarboxylate.In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of synthesized products was investigated, and some showed promising activities. The research results and experimental data were obtained from FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectroscopies.