Night Vision Research Articles

Who Says You can't go FAST at Night? Use of a Novel Ultrasound-Capable Night Vision Device for Prehospital Medical Personnel to Identify Noncompressible Truncal Hemorrhage.

Early detection of abdominal hemorrhage via ultrasound has life-saving implications for military and civilian trauma. However, strict adherence to light discipline may prohibit the use of ultrasound devices in the deployed setting. Additionally, current night vision devices remain noncompatible with ultrasound technology. This study sought to assess an innovative night vision device with ultrasound capable picture-in-picture display via a intraabdominal hemorrhage model to identify noncompressible truncal hemorrhage in blackout conditions. 8 post mortem fetal porcine specimens were used and divided into 2 groups: intrabdominal hemorrhage (n = 4) vs no hemorrhage (n = 4). Intrabdominal hemorrhage was modeled via direct injection of 200mL of normal saline into the peritoneal cavity. Under blackout conditions, 5 participants performed a focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) exam on each model using the prototype ultrasound-capable night vision device. Of the 40 FAST exams performed, 95% (N = 38) resulted in the correct identification of intraabdominal hemorrhage. Of the incorrectly identified exams, both were false positives resulting in a 100% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 91% positive predictive value, and a 100% negative predictive value. All participants noted the novel device was easy to use and provided superior visualization for performing FAST exams under blackout conditions. The ultrasound-enabled night vision prototype demonstrated promising results in identifying noncompressible truncal hemorrhage while maintaining strict light discipline in blackout conditions. Further research efforts should be directed at assessing the ability of providers to perform procedures in blackout conditions using the ultrasound-enabled prototype night vision device.

Boosting external quantum efficiency of a WSe2 photodetector across visible and NIR spectra through harnessing plasmonic hot electrons

The layered two-dimensional material tungsten diselenide ( WSe2 ) has triggered tremendous interests in the field of optoelectronic devices due to its exceptional carrier transport property. Nevertheless, the limited absorption of WSe2 in the near infrared (NIR) band poses a challenge for the application of WSe2 photodetectors in night vision, telecommunication, etc. Herein, the enhanced performance of the WSe2 photodetector is demonstrated through the incorporation of titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiN NPs), complemented by an atomically-thick Al2O3 layer that aids in suppressing the dark current. It is demonstrated that TiN NPs can dramatically enhance the absorption of light in the proposed WSe2 photodetector in the NIR regime. This enhancement boosts photocurrent responses through the generation of plasmonic hot electrons, leading to external quantum efficiency (EQE) enhancement factors of 379.66% at 850 nm and 178.47% at 1550 nm. This work presents, for the first time, to our knowledge, that the WSe2 photodetector is capable of detecting broadband light spanning from ultraviolet to the telecommunication range, all achieved without the reliance on additional semiconductor materials. This achievement opens avenues for the advancement of cost-effective NIR photodetectors.

Enhanced Quantum Efficiency of Near-IR Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes Via Dual Interfacial Modification

Near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including sensors, night vision displays, security systems, medicine, spectroscopy, and military applications. The potential for high-performance NIR perovskite light-emitting diodes (NIR-PeLEDs) has been highlighted with the impressive advancement of fluorescent perovskite thin films. These PeLEDs exhibit promising features such as a tunable band gap, high color purity, and low non-radiative recombination rates. Despite these advantages, the current state-of-the-art NIR-PeLEDs faces challenges primarily related to poor film quality and increased defect states, leading to limitations in external quantum efficiency (EQE) and operational stability. In addressing these issues, we present a novel dual interfacial modification approach involving the incorporation of fluorinated phenethylammonium iodide (F-PEAI), a bulky organic cation, at both the bottom and top interfaces of perovskite emitting films. The modified interfaces result in perovskite films with a smoother surface morphology, complete coverage, and high crystallinity, leading to a red-shifted fluorescence band extending toward 800 nm. Furthermore, the introduction of F-PEAI facilitates the formation of compact and fine grains in perovskite films, contributing to an enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Consequently, NIR-PeLEDs modified with F-PEAI demonstrate improved EQE values coupled with enhanced operational stability. The combination of electrical, optical, and physical analyses of both films and devices underscores the effectiveness of the dual interface modification in developing efficient NIR perovskite LEDs suitable for practical applications.

A novel high-efficient NIR emitting phosphor Ca2YAl3Ge2O12:Cr3+ enabled by chemical unit co-substitution

Near-infrared phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (NIR pc-LEDs) demonstrate a great prospect for applications in the field of bioimaging, modern agriculture, and nondestructive examination. Developing NIR emitting phosphor with high quantum efficiency (QE) and thermal stability is a significant issue. Herein, a novel highly efficient NIR-emitting phosphor Ca2YAl2.95Ge2O12:0.05Cr3+ is reported. Through chemical unit co-substitution of [Ca2+ + Ge4+] by [Al3+ + Y3+] in Ca3Al1.95Ge3O12:0.05Cr3+, when one-third of the Ca2+/Ge4+ sites were replaced by Y3+/Al3+, the internal and external QEs are 84.1 % and 38.6 %, respectively. Its emission peak was red-shifted to 780 nm compared with that of Ca3Al1.95Ge3O12:0.05Cr3+, which is in favor of matching with the absorption band of phytochrome PFR (600–800 nm). The Ca2YAl2.95Ge2O12:0.05Cr3+ phosphor shows high heat stability and its photoluminescence (PL) intensity at 423 K remains 80.38 % of that at 300 K. The photoelectronic conversion efficiency of the NIR pc-LED device fabricated by Ca2YAl2.95Ge2O12:0.05Cr3+ phosphor and 450 nm blue chip can reach 15.88 % at 180.5 mA drive current. All the results indicate that Ca2YAl2.95Ge2O12:0.05Cr3+ phosphor has excellent application potential in night vision and plant lighting.

Performance testing of a novel short axis photomultiplier tube for the HUNT project

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with large-area cathodes are increasingly being used in cosmic-ray experiments to enhance detection efficiency. The optical modules (OMs) of the High-Energy Underwater Neutrino Telescope (HUNT) have employed a brand new N6205 20-inch microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) developed by the North Night Vision Science & Technology (Nanjing) Research Institute Co. Ltd. (NNVT). In order to make the 20-inch PMT fit into the 23-inch diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere, NNVT improved the internal structure of PMT and shortened the height of PMT by more than 10 cm. The first batch of these PMTs has been delivered for preliminary research work. This paper describes a specific PMT testing platform built for the first batch of 15 MCP-PMTs, and some performance parameters of PMT, such as peak-to-valley ratio, TTS and nonliniearity, are measured. The measurement results show that the new PMT still has good performance and can meet the requirements of HUNT project.

Prevalence and related factors for neck pain in military personnel: a systematic review.

In the military, neck pain is second to low back pain among musculoskeletal disorders. However, the prevalence and related factors of neck pain in military personnel have not been systematically investigated, which may lead to the lack of neck pain prevention and the generation of additional medical expenses, posing challenges to medical care. This review aimed to obtain the prevalence and related factors for neck pain in military personnel in an attempt to provide directions for prevention and intervention. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases in December 2021. Two researchers independently screened studies according to eligibility criteria and assessed study quality. We screened titles and abstracts of 503 articles, and 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen articles received moderate to high-quality evaluations. Neck pain is common in the military, with 1-year prevalence as high as 83% and lifetime prevalence as high as 78%. Old age (OR = 5.0), poor neck mobility (OR = 3.61), shoulder pain (OR = 4.9), low back pain (OR = 2.3), high-G pilots (OR = 1.6), longer flight time (OR = 2.53), type of aircraft (OR = 3.93), and use of helmets and night vision systems (OR = 1.9) may be associated with the prevalence of neck pain. Neck pain is highly prevalent in military personnel and exhibits a substantial lifetime prevalence rate. The high prevalence rate of neck pain in the military is related to many individual-related factors and work-related factors. The in-depth assessment and prevention of specific factors is an important direction of future research.

Remarkable broadband NIR emission of BaCa2MgSi2O8:Cr3+ phosphors and Eu2+ co-doping modulation

Developing high-performance broadband NIR (near-infrared) phosphors remains a crucial pursuit for the next-generation smart NIR light source. This study demonstrates the successful synthesis of BaCa2MgSi2O8:Cr3+ phosphors exhibiting exceptional broadband NIR emission via a high-temperature solid-state reaction. Notably, the 0.03Cr3+ doped composition, under 485 nm excitation, shines with a remarkable broadband emission spanning 700 nm–1100 nm and boasts a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 134 nm. This work meticulously explores the intricate interplay between Cr3+ doping concentration, temperature, crystal field strength, and the Huang-Rhys parameter, shedding light on the underlying luminescence mechanisms. Moreover, the BaCa2MgSi2O8:0.03Cr3+ phosphor exhibits exceptional thermal stability, retaining approximately 70 % of its integrated emission intensity at 425 K compared to room temperature. To further expand the excitation range, Eu2+ was introduced as a co-dopant, successfully broadening the excitation spectrum to encompass nearly the entire ultraviolet–visible region (ranging from 250 nm to 750 nm). The presence of Eu2+→Cr3+ energy transfer was elucidated, and the impact of Eu2+ doping was thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the synthesized phosphor has been successfully integrated into a NIR phosphor-converted light-emitting diode (pc-LED), showcasing their potential application in the realms of night vision and NIR vascular imaging. These findings offer invaluable insights into Cr3+ luminescence behavior and pave the way for the development of novel NIR phosphors with enhanced functionalities, propelling us closer to the realization of next-generation smart lighting solutions.

Copper Iodide Hybrid with Unique Cu3I3 Trimeric Inorganic Functional Unit and Far‐red/Near‐infrared Emission

AbstractIn this paper, a neutral copper iodide hybrid with unique Cu3I3 trimeric inorganic functional unit is successfully fabricated using 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinoxaline (L) with large steric‐hindrance group as the organic ligand. The hybrid owns a one‐dimensional (1D) extended polymeric structure in the form of Cu3I3(L)2. As a CuI‐based hybrid, 1D‐Cu3I3(L)2 has an infrequent far‐red/near‐infrared emission, exhibiting the potential application prospects in the field of display and night vision. Moreover, the luminescence mechanism is carefully studied by decay lifetime measurement and calculation of density of states, which is verified to be the combination of metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer and halide‐to‐ligand charge transfer.

Retraction Note: Dark infrared night vision imaging proposed work for pedestrian detection and tracking

Retraction Note: Dark infrared night vision imaging proposed work for pedestrian detection and tracking

An energy transfer strategy towards versatile sensing applications from Cr3+ and Yb3+ codoped near infrared phosphors

Near-infrared (NIR) phosphors have garnered notable attention for their extensive applications in anti-counterfeiting, optical imaging, non-invasive medical diagnosis and detection. Nevertheless, the quest for NIR phosphors with outstanding detection and sensing capabilities remains a challenge. In this study, we have successfully prepared Ga1.6Mg0.2Ge0.2O3:Cr3+,Yb3+ NIR phosphors by codoping and substitutation strategies. When incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane films, these phosphors demonstrated a direct correlation between luminescence intensity ratio and applied stress under 450 nm excitation. Moreover, variations in luminescence spectra occurred with different compositions and concentrations of liquids coated on the film, facilitating both force measurement and composition analysis. Furthermore, a NIR phosphor-converted light-emitting diode (pc-LED) was fabricated by integrating phosphor with a blue LED chip, exhibiting excellent performance. Utilizing the prepared NIR pc-LED as a light source, we facilitated non-destructive imaging, night vision, and anti-counterfeiting applications with an infrared camera. These findings suggest that the synthesized NIR phosphors possess hold promise for diverse detection and sensing applications.

Multifunctional Near-Infrared Phosphors Cr3+/Ni2+ Codoped Mg3Ga2GeO8 Based on Energy Transfer from Cr3+ to Ni2.

Currently, near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting materials have been widely used in many fields, such as night vision, bioimaging, and nondestructive analysis. However, it is difficult to achieve multifunction in certain NIR light emitting phosphor. Herein, we propose a new near-infrared phosphor Mg3Ga2GeO8:Cr3+,Ni2+ that can be applied to at least three fields, i.e., identification of compounds, temperature sensing, anticounterfeiting, and other applications. The multifunctional material exhibited efficient broadband emission of 650-1650 nm under 420 nm excitation. The emission intensity of Ni2+ in Mg3Ga2GeO8:Cr3+,Ni2+ is enhanced by two times compared with that of Ni2+ in Mg3Ga2GeO8:Ni2+ due to the energy transfer process. Compared with phosphor single doped with Ni2+, Mg3Ga2GeO8:Cr3+,Ni2+ is more convincing in organic compound recognition because it is based on two emission bands: 600-1100 nm and 1100-1650 nm. As a temperature sensor, Mg3Ga2GeO8:Cr3+,Ni2+ is an ideal temperature-sensing material. This work not only provides a super broadband NIR emitting phosphor with multiple functions but also presents a practical approach for the development of high-efficiency and multifunctional NIR phosphors.

Unlocking Chlorine Oxide‐Based Ultra‐Wideband Near‐Infrared Phosphor and Advancing Spectral Performance via Lattice Engineering

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light–emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are increasingly used in night vision, surveillance, and biomedicine. A major challenge is to identify a phosphor that efficiently converts blue light into wideband NIR emission. In this paper, a rare‐earth divalent europium (Eu2+)‐activated halogen oxide (Sr3GeO4Cl2) phosphor is unlocked via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The Sr3GeO4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor emits a wide spectrum (500–950 nm) with a peak at 700 nm when excited by 450 nm blue light. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis reveals that the NIR emission primarily originates from Eu2+ ions, and the Eu─O bond length closely resembles the Sr─O bond length. Lattice engineering, specifically Ge/Si cation substitution, increased Eu2+ incorporation into the crystal lattice, boosting luminescence intensity by 75%–122% and quantum efficiency from 15% to 26%. This is related to the combined effect of reduced non‐radiative energy transfer and changes in the local lattice structure of Eu2+. A NIR pc‐LED device using the optimized phosphor showed a photoelectric efficiency of 16.5% and an optical output of 25.07 mW at 100 mA. This study not only explores new Eu2+‐activated NIR phosphors but also highlights the importance of crystal engineering to enhance luminescence properties, guiding future research for efficient NIR pc‐LED development.

Evaluation of visual and optical quality following phacoemulsification cataract surgery with diffractive multifocal intraocular lens implantation: An observational study.

The assessment of patient satisfaction following cataract surgery is heavily reliant on the evaluation of visual quality, specifically after the placement of diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) under varying pupil conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the visual and optical clarity following cataract phacoemulsification and the use of Tecnis ZMB00 MIOL for implantation. The study involved 116 individuals (135 eyes) who received cataract phacoemulsification and underwent Tecnis ZMB00 MIOL implantation. Assessments were conducted 1 week and 3 months after the surgery. These assessments involved measuring uncorrected and corrected visual acuity for distant, intermediate, and near vision. Additionally, scatter light values and wavefront aberrations were measured under different aperture settings of 3 and 5 mm. There was no noticeable disparity in visual acuity between 1 week and 3 months after the surgery. After 3 months of surgery, there was a considerable decrease in scatter light values and spherical aberrations compared to the values observed 1 week after surgery, under the setting of a 5 mm aperture. Moreover, the modulation transfer function values showed a significant rise after 3 months following the surgery, particularly under the 5 mm aperture condition. The most substantial increase was observed at the intermediate spatial frequency of 20 cycles per degree (cpd), in comparison to the values obtained 1 week after the operation. The combination of cataract phacoemulsification and Tecnis ZMB00 MIOL implantation yielded favorable visual acuity at various distances for patients. Furthermore, enhancements in the measurements of scattered light, higher-order aberrations, and modulation transfer function values were noted 3 months after the surgical procedure, specifically under the condition of a 5 mm pupil. These findings suggest an increase in visual clarity and night vision to a certain degree.

High-Sensitive Uncooled Mid-Wave Infrared Detector Based on TiS3 Nanoribbon.

High-sensitive uncooled mid-wave infrared (MWIR) photodetection with fast speed is highly desired for biomedical imaging, optical communication, and night vision technology. Low-dimensional materials with low dark current and broadband photoresponse hold great promise for use in MWIR detection. Here, this study reports a high-performance MWIR photodetector based on a titanium trisulfide (TiS3) nanoribbon. This device demonstrates an ultra-broadband photoresponse ranging from the visible spectrum to the MWIR spectrum (405-4275nm). In the MWIR spectral range, the photodetector achieves competitive high photoresponsivity (R) of 21.1 AW-1, and an impressive specific detectivity (D*) of 5.9× 1010 cmHz1/2W-1 in ambient air. Remarkably, the photoresponse speed in the MWIR with τr = 1.3ms and τd = 1.5ms is realized which is much faster than the thermal time constant of 15ms. These findings pave the way for highly sensitive, room-temperature MWIR photodetectors with exceptionally fast response speed.

A Model for Detecting the Presence of Pesticide Residues in Edible Parts of Tomatoes, Cabbages, Carrots, and Green Pepper Vegetables

With increased resistant pests and low crop yields, farmers especially in sub-Saharan Africa have greatly embraced usage of chemicals. These chemicals include pesticides used in gardens for better yields and also in the stalls for longer shelf life by sellers of farm products especially fresh perishables like tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, and green pepper vegetables. This, if not checked, may expose humans and animals to pesticide residues. In this research, a model for detecting the presence of pesticide residues in edible parts of vegetables (tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, and green pepper) was developed. A dataset consisting of 1094 images of both contaminated and uncontaminated vegetables including tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, and green pepper with a scale magnification of 800 × 1276 pixels taken using InfiRay P2 pro Night Vision Go Mini Infrared Thermal camera with a thermal module was taken from different daily markets in Mbarara city, South Western Uganda. Image preprocessing was done by noise removal and grayscale conversion. Both the neural network and median filter were applied on the images. A python script was used to cluster the dataset based on chemical concentrations rates of 0.1–0.8 mg/kg, 0.9–1.3 mg/kg, and 1.4–1.7 mg/kg, and this was done for both training and testing dataset. Feature extraction was done to detect the presence of mancozeb, dioxacarb, and methidathion residues from the cleaned images. To test the developed model, convolutional neural networks transfer learning models, Inception V3, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, and the scratch model were used. From the results obtained, Inception V3 achieved better performance compared to other transfer learning models with 96.77% followed by VGG16 at 86.98%, VGG19 at 87.56%, and ResNet50 at 82.11%, whereas the developed scratch model achieved 89.13% classification accuracy.

Highly-crystalline Vanadium Dioxide by Hydrothermal for Infrared Detectors

Abstract Infrared detectors are utilized across a diverse range of applications, yet they currently face challenges such as high power consumption and sensitivity to environmental. Vanadium dioxide, a popular material for infrared detectors, boasts a superior temperature coefficient of resistance and rapid response speed. However, it suffers from a substantial thermal hysteresis width. To overcome this limitation, the film structure is meticulously designed to exhibit a uniform, dense texture with a high degree of orientation and crystallinity on a sapphire substrate. This enhancement significantly boosts the infrared responsiveness of the detector. Under optimal conditions, specifically a bias voltage of 50 mV and infrared irradiation of 150 mW, the photocurrent can achieve a remarkable value of 5.55 μA, while the response speed reaches an impressive 0.23 μA/s. These improvements hold promising implications for infrared detection technology, particularly in areas such as night vision and electrical maintenance.

Ruddlesden-Popper type Sr(La,Gd)2Al2O7:Cr3+ layered perovskite new phosphors for NIR pc-LED application

Near-infrared phosphor converted light-emitting diodes (NIR pc-LEDs), as a state-of-the-art type of NIR sources, are finding multifaceted applications, where phosphor is a crucial component. In hope to provide new choices for NIR lighting, we synthesized in this work the two series of Ruddlesden -Popper type layered perovskite phosphors of SrLa2Al2-xO7:xCr3+ (x = 0–0.02) and SrLa2-yGdyAl1.984O7:0.016Cr3+ (y = 0–2), followed by detailed structure and luminescence investigation. SrLa2Al2-xO7:xCr3+ was found to emit ∼700–800 nm NIR light under UV excitation and be able to maintain ∼54.3 % of its room temperature intensity at 423 K, which is remarkably higher than those (∼25–30 %@423 K) of the Mn4+ activated perovskite NIR phosphors. Luminescence regulation was achieved by substituting La3+ with Gd3+, and it was revealed that Gd3+ may act as a sensitizer to significantly enhance Cr3+ luminescence (∼346 % at 77 K) through Gd3+ → Cr3+ energy transfer, which was confirmed by spectral and fluorescence lifetime analysis. The observed spectral features and the influence of Gd3+ were rationalized by considering crystal structure, local coordination, and crystal field. Finally, an NIR pc-LED device showing strong ∼700–900 nm luminescence was fabricated to show potential application of the phosphor in night vision and plant lighting.

Shine Amidst Darkness—A Case of Oguchi Disease

Abstract An 11-year-old boy presented with complaints of defective night vision. Visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes. The fundus showed a golden-to-grey discoloration in light and on dark adaptation, the fundus reverted to its normal appearance demonstrating the classical Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon. The electroretinogram showed abnormal rod responses and normal photopic responses. An electroretinogram done after overnight dark adaptation showed partial recovery with subsequent attenuation. Screening of family members showed abnormal electroretinogram findings in his father and brother. This case is portrayed on account of its rarity.

Xeropthalmia and optic neuropathy secondary to ARFID: a case report

BackgroundPatients with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) commonly present with loss of weight or faltering growth in the setting of poor nutrition. However, patients with ARFID can present with micronutrient deficiencies without weight loss. In patients with ARFID, clinicians should be vigilant for micronutrient deficiencies and their presentations.Case presentationWe report a unique case of ARFID in a twelve-year-old girl, who developed micronutrient deficiencies and presented with acute visual loss with a preceding history of impaired night vision. Ophthalmic examination revealed xerophthalmia and bilateral optic neuropathy. Investigations showed severe Vitamin A and folate deficiencies which accounted for her clinical findings. In addition, she was also found to have low Vitamin B12, copper, and Vitamin D levels. She had a history of selective eating from a young age with a diet consisting largely of carbohydrates, with no regular intake of meat, dairy, fruit and vegetables. This was not driven by weight or body image concerns. The patient’s symptoms improved significantly with appropriate vitamin replacement and continued multidisciplinary care.ConclusionsThis report describes a patient with ARFID presenting with visual complaints. In this case, the selective eating behaviours resulted in xeropthalmia and optic neuropathy. Micronutrient deficiencies are uncommon in developed countries. When these deficiencies are suspected, eating disorders, such as ARFID, should be considered. Similarly, clinicians caring for patients with restrictive eating disorders including ARFID should be familiar with the clinical presentations of various micronutrient deficiencies and consider evaluation and treatment for micronutrient deficiencies when clinically indicated.

The Effectiveness of Sensor Visualizations and Graphic Augmentations for Detecting Vertical Obstacles

Slow or failed detection of low‐salience vertical obstacles and associated wires is one of today’s leading causes of fatal helicopter accidents. The risk of collisions with such obstacles is likely to increase as advanced aerial mobility and broadening drone activity promises to increase the density of air traffic at low altitudes, while growing demand for electricity and communication will expand the number of vertical structures. The current see‐and‐avoid detection paradigm relies on pilots to spend much of their visual attention looking outside for obstacles. This method is inadequate in low‐visibility conditions, cluttered environments, and given the need for pilots to engage in multiple competing visual tasks. With the expected growing number of hazards and an increased traffic volume, the current approach to collision avoidance will become even less tenable. A human‐in‐the‐loop helicopter simulator study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of sensor visualizations (image intensification or thermal imaging) and graphic augmentations (a bounding box around a tower and a circle surrounding the base of the tower) for supporting fast and reliable detection of vertical structures. Graphic augmentations resulted in faster tower detection time when ambient visibility and illumination were reduced close to the limit for visual flight. Bounding boxes around towers were detected first in all conditions but tended to mask the obstacle they were meant to highlight. Sensor visualization affected tower detection time only at night, where night vision goggles were more effective than the infrared thermal sensor.