Thermoregulatory System Research Articles

The effect of hypothermia on the human body

IntroductionHypothermia may appear to be a benign condition, but it is an insidious and life-threatening dysfunction of the thermoregulatory system that occurs in all regions of the world, regardless of season. Hypothermia is caused by cooling when core body temperature decreases below 35°C. The information obtained during a patient interview is also helpful in establishing the causes of hypothermia. The pathophysiology of hypothermia has not been fully elucidated to date. It is rarely diagnosed, in particular in the temperate climate. Hypothermia poses a serious challenge for medical personnel, in particular medical rescue teams who arrive first at the scene.AimThe aim of this study was to present new information concerning hypothermia and the management of this condition.Material and methodsThis article reviews the available literature and statistical data relating to hypothermia, and it discusses various approaches to managing hypothermia, in particular in pre-hospital care.Results and discussionIn homeotherms, significant changes in body temperature affect the functioning of most organs and disrupt homeostasis. According to the European Resuscitation Council, hypothermia is one of the reversible causes of sudden cardiac arrest, which is why hypothermic patients should be adequately managed. Further research is also needed to expand our knowledge about hypothermia.ConclusionsHypothermia is an important cause of death particularly in the elderly, infants, and persons suffering from thermoregulatory disorders or diseases that influence thermogenesis. Therefore, education should be continued in this area and clinical studies should be conducted to deepen our understanding of this problem.

The Missing Link in the Human Thermoregulation Systems

The study of human thermoregulation is one of the most developed areas of modern physiology and medicine. This is due to the important role of temperature in normal and pathological conditions. Directly or indirectly almost all systems and organs are involved in maintaining of relatively constant temperature in the body, since their normal functioning is closely related to the temperature of the internal environment (temperature homeostasis). Currently, the existence of two systems of thermoregulation is recognized: a physiological organ-based system with a center in the hypothalamus and a molecular system, which manifests itself in the form of the production of proteins (heat shock- and cold shock proteins) and by activation of RNA thermometers in response to heat or cold shock. Based on studies of the variability of chromosomal heterochromatin regions in the genome of human populations permanently living in various climatic and geographical conditions of Eurasia and Africa, as well as individuals well adapted to the extreme conditions of the high altitudes of the Pamirs and Tien-Shan (mountaineers) and the Far North (oil drillers of the Yamal Peninsula, Eastern Siberia), we came to the conclusion that, apparently, there is a third system of thermoregulation at the cellular level (cell thermoregulation). By cell thermoregulation, we mean the removal of excess heat from the nucleus of an interphase cell in order to avoid the harmful effects of high temperature on the complex molecular processes occurring in the nucleoplasm. We believe that some intracellular formations (a dense layer of condensed chromatin around the nucleus, nucleoli, chromocenters and other membraneless bodies) serve as a structural basis for the removal of heat from the cell nucleus, because the material basis of all these temporary structures in the interphase nucleus is the chromosomal heterochromatin regions. In this review, we discuss a set of data, which indicate that cell thermoregulation, may be a missing link between organism and molecular level in maintaining temperature homeostasis in the human body.

An Assessment of Men Semen Alterations in SARS-CoV-2: Is Fever the Principal Concern?

The SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) was identified as a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The virus spreads primarily through saliva droplets or nasal discharges, in addition to coughing or sneezing from an infected person. The most common symptom at the onset of illness is fever, which may appear within 2–14 days after exposure. The high fever (above 38 °C) can persist from one to 4 days. The febrile illness usually has a variable negative impact on sperm characteristics such as sperm output, motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation. These defects proliferated due to an increase in testicular temperature, and disturbance in the thermoregulatory systems that are responsible for the testicular heat loss. Coronavirus studies suggest that fever from SARS-CoV-2 virus infection induces a reversible negative effect on the sperm parameters until one cycle (74 days) of spermatogenesis. We believe that SARS-CoV-2 can have long-term adverse effects on testicles via immune or inflammatory reactions after the patient has fully recovered. This evidence could be added to the list of the long-term post-COVID-19 syndromes. Long-term follow-up and evaluation of the sperm parameters are necessary for all recovered male patients, especially the young ones.

Central Neural Network That Mediates Thermoregulatory Responses to Environmental Stresses

In addition to maintaining a constant core body temperature, the mammalian thermoregulatory system, including that in humans deviates body temperature from the normally defended range as necessary to protect the organism from various environmental stressors, such as ambient temperature (heat and cold), pathogens, natural enemies, and starvation. Recent studies have reported that neural circuits of the brain are involved in thermoregulatory responses to environmental stresses. This article summarizes the most recent findings on the central neural network associated with thermoregulatory physiological responses to environmental stresses.

Soft multi-modal thermoelectric skin for dual functionality of underwater energy harvesting and thermoregulation

Sustaining a long-term but viable power source for underwater electronics has been an engineering conundrum due to a lack of feasible physical mechanisms to harvest energy in the underwater environment. In this regard, thermoelectricity, which converts heat into electricity, can suggest a potent solution, since the ocean and other water bodies maintain the constant water temperature and therefore serve as a permanent thermal differential. In addition to energy harvesting, the same thermoelectric device can be also utilized to both heat and cool, thereby providing an effective means of controlling the temperature of the arbitrary subject in the underwater environment. In this light, we present a soft and stretchable multi-modal thermoelectric skin (TES) that can both (i) generate electricity across the temperature differential between the ocean water and the human body and (ii) thermoregulate the body temperature in the underwater environment. The soft and elastic nature of TES enables an intimate and thorough contact with the deformable and irregular surfaces of the human skin, therefore maximizing the heat conduction at the human-device interface that the rigid or flexible thermoelectric devices can not fully attain. To the authors’ best knowledge, TES produces the highest electrical power density when compared to the stretchable thermoelectric devices reported so far, mainly owing to its optimum design factors. Along with the outstanding device performance, the underwater environment further boosts the thermoelectric efficiency of TES both in energy harvesting and thermoregulatory perspectives due to the much more favorable thermal properties of water than those of air. Furthermore, to verify the practical usage of TES and demonstrate its high wearability, we incorporated multiple TES units into the neoprene dry-suit. The TES units can self-power multiple embedded sensors that wirelessly monitor the physiological condition and further provide the spatial information of the tactical diver, such that the TES units and embedded system can function as a wearable underwater rescue platform. Lastly, the temperature feedback loop algorithm embedded in the thermoregulatory system allows the TES units to constantly regulate the temperature of the human body and thus prevent underwater hypo-/hyperthermia.

Bioheat Transfer Basis of Human Thermoregulation: Principles and Applications.

Thermoregulation is a process that is essential to the maintenance of life for all warm-blooded mammalian and avian species. It sustains a constant core body temperature in the face of a wide array of environmental thermal conditions and intensity of physical activities that generate internal heat. A primary component of thermoregulatory function is the movement of heat between the body core and the surface via the circulation of blood. The peripheral vasculature acts as a forced convection heat exchanger between blood and local peripheral tissues throughout the body enabling heat to be convected to the skin surface where is may be transferred to and from the environment via conduction, convection, radiation, and/or evaporation of water as local conditions dictate. Humans have evolved a particular vascular structure in glabrous (hairless) skin that is especially well suited for heat exchange. These vessels are called arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) and can vasodilate to large diameters and accommodate high flow rates. We report herein a new technology based on a physiological principle that enables simple and safe access to the thermoregulatory control system to allow manipulation of thermoregulatory function. The technology operates by applying a small amount of heating local to control tissue on the body surface overlying the cerebral spine that upregulates AVA perfusion. Under this action, heat exchangers can be applied to glabrous skin, preferably on the palms and soles, to alter the temperature of elevated blood flow prior to its return to the core. Therapeutic and prophylactic applications are discussed.

The effect of local thermal sensation on overall thermal sensation in older people under warm conditions: a chamber room study

Global aging and climate warming have made scholars begin to pay attention to the thermal comfort of the elderly. The deterioration of the function of body organs and systems caused by aging affects the thermoregulatory system of the elderly, resulting in a narrowing of their thermoregulatory range. To ensure their thermal comfort, personalised thermal comfort systems can be used, for example. When designing a system or selecting equipment, the impact of local thermal sensation on the overall thermal sensation needs to be considered. Most of the existing studies are based on young people, however, the local thermal sensation of the elderly may not be consistent with that of the young. This study recruited 26 Finnish older adults to conduct a series of human thermal comfort experiments under warm conditions in a climate chamber. The local and overall thermal sensations of the elderly were analyzed, and the weights of the influence of different parts on the overall thermal sensation of the elderly were obtained. The study found that the head and torso had a greater impact on the overall thermal sensation in a warm environment.

АДАПТОГЕННОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ АПИСИЛ И ТОС-БИО НА МЕДОНОСНУЮ ПЧЕЛУ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГИПЕРТЕРМИИ

The temperature factor has a huge impact on bees and their development. In a complex complex of adaptation, not only a perfect system of collective thermoregulation of the family is important, but also such individual adaptations as resistance to freezing and tolerance to high temperatures. The deviation of the ambient temperature from the optimal one increases the energy consumption of bees for the regulation of the microclimate in the family. This means that it enhances metabolic processes, which affects the state of the body and the life expectancy of insects. In addition, sometimes the use of high temperatures is a necessary condition for their maintenance, for example, in the fight against the parasite of the bee mite varroa. At the same time, the effect of high temperatures can have a negative effect not only on the mite, but also on the bees. In laboratory conditions, the effect of Apisil and TOS-BIO preparations containing 9-oxoand 10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic acids as a base - the most important components of the «queen substance» and royal jelly of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., respectively - on the survival rate and biochemical parameters was studied. adult worker bees exposed to extremely high (50oC) temperatures. The dynamics of the activity of phenoloxidase and catalase as biochemical indicators of the stress response of a honey bee under high temperature load has been studied. It was shown that the insects' resistance to hyperthermia increased with the content of these preparations in the feed. Experimental results indicate that under extreme (50oC) temperature conditions Apisil and TOS-BIO preparations have an adaptogenic effect on worker bees, increasing their resistance to hyperthermia. At the same time, changes in the initial level and dynamics of biochemical parameters indicate that these compositions in the most economical way contribute to the restructuring of metabolism in the mode of optimal functioning, which affects the level of changes in enzyme activity (with less pronounced changes in activity). and also on the survival rate of bees at the end of the experiment.

Thermovision assessment of temperature changes in selected body areas after short-wave diathermy treatment

The aim of this study is to provide the thermal imaging assessment of local and general surface temperature changes after short-wave diathermy treatment. The study group consisted of 26 women aged 19–24. The correct functioning of the thermoregulation system was determined by means of cold pressor and orthostatic tests. The subjects underwent short-wave diathermy treatment in the area of the right knee joint, and the body’s response was determined by thermovision using a ThermaCAM P640 thermal imaging camera manufactured by FLIR. Curves were recorded in a digital form (images with a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels) and analyzed with ThermaCAM ReporterTM software. In people with a properly functioning thermoregulation system, the short-wave diathermy treatment statistically significantly increased the body surface temperature on the posterior surface of the knee joint. On the front side, the surface temperature decreased. There were no changes in surface temperature in the other areas of the body studied. The results of thermal imaging studies confirmed the local nature of the action of short-wave diathermy. The recommendation to use a physical procedure should be preceded by an assessment of the body’s thermoregulation system level of function. Reactions to the prescribed physical treatment may be different in people with a disturbed autonomic system.

Study on the daily activity of scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) in the Indonesian rice field

The Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) is known as a common pest in the Indonesian rice field. However, there is no study on the daily activity of this species. This study aims to determine the daily activity of L. punctulata in rice field habitat. The research was conducted on April-May 2021 in Aceh Besar (Sumatera), Wonogiri (Central Java) and Tulungagung (East Java). Sixty-three hours of observations were carried out in seven days using scan sampling and data recorded using the continuous method. Observation time was divided into morning, afternoon, and evening for three hours each time. Data variation was analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis, then the correlation between behavior and temperature was analyzed using Pearson and Spearman Correlation Test. Our results show that moving (35.9 – 65.2%) and feeding (16.9–44.69%) are the most frequently observed behaviors. Only sunbathing behavior in the afternoon was significantly different in three locations (p-value < 0.001). Correlation analysis shows that feeding and sunbathing behavior have an inverse correlation with temperature. However, resting behaviors increases with increasing temperature. Temperature affects daily activities due to the bird’s thermoregulatory system. The other factors also influence L. punctulata behavior, such as other bird species presence and bird scaring activities.

Investigation of the Ambient Temperature Influence on the PEMFC Characteristics: Modeling from a Single Cell to a Stack

Power supply systems based on air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks are becoming more popular as power sources for mobile applications. We try to create a PEMFC model that allows for predicting the PEMFC operation in various climatic conditions. A total of two models were developed and used: the membrane electrode assemble (MEA) model and the PEMFC stack model. The developed MEA model allows to determine the influence of external factors (temperature) on the PEMFC power density. The data obtained using the developed model correlate with experimental data at low ambient temperatures (10–30 °C). The difference between the simulation and experimental data is less than 10%. However, the accuracy of the model during PEMFC operation at high (&gt;30 °C) and negative ambient temperatures remains in doubt and requires improvement. The obtained data were integrated into the air-cooled PEMFC stack model. Data of the temperature fields distribution will help to manage the processes in the PEMFC stack. The maximum temperature is slightly above 60 °C, which corresponds to the optimal conditions for the operation of the stack. The temperature gradient across the longitudinal section is very low (&lt;20 °C), which is a positive factor for the chemical reaction. However, the temperature gradient observed across the cross section of the PEMFC stack is 30 °C. The data obtained will help to optimize the mass-dimensional characteristics of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell and increase their performance. The synergetic effect between the MEA model and the PEMFC stack model can be successfully used in the selection of materials and the development of a thermoregulation system in the PEMFC stack.

Comfortable and partial warm environment increases salivary S-IgE concentration in healthy adults

An indoor thermal environment stimulates the human endocrine system, thermoregulation system, and nervous system, which significantly affects immunity. However, the effect of environmental temperature on immunity was not included in the field study of thermal comfort. To achieve this, we considered three different temperatures (18, 24, and 30 °C). Skin surface temperature, unstimulated whole saliva, thermal sensation vote, and thermal comfort vote from ten subjects under each condition were acquired simultaneously. The same subjects and experiment were repeated once in different years. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin E (S-IgE) concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results indicate that environmental temperature significantly affected salivary S-IgE concentration (P = 0.015), When the environmental temperature increased from 18 to 24 to 30 ℃, the IgE concentration in saliva gradually increased. The S-IgE concentration was the highest when the thermal sensation and thermal comfort were close to neutral and comfortable, which was 143.7% higher than the very uncomfortable. The S-IgE concentration was significantly positively correlated for thigh, back, forehead temperature, and average skin temperature (P = 0.023, P = 0.045, P = 0.021, P = 0.018, respectively). A comfortable and warm environment may enhance oral mucosal immunity by increasing the concentration of S-IgE in the saliva.

CONTROL OF INTRAOPERATIVE SHIVERING UNDER SPINAL ANAESTHESIA- A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NALBUPHINE WITH TRAMADOL

spinal anesthesia is a widely used technique for both elective and emergency surgeries. Shivering is one of the most commonly recognized complications of the central neuraxial blockade because of impairment of thermoregulatory control, reported in 40%-70% of the patients undergoing surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Post-anesthetic shivering is defined as an involuntary,spontaneous,rhythmic oscillating muscle hyperactivity that increases metabolic heat production up to 600% after anesthesia. Shivering during neuraxial anesthesia is a common issue that could have possibly adverse impacts, for example, increased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, lung ventilation and cardiac work, as well as causing diminished mixed venous oxygen saturation. Spinal anesthesia impedes the thermoregulatory system by restraining tonic vasoconstriction which assumes significant role in the regulation of temperature

The role of dietary chromium supplementation in relieving heat stress of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala

The present study assessed the role of dietary chromium (Cr) supplementation in relieving heat stress (HS) of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. The supplemented Cr contents by chromium picolinate (Cr-Pic) was 0 mg/kg (control group), 0.4 mg/kg, 1.6 mg/kg and 12.0 mg/kg, respectively. The fish continued to be fed four diets at suitable temperatures (26 °C) for 2 weeks, and then the temperature was then heated up to 33 °C through thermo-regulated system. The results showed that Cr supplementation had no significant effect on the immune indices and antioxidant indices before HS (P > 0.05). However, Cr supplementation played an important role in relieving HS. After HS, compared with the control group, 1.6 mg/kg and 12.0 mg/kg Cr supplementation groups significantly lowered the plasma glucose level and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity (P < 0.05), and 0.4 mg/kg and 1.6 mg/kg Cr supplementation groups significantly lowered alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (P < 0.05). 0.4 mg/kg and 1.6 mg/kg supplementation groups significantly improved hepatic total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.4mg/kg-12.0 mg/kg Cr supplementation groups significantly improved the activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) and lowered hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of hepatic copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), CAT and GPx were significantly improved in 0.4mg/kg-12.0 mg/kg supplementation Cr groups (P < 0.05), however, there was no significant variation of hepatic manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) mRNA levels under different levels of supplementation (P > 0.05). Significantly lower mRNA levels of hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in 0.4mg/kg-12.0 mg/kg Cr supplementation groups including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) (P < 0.05), and 0.4mg/kg-12.0 mg/kg Cr supplementation significantly improved the relative expressions of hepatic heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) (P < 0.05). The present study indicated that dietary Cr supplementation might have no significant effect on immune capacity and antioxidant capacity under normal physiological conditions, whereas it played an important role in relieving HS.

Analysis of thermal plumes forming over male human subjects

Thermal plumes generated by a human being are elements that influence the shape of air flows in a room, mainly when displacement ventilation is used. The characteristics of the airflow in these plumes are usually studied using thermal manikins, which has many advantages during the research of thermal man-environment interactions––owing to the repeatability of tests, lack of fatigue, or taking into account individual human characteristics. However, under actual conditions, thermal plumes are generated by real people, who may move slightly, breathe, and have different body surface shapes and thermoregulatory system reactions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal plumes formed over human subjects in an environment typical of office spaces. The study was carried out under conditions of a moderate environment, with men of similar body build, wearing clothes with similar heat insulation, and in a sitting position. The study confirmed that when simulating this process with thermal manikins, it is necessary to get as close as possible to the conditions in which the future occupants of the rooms will be in––as the air velocity values measured over the volunteers are generally lower than the air velocities measured in the study using thermal manikins. It is also necessary to start the thermal manikin breathing process; however, this should be conducted carefully. This significantly affects the obtained results of the air velocity in the thermal plumes and may generate overestimated results.

The effects of a novel personal comfort system on thermal comfort, physiology and perceived indoor environmental quality, and its health implications - Stimulating human thermoregulation without compromising thermal comfort.

The classical textbook interpretation of thermal comfort is that it occurs when the thermoregulatory effort is minimized. However, stimulating human thermoregulatory systems may benefit health and increase body thermal resilience. To address this gap, we tested a novel personal comfort system (PCS) that targets only the extremities and the head, leaving the rest of the body exposed to a moderately drifting temperature (17–25°C). A randomized, cross‐over study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, mimicking an office setting. Eighteen participants completed two scenarios, one with a PCS and another one without a PCS in 17–25°C ambient conditions. The results indicate that the PCS improved thermal comfort in 17–23°C and retained active thermoregulatory control. The torso skin temperature, underarm‐finger temperature gradients, energy expenditure, substrate oxidations and physical activity were not affected by the PCS in most cases. Only slight changes in cardiovascular responses were observed between the two scenarios. Moreover, the PCS boosted pleasure and arousal. At 25°C, the PCS did not improve thermal comfort, but significantly improved air quality perceptions and mitigated eye strain. These findings suggest that human physiological thermoregulation can be stimulated without compromising thermal comfort by using a PCS that only targets the extremities in cold conditions.

Central Hyperthermia Due to Intracerebral Hemorrhage Treated with Baclofen: A Case Report

We report the treatment of a rare case of central hyperthermia due to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the basal ganglia with baclofen. Central hyperthermia is associated with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis among patients with failure of the thermoregulation system. A 35-year-old man arrived at the emergency room with the sudden loss of consciousness and right-sided hemiparesis. Computed tomography revealed an ICH in the left basal ganglia with a midline shift. Following craniotomy and evacuation of the ICH, the patient developed persistent hyperthermia. Laboratory investigations for fever did not aid in determining the origin, and the fever did not respond to any antibiotics or antipyretics. Oral baclofen was started at a dose of 30 mg/day, which was increased to 90 mg/day. The patient’s temperature markedly decreased to the normal range. Baclofen can be considered for treating suspected central hyperthermia in patients with ICH.

Upregulation of cathepsin L gene under mild cold conditions in young Japanese male adults

BackgroundPhysiological thermoregulatory systems in humans have been a key factor for adaptation to local environments after their exodus from Africa, particularly, to cold environments outside Africa. Recent studies using high-throughput sequencing have identified various genes responsible for cold adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying initial thermoregulation in response to acute cold exposure remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated transcriptional profiles of six young Japanese male adults exposed to acute cold stress.MethodsIn a climatic chamber, the air temperature was maintained at 28°C for 65 min and was then gradually decreased to 19°C for 70 min. Saliva samples were obtained from the subjects at 28°C before and after 19°C cold exposure and were used for RNA sequencing.ResultsIn the cold exposure experiment, expression levels of 14 genes were significantly changed [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05] although the degree of transcriptional changes was not high due to experimental conditions or blunted transcriptional reaction in saliva to cold stress. As a result, differential gene expression analyses detected the cathepsin L (CTSL) gene to be significantly upregulated, with FDR < 0.05 and log2 fold change value > 1; thus, this gene was identified as a differentially expressed gene. Given that the cathepsin L protein is related to invasion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), mild cold stress might alter the susceptibility to coronavirus disease-19 in humans. The gene ontology enrichment analysis for 14 genes with FDR < 0.05 suggested that immune-related molecules could be activated by mild cold stress.ConclusionsThe results obtained from this study indicate that CTSL expression levels can be altered by acute mild cold stress.

194 Avian Breast Muscle Development and Growth: Influence of Temperature on Growth Mediated by Breast Muscle Adult Myoblasts (Satellite Cells)

Abstract Newly hatched poults and chicks have immature thermoregulatory systems and are not able to maintain a constant body temperature when exposed to hot or cold ambient temperatures. During the immediate posthatch period during handling and transport, poults and chicks are commonly exposed to acute thermal conditions. This immediate posthatch period is when satellite cells, adult myoblasts, have their highest period of mitotic activity and are sensitive to extrinsic stimuli including ambient temperature. Variable temperatures can have long-lasting positive or negative effects on skeletal muscle growth. Satellite cells are a self-renewing multipotential stem cell population located between the basement membrane and sarcolemma of muscle fibers. They are responsible for all posthatch growth of muscle through muscle fiber hypertrophy. Results have shown that satellite cells are more sensitive to thermal stress during the period of satellite cell proliferation than during differentiation into multinucleated myotubes, and that pectoralis major muscle satellite cells from growth-selected lines of chickens and turkeys are more sensitive to temperature. Recent findings have shown that the rapamycin, mTOR, signaling pathway which is involved in muscle growth through hypertrophy is differentially affected by thermal stress in a growth-dependent manner. Since satellite cells are a stem cell population, they can also transdifferentiate into other cellular lineages. Anaerobic muscles like the pectoralis major muscle are more prone to converting to an adipogenic lineage compared to aerobic muscles like the biceps femoris. Thus, variable temperatures can impact the intramuscular fat content of the breast muscle. Taken together, changes in ambient temperature alter satellite cell function causing long-term effects on growth, morphological organization, and composition of the pectoralis major, breast, muscle.

Painful nail: What’s is your diagnosis

A glomus tumor is a rare benign neoplasia; which involves a thermoregulatory microvascular system, the glomus body. It is often found in the subungual tissue. Eccrine angiomatous Hamartoma (EAH) is a rare proliferation of vascular and eccrine structures. We present an original case by its location, clinical examination (pain is the main symptom with onycholysis) and its misleading appearance on MRI. The treatment consists of surgical excision of the tumor with good evolution. We will insist on the histological exam of the piece, which is the key to the diagnosis.