Thermal Peak Research Articles

Temperature and water measurements in flames using 1064 nm Laser-Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS)

Laser-Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) is applied to premixed CH4/air laminar flat flames under operating pressures of 1 to 6 bar. For the first time, temperature and water concentration have been acquired simultaneously in a reacting flow environment using LIGS. A 1064 nm pulsed laser is used as pump to generate a temporary stationary intensity grating in the probe volume. Water molecules in the flame products absorb the laser energy and generate a thermal grating if sufficiently high energies are delivered by the laser pulses, here more than 100 mJ per pulse. Such energies allow the electric field to polarize the dielectric medium, resulting in a detectable electrostrictive grating as well. This creates LIGS signals containing both the electrostrictive and the thermal contributions. The local speed of sound is derived from the oscillation frequency of LIGS signals, which can be accurately measured from the single shot power spectrum. Data show that the ratio between the electrostrictive and the thermal peak intensities is an indicator of the local water concentration. The measured values of speed of sound, temperature, and water concentration in the flames examined compare favorably with flame simulations with Chemkin, showing an estimated accuracy of 0.5 to 2.5% and a precision of 1.4–2%. These results confirm the potential for 1064 nm LIGS-based thermometry for high-precision temperature measurements of combustion processes.

Thermoelectric transport through a finite-U quantum dot side-coupled to Majorana bound state

We study the thermoelectric transport through a single-level quantum dot (QD) coupled to two normal metallic leads and side-coupled to Majorana bound state (MBS). The Coulomb interaction in QD is considered. To investigate only the influence of MBS on thermoelectric transport, we focus on the relatively high temperature region ($T\gg T_K$), where Kondo effect does not appear. The electric and thermal conductance and thermopower as a function of gate voltage (i.e. QD level) are completely different whether the coupling between MBSs is zero or not. When the coupling between MBSs is finite, all thermoelectric characteristics are similar to the transport without MBS. However, for zero MBSs' coupling, the electric and thermal conductance peaks are reduced by 3/4. Especially, in the case of QD without MBS, the sign of thermopower changes three times, however, in the case of QD strongly side-coupled to ideal and isolated MBS, the sign of thermopower changes 9 or 5 times. It can be used for detecting of the signature of MBS. It has actual possibilities when the nanowire is long enough and pure without any defects.

Generic frequency dependence for the atmospheric tidal torque of terrestrial planets

Context. Thermal atmospheric tides have a strong impact on the rotation of terrestrial planets. They can lock these planets into an asynchronous rotation state of equilibrium. Aims. We aim to characterize the dependence of the tidal torque resulting from the semidiurnal thermal tide on the tidal frequency, the planet orbital radius, and the atmospheric surface pressure. Methods. The tidal torque was computed from full 3D simulations of the atmospheric climate and mean flows using a generic version of the LMDZ general circulation model in the case of a nitrogen-dominated atmosphere. Numerical results are discussed with the help of an updated linear analytical framework. Power scaling laws governing the evolution of the torque with the planet orbital radius and surface pressure are derived. Results. The tidal torque exhibits (i) a thermal peak in the vicinity of synchronization, (ii) a resonant peak associated with the excitation of the Lamb mode in the high frequency range, and (iii) well defined frequency slopes outside these resonances. These features are well explained by our linear theory. Whatever the star–planet distance and surface pressure, the torque frequency spectrum – when rescaled with the relevant power laws – always presents the same behaviour. This allows us to provide a single and easily usable empirical formula describing the atmospheric tidal torque over the whole parameter space. With such a formula, the effect of the atmospheric tidal torque can be implemented in evolutionary models of the rotational dynamics of a planet in a computationally efficient, and yet relatively accurate way.

Study on Nano‐Metal Oxide and Carbon Nanotube Composites on Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Perchlorate

In this study, novel carbon nanotube (CNT) and transition‐metal oxides (TMOs) nanoparticle catalysts were prepared and their effects on the thermal decomposition of potassium perchlorate (KP) were investigated. Nanocatalysts have been widely studied because of their excellent properties, such as the high surface energies of nanoparticles and their ease of agglomeration adversely affect their catalytic performances. Good dispersion is the key to good nanocatalytic activity. The composite catalysts were prepared by loading a nanocatalyst on CNTs; this improves nanoparticle dispersion, promotes electron transfer during the reaction, and increases the catalytic effect. Different types of CNT‐based composite catalysts and their corresponding single nanocatalysts were each added to KP. The effects of the catalysts on the thermal decomposition of KP were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activity of each catalyst was evaluated on the basis of the changes in the thermal decomposition peaks and the apparent decomposition heats. The results show that the activity of a composite catalyst in KP thermal decomposition is much higher than that of its corresponding single nanocatalyst.

Optimal operation of district heating networks through demand response

In this paper, an optimization method aiming at minimizing the thermal peaks in district heating networks is proposed. The method relies on a thermo-fluid dynamic model of both the supply and return networks and permits to analyse the opportunities for thermal peak shaving through “virtual storage”. The latter is obtained through variation of the thermal request profiles of the users. The presence of a peak in the morning is due to the shut-down or attenuation of the heating systems during the night, which lead to a dramatical increase of the thermal request early in the morning. The peak compromises a full exploitation of cogeneration and renewable plants, that are able to cover just a portion of the maximum load. Consequently, boilers have to be used, leading the system to a performance reduction and to an increase of primary energy consumption. Moreover, the peak makes the possibility of network extension quite difficult, because of the limitation on mass flow rates in the pipes. For this reason, a model is developed to make the thermal profile as flat as possible. The model is applied to a portion of the Turin district heating network, which is the largest network in Italy. Results show that a reductions between 20% and 42% are possible, depending on the maximum changes in the schedules which are allowed.

LLM-105 nanoparticles prepared via green ball milling and their thermodynamics and kinetics investigation

2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) has drawn extensive attention because of its heat resistance and insensitivity properties. In this study, the LLM-105 nanoparticles were successfully prepared via ball milling method. The milled particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal sensitivity tests. Moreover, thermodynamics and kinetics parameters of LLM-105 samples were calculated by two kinetics equations. Results show that the milling process can significantly reduce the particle size of LLM-105 and the milling LLM-105 particles have the narrow particle size distribution ranging from 510 to 650 nm. The thermal decomposition peak temperatures of milling LLM-105 are decreased by over 14 °C than those of raw LLM-105 at the same heating rate. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of LLM-105 nanoparticles is calculated as 221.2 kJ mol−1 and 221.4 kJ mol−1 by Kissinger and Starink equation, respectively, which is lower a third than that of raw LLM-105 (339.9 kJ mol−1, 339.7 kJ mol−1). The thermodynamics parameters (ΔS≠, ΔH≠, ΔG≠) of LLM-105 are also decreased in various degrees.

Predicting the X-Ray Spectra of Stellar-mass Black Holes from Simulations

Abstract We describe results from a new technique for the prediction of complete, self-consistent X-ray spectra from three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of black hole accretion flows. Density and cooling rate data from a harm3d GRMHD simulation are post-processed by an improved version of the Monte Carlo radiation transport code pandurata (in the corona) and the Feautrier solver ptransx (in the disk), with xstar subroutines. The codes are run in a sequential, iterative fashion to achieve globally energy-conserving and self-consistent radiation fields, temperature maps, and photoionization equilibria. The output is the X-ray spectrum as seen by a distant observer, including features, such as the Fe Kα emission line and corresponding K-edge absorption trough, due to disk reprocessing of coronal power. For the example cases we consider—a non-rotating 10 M ⊙ black hole with solar abundances, accreting at 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 Eddington—we find spectra resembling actual observations of stellar-mass black holes in the soft or steep power-law state: broad thermal peaks (at 1–3 keV), steep power laws extending to high energy (Γ = 2.7–4.5), and prominent, asymmetric Fe Kα emission lines with equivalent widths in the range 40–400 eV (larger EW at lower accretion rates). By starting with simulation data, we obviate the need for parameterized descriptions of the accretion flow geometry—no a priori specification of the corona’s shape or flux, or the disk temperature or density, etc., is needed. Instead, we apply the relevant physical principles to simulation output using appropriate numerical techniques; this procedure allows us to calculate inclination-dependent spectra after choosing only a small number of physically meaningful parameters: black hole mass and spin, accretion rate, and elemental abundances.

Thermal-aware resource allocation in earliest deadline first using fluid scheduling

Thermal issues in microprocessors have become a major design constraint because of their adverse effects on the reliability, performance and cost of the system. This article proposes an improvement in earliest deadline first, a uni-processor scheduling algorithm, without compromising its optimality in order to reduce the thermal peaks and variations. This is done by introducing a factor of fairness to earliest deadline first algorithm, which introduces idle intervals during execution and allows uniform distribution of workload over the time. The technique notably lowers the number of context switches when compare with the previous thermal-aware scheduling algorithm based on the same amount of fairness. Although, the algorithm is proposed for uni-processor environment, it is also applicable to partitioned scheduling in multi-processor environment, which primarily converts the multi-processor scheduling problem to a set of uni-processor scheduling problem and thereafter uses a uni-processor scheduling technique for scheduling. The simulation results show that the proposed approach reduces up to 5% of the temperature peaks and variations in a uni-processor environment while reduces up to 7% and 6% of the temperature spatial gradient and the average temperature in multi-processor environment, respectively.

Analysis of heat-affected zone microstructures of steel P92 after welding and after post-weld heat treatment

Modern thermal power plant operating on fossil fuels has to be highly efficient and should emit low levels of CO2. One of possible ways to fulfil these requirements is to increase thermal power plant peak service temperature. P92 steel enables service temperature of up to 650 °C. It is stronger, more resistant to creep and enables higher service temperature than P91. During welding of steam boiler components made of P92, it is important to consider proper preheating, welding and post-weld heat treatment parameters in order to avoid cracks and diminish sensitivity to creep in service. The research focused on analysis of simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) microstructures and distribution of carbides. The FG HAZ (fine-grain heat-affected zone) (Tmax is 950 °C) is the most problematic when it comes to occurrence of type IV cracks, as in this zone, the average representation of carbides on PAGB is 72%, while the average representation of carbides on PAGB in the P21 steel is 58%. After the heat treatment, maximum hardness is recorded in the CG HAZ (coarse-grain heat-affected Zone) (Tmax is 1300 °C), where the values reached 248 HV, which was below the maximum allowable value of 250 HV. Other areas of HAZ expressed the values from 218 to 227 HV. Charpy impact test at service temperatures of 650 °C showed that the CG HAZ was the most critical immediately after welding as the energy for crack initiation was 30 J. However, after obligatory post-weld heat treatment, FG HAZ appeared to be more problematic than CG HAZ, so this research showed that the crack initiation energy value increased due to the fine-grain microstructure, yet the crack propagation energy reduced.

Method Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Escitalopram Oxalate and Clonazepam in Bulk and its Pharmaceutical Formulations

This article refers to simple isocratic reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) developed for the simultaneous quantification of Escitalopram Oxalate (EST) and Clonazepam (CZP) in active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceuticals. The separation of the two drugs was attained using a C₁₈ column (250mm×4.6mm, 5µ) as a stationary phase. The mobile phase was used as a mixture of methanol; acetonitrile; and 0.05M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH 4 adjusted by orthophosphoric acid) with an isocratic ratio of 40:20:40 v/v. Detection was made by using PDA detector at 210 nm. Escitalopram Oxalate (RT= 4.428 minutes) and Clonazepam (RT= 6.532 minutes) were separated in a single chromatographic run with resolution of 8.719. The calibration plot indicated good linear relationship with r2 = 0.998 for Escitalopram Oxalate in concentration range of 32 µg/ml - 48 µg/ml and r2 = 0.999 for Clonazepam in concentration range of 16 µg/ml - 24 µg/ml. The retrievals for Escitalopram Oxalate and Clonazepam were found to be 99.75% and 99.00%, respectively. The established analytical method was validated and found acceptable as per ICH guidelines for linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness and stability. Escitalopram Oxalate and Clonazepam individually as well as in combination were exposed to different stress conditions like acid, base, thermal, photolytic and oxidation degradation and peaks of a degraded product were well determined from peaks of pure drug. This method is modest, quick and appropriate for routine quality control analysis.
 Keywords: Reverse Phase – HPLC; Escitalopram Oxalate; Clonazepam; Validation; Degradation study.

Spatial aggregation of native with non-native freshwater bivalves and activity depletion under summer heat waves: ‘dangerous liaisons’ in a climate change context

Freshwater mussels are considered sedentary organisms. However, their foot provides the organ of locomotion, which enables an active behaviour. Their behaviour includes righting, horizontal movements and burrowing into the substrate. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of non-native (Corbicula fluminea) competitors on the pedal activity of native (Unio delphinus) freshwater mussels in a climate change context. The pedal activity was scored and compared among different species compositions, population density and exposure to heat wave progression. The results showed a significant effect of species composition and heat wave progression. In addition, a significant effect of species composition × population density was found. Mussels at low density conditions exposed to dense aggregations of C. fluminea showed lower pedal activity than individuals in intraspecific treatments, or individuals at high density conditions exposed to low densities of C. fluminea. Maximum pedal activity was recorded at the thermal peak. After that, pedal activity was reduced when high temperature was maintained over time. Altogether, present results suggest that lower pedal activity at high C. fluminea densities may expose mussels to more intense interspecific competition. In addition, heat waves may compromise mussels’ ability to locate refuge areas in front of receding waters.

Cassini CIRS and ISS opposition effects of Saturn’s rings – I. C ring narrow or broad surge?

Abstract We focus on the thermal and optical opposition effects of Saturn’s C ring seen by Cassini CIRS (Composite InfraRed Spectrometer) at 15.7 ${\mu}$m and ISS (Imaging Science Subsystem) at 0.6 ${\mu}$m. The opposition surge is a brightness peak observed at low phase angle (α → 0°). Saturn rings’ opposition surge was recently observed in reflected light and thermal infrared emission by Cassini. There is debate on whether the C ring’s thermal opposition surge width is narrow (≲1°) or broad (≳30°). This surge is important because its width was used to define the scale of ring properties driving the thermal peak. We parametrize the CIRS and ISS phase curves with several morphological models to fit the surge shape. For five of the largest C ring’s plateaus, we find that their thermal surge is 10 times wider than the optical surge and that the thermal surge width (∼4°) is neither narrow, nor broad. We compare radial differences between CIRS and ISS surge morphologies with the optical depth τ (from UVIS, UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph) and water ice band depth (from VIMS, Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer) profiles. We find that: water ice band depths (microscopic ring signatures) and τ (macroscopic ring signatures) show respectively little and large contrasts between the background and the plateaus. The thermal surge amplitude and τ are correlated, and we found no band depth dependence, contrary to the optical surge amplitude, which shows no correlation with τ. These correlations suggest a macroscopic scale dominance in controlling the C ring’s thermal opposition effect.

Multistage gedrite in gedrite–hypersthene-bearing high-grade granulites from Daltonganj, Chhotanagpur granite–gneissic complex, Jharkhand, as evident from TEM and textural relations

The studied rock consists of mineral phases garnet–cordierite–gedrite–hypersthene–biotite–quartz and lies nearly 14 km southwest of Daltonganj in the western part of Chhotanagpur granite–gneissic complex. Textural relations of mineral phases, mineral chemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of the rock samples suggest the early (gedrite1), middle (gedrite2) and late stages (gedrite3) formation of gedrite. Hypersthene appears through the metamorphic reaction gedrite $$+$$ quartz $$=$$ orthopyroxene $$+$$ garnet $$+$$ cordierite $$+ \,\hbox {H}_{2}$$ O due to the breakdown of gedrite3 at the thermal peak of 869 $$^{^{\circ }}$$ C/7.79 kbar. The bundles, prismatic and fibrous forms of three gedrites have been observed in the TEM images. TEM images and selected area electron diffraction patterns show the distribution of metallic element position at the different lattice site. The P–T estimates of the rock from garnet–orthopyroxene, garnet–cordierite and garnet–biotite exchange geothermometers and garnet–sillimanite–cordierite–quartz geobarometers vary from 775 $$^{\circ }$$ to 869 $$^{\circ }$$ C, 642 $$^{\circ }$$ to 703 $$^{\circ }$$ C, 480 $$^{\circ }$$ to 617 $$^{\circ }$$ C and 6.76 to 7.79 kbar, respectively.

A window into an ancient backarc? The magmatic and metamorphic history of the Fraser Zone, Western Australia

The Fraser Zone is a major lithotectonic domain of the Albany–Fraser Orogen, Western Australia, which records Proterozoic modification of the margin of the Archean Yilgarn Craton. The Fraser Zone is volumetrically dominated by gabbroic rocks and their metamorphosed equivalents. However, little is known of the pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) history or the geodynamic setting of these mafic rocks. When considered within the context of existing P–T constraints from spatially-associated metapelitic rocks, modelled phase equilibria suggest that both the unmetamorphosed gabbros and the granulite facies metagabbroic rocks equilibrated at 950–900 °C and ∼7 kbar, interpreted to record the conditions of magmatic crystallisation and peak metamorphism, respectively. These data support the view that mafic magmatism was the thermal driver for high-T, low-P granulite facies metamorphism. The absence of garnet from the metagabbroic rocks, and the lack of evidence for its former presence (i.e., as inclusions), argues that, during metamorphism, the rocks never reached pressures above those they attained at the thermal peak. Coronæ of zircon around ilmenite in the magmatic rocks reflect a local supply of Zr as it exsolved from ilmenite, permitting earlier growth of zircon around ilmenite than elsewhere during melt crystallisation. U–Pb dating of coronal zircon (1315 ± 5 Ma) and a discrete magmatic zircon grain isolated from ilmenite (1296 ± 5 Ma) constrain the duration of magmatic crystallisation between ca. 10 and 30 Ma. Zircon in a metamorphosed gabbro constrains the timing of granulite facies metamorphism to 1293 ± 6 Ma, synchronous with final crystallisation of the mafic magmas. Based on the implied metamorphic evolution of these rocks and that of the surrounding supracrustal package, along with existing isotopic and geochemical data, we suggest the Fraser Zone probably formed in a backarc, or perhaps an intracontinental rift setting, and records successive emplacement of gabbroic rocks into a thick, sediment-filled basin. The older gabbroic rocks record hydration and reaction with the devolatilising and/or partially molten metasedimentary rocks into which they were emplaced. Subsequent granulite facies metamorphism of these hydrated rocks was driven by the heat provided by the intrusion of younger mafic magmas.

Influence of nano-metric Al2O3 particles addition on thermal behavior, microstructural and tensile characteristics of hypoeutectic Sn-5.0Zn-0.3Cu Pb-free solder alloy

Sn-5.0Zn-0.3 wt% Cu (SZC-503) plain solder and Sn-5.0Zn-0.3Cu-0.5 wt% Al2O3 (SZC-Al2O3) composite solder have been investigated. The differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) measurements revealed that both alloys have two thermal peaks. The melting and liquids temperature of the first peak of both solders were less than 1.0 °C. However, the melting and liquids temperatures of second peak for composite solder increased by 3.02 and 3.37 °C, respectively than those of plain solder alloy. Moreover, the undercooling range (UCR) reduced after addition of nano-metric Al2O3 particles due to its high melting temperature and sacrifices them as additional nucleation seeds to initiate the solidification process. The microstructural characteristic was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The refinement of β-Sn grains of SZC-Al2O3 composite alloy can be attributed to the pinning effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on grain boundaries. In addition, a limited growth of IMC correlated to the adsorption theory of nano-metric Al2O3 particles of surface-active materials. The uniformed distribution of refined β-Sn grain and IMC in SZC-Al2O3 enhanced the yield stress (YS) by ~ 56% and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by ~ 76.2% but reduced the ductility by ~ 32%. Moreover, the experimental value of the yield stress of composite solder is very close to that calculated by simple simulation program which included the different strengthens mechanism of composite alloys.

Intraoperative Speckle Variance Optical Coherence Tomography for Tissue Temperature Monitoring During Cutaneous Laser Therapy.

Background: Tissue temperature monitoring during cutaneous laser therapy can lead to safer and more effective treatments. In this study, we investigate the use of speckle variance optical coherence tomography (svOCT) to monitor real-time temperature changes in the excised human skin tissue sample during laser irradiation. Methods: To accomplish this, we combined the pulse laser system with a reference-based svOCT system. To calibrate the svOCT, the ex-vivo human skin samples from three individuals with tissues collected from the arm, face, and back were heated with 1-degree increments. Additionally, linear regression was used to extract and evaluate the linear relationship between the temperature and normalized speckle variance value. Experiments were conducted on excised human skin sample to monitor the temperature change during laser therapy with a svOCT system. Thermal modeling of ex-vivo human skin was used to numerically simulate the laser-tissue interaction and estimate the thermal diffusion and peak temperature of the tissue during the laser treatment. Results and Conclusion: These results showed that normalized speckle variance had a linear relationship with the tissue temperature before the onset of tissue coagulation (52°) and we were able to measure the rapid increase of the tissue temperature during laser therapy. The result of the experiment is also in good agreement with the numerical simulation result that estimated the laser-induced peak temperature and thermal relaxation time.

Metamorphic evolution of Pan-African Wadi El Miyah Metasediments, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a distinctive LP/HT metapelitic sequence from the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield

The meta-volcanosedimentary sequence from the SW sector of Wadi El Miyah area constitutes an example of the Late Proterozoic Pan African supracrustal rocks exposed in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. This folded meta-volcanosedimentary sequence is juxtaposed along about 8-km-long WNW–ESE-trending thrust contacts with a highly foliated ophiolitic melange comprising serpentinites, metagabbros and quarztofeldspathic blocks and intruded by a gneissose hornblende diorite. Chaistolite-bearing mica schists crop out in three compositionally different metamorphic zones, marked by garnet, andalusite, and staurolite porphyroblasts, respectively. Microstructural data combined with careful mapping indicate that the studied metapelites were subjected to three deformational phases, D1–D3, each having its own impact on the development of planar and linear structures. These rocks witness the coexistence of a less ubiquitous dextral sense of shear and a later sinistral one that correspond to the D2-thrusting and D3-related phases, respectively. Geothermobarometry of the garnet-bearing assemblages combined with Th–U–Pb dating of metamorphic monazite by an electron microprobe indicates a counter-clockwise P–T–t path with a thermal peak assemblage of garnet + staurolite + chiastolite ± fibrolitic sillimanite at 622 °C/4.1 kbars during the D2 phase, with an age around 640–658 Ma. This is concordant with the ages assigned for the arc accretion phase in the Nubian Shield. The determined counter-clockwise P–T–t path of the studied rocks suggests that such a Buchan-type LP/HT sequence may be considered as a typical example of a regional–contact metamorphism which formed in areas that suffer from crustal thickening accompanied by emplacement of granitoids that affected the geothermal gradient of the crust.

Simulation, Validation and FPGA Implementation of a Ring Oscillator Sensor for Thermal Management and Monitoring

This article presents the simulation, validation and implementation of a temperature sensor based on RO (Ring Oscillator) in order to carry out a thermal study for the detection and localization of thermal peaks in an integrated circuit (CI). The input temperature, angles, distance as well as certain frequencies will be obtained using the GDS (gradient Direction Sensor) method based on RO. In this work, a simulation with the ModelSIM tool as well as the technological validation of the degree of integration with the NCLAUNCH Cadence tool and check this type of fully digital temperature sensor includes a number of exact inverters that can be logically inserted. In addition, a DE1 FPGA cyclone of the V 5CSEMA5F31C6 family is used for implementation. Before the transition to FPGA board implementation and verification, the use of the VHDL code and its bench test is required to describe three inverters that form a ring oscillator, in order to validate the results obtained after the synthesis Quartus Prime.This document provides a solution to thermal constraints and local overheating in the design of complex systems, which has been a major concern for designing integrated circuits.

Изучение применимости модели неупругого термического пика для описания механизма трекообразования в Si 3 N 4

Изучение применимости модели неупругого термического пика для описания механизма трекообразования в Si 3 N 4

Hydrothermal fluid circulations in the western Pyrenees: new data on stable isotopes, in-situ gas analysis and fluid inclusions

Several fluid circulation events are recorded in the Aquitaine Basin and the Chaînons Béarnais in the Pyrenean belt of southwestern France. Different fluid types are found in all locations studied. The main difference comes from the thermal peak event (rifting), which was more intense in the Chaînons Béarnais close to the exhumed mantle zone. In situ gas analysis associated of fluid inclusions and isotopic (C, O, H, S) analyses show that similar fluids are generated in both systems, although separated by deep structures, e.g. the North Pyrenean Frontal Thrust (NPFT). The Pyrenean tectonic history leads to the compartmentalization of fluid circulations.