Theory Policy Research Articles

Impact of quantitative easing on the U.S. economy

The US economy is facing instability due to high inflation and high credit card debt. Central banks have adopted quantitative easing (QE) as a monetary policy tool to promote economic growth and reduce the risk of deflation. QE measures originated from the 2008 global financial crisis to counter the threat of recession and deflation. This paper examines the impact of quantitative easing on the U.S. economy in four stages through data, image analysis and collection of related literature. Quantitative easing is a high-risk monetary policy. However, while quantitative easing stimulates the economy by lowering interest rates, it can also lead to inflation and borrowing pressures. This paper applies a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, has been about the theory of monetary policy on the basis of the process of successive QE is summarized, and the Federal Reserve's aggressive interest rate hikes in the past two years to review. Finally, this paper analyzes the impact of QE, an unconventional monetary policy on the economy, and analyzes the future forecast. The research in this paper can be a certain reference for the monetary policy to cope with the crisis and unconventional situations.

Evaluation Analysis Of Policy For Fulfilling The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities In Makassar City

Fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities is contained in Makassar City Regional Regulation Number 6 of 2013. It contains the fulfillment of the rights to equal opportunities in employment, business and information. In this research, we want to see how the policy for fulfilling the rights to equal opportunities for people with disabilities is evaluated in Makassar City. There are several problems in Makassar City related to fulfilling the rights of people with disabilities, one of which is that access to employment for people with disabilities is still very limited, and also people with disabilities are considered not to be potential workers due to the lack of information received by companies, especially in Makassar City. This research uses a qualitative approach which refers to efforts to study social life through various dimensions of actions and circumstances. Qualitative research is used to capture and reveal facts from research descriptively, starting with an analysis of the policy context to evaluating policies for fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities in Makassar City, and exploratively, then it will be analyzed from the perspective of the theory of monitoring policy results by William N. Dunn to clearly reveal the government's policy evaluation regarding the fulfillment of the rights of persons with disabilities. Based on the research process, it can be concluded that the implementation of the policy for fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities in Makassar City has not run optimally when viewed from four assessment points based on Dunn's theory, namely compliance, inspection, accounting and explanation. Specifically what is discussed in the theoretical basis is the policy for persons with disabilities which includes the fulfillment of the right to equal opportunities including employment, business and information.

Crisis and choice in digital transformation: COVID-19 and the punctuated politics of government DX in Japan

ABSTRACT National political systems often favour incrementalism, vested interests, and traditional power structures resulting in a “tyranny of the status quo” that stymies efforts for disruptive and essential policymaking. Punctuated equilibrium theory argues that the interaction of political institutions, interest mobilisations, and boundedly rational decision-making during periods of crisis can create windows of opportunity for significant change in public policy. In this article, we apply this theory to the case of government digital transformation (DX) in Japan through a longitudinal study of stasis, crisis, choice, and change. We find that the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020 served as a significant catalyst for large-scale departures from the status quo, resulting in waves of institutional, policy and technological innovation, including most recently in artificial intelligence. While movement towards the development of DX had begun years earlier, it was the pandemic that dramatically accelerated its formation and implementation despite longstanding stakeholder resistance. These findings are significant for both theories of public policy in general and for digital transformation in particular, as well as for the scholarship on Japanese public affairs in the 21st century.

The scholarship–practitioner nexus: lessons from Latin American foreign policy

Abstract Various studies have explored the role of International Relations research in policy-making, predominantly focusing on countries in the global North. However, there needs to be a better understanding of this dynamic in peripheral countries of the global South. This article addresses this gap by examining the relationship between theory and practice in Latin American foreign policy; the synergy between scholarly research and practical implementation offers valuable insights. This interplay sheds light on the impact research can have by developing unique theoretical frameworks and guiding current foreign policy strategies. Using Argentine foreign policy as a case-study, I explore specialized knowledge networks that have driven foreign policy studies, their inception in Latin America and pivotal theoretical developments that have influenced both academia and policy. Employing qualitative analysis, I triangulate data from diverse sources such as archives, official documents, journals, institutional histories, reports and expert interviews. This investigation underscores the collaborative efforts of Latin American scholars and policy-makers, driven by a shared goal to address regional challenges through both theoretical insights and practical solutions.

Blaming the Victim, the Bystander, the Perpetrator, or the Institution: Student Allocation of Responsibility for Sexual Assault when Programming Hypothetically Varies

ABSTRACT Guided by theories of socialization and just policy theory, we explore how students allocate blame when sexual assault prevention programming hypothetically varies, net of the effects of evaluators’ traits. Using a survey instrument containing a series of vignettes, we ask whether university students’ (N = 254) perceptions of responsibility attributed to victims, perpetrators, bystanders, and university administrators varies by hypothetical program trainee and also by the hypothetical implementation of any program versus no program. Findings indicate that students allocate more blame to bystanders and perpetrators when hypothetical programming includes bystander training but that programs that train victims are not associated with increased victim blaming. Administrators are blamed less when bystander intervention is included in programming. However, compared to when no training is hypothetically implemented, students allocate more blame to victims and bystanders when any programming is present and less to administrators. Among respondent-level controls, victim blaming is consistently predicted by evaluators’ rape myth acceptance. Implications for future work, theoretical development, and policy are discussed.

Implementation of the Development Planning Deliberation Policy (Musrenbang) in Sumur Bandung Sub District

The implementation of the Development Planning Deliberation Policy in Kecamatan Sumur Bandung is still not optimal because in its implementation, of all the proposals made, more proposals are rejected than accommodated. So in line with this right, the purpose of this study is to find out what underlies that the community's proposals are not well accommodated. The theory of policy implementation from Merille S. Grindle which contains at two dimensions, namely policy content and implementation environment. The research method used is descriptive, data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that in the context of the Development Planning Deliberation with the analysis of Merille S. Grindle's theoretical approach which shows that there are still 3 aspects that have not been fulfilled aspects of Interest Affected, Resources Committed and Compliance and Responsiveness. This results in the low number of community proposals that are accommodated due to the incompatibility of community proposals with the established Development Planning Deliberation policies. If the Development Planning Deliberation in its implementation is analysed with a policy theory approach and the meaning obtained from field data.

Экономический рост в России: структура, инвестиции и «экономика знаний»

Subject/topic. The study is devoted to a structural analysis of the growth of the Russian economy by components of GDP and the structure of investments – financial and non-financial. The article presents the results of an assessment of the structural model of growth of the Russian economy in the period from 2003 to 2023. The purpose of the study is to identify the structural characteristics of Russia’s economic growth according to the basic parameter – the country’s gross domestic product, which differ for different time intervals, and have specificity relative to 2022 and 2023, when external conditions and factors of economic growth have changed dramatically. The methodology is based on the theory of economic growth and macroeconomic policy, structural analysis. The information base of the study is formed by statistical data from Rosstat. Their use makes it possible to identify the features of economic growth in Russia, highlighting its structural composition according to the dynamics of GDP components by expenditure and basic sectors: raw materials, manufacturing and transaction, which together give the total value of GDP. In addition, an assessment is made of the structure of «financial-non-financial» investments and their impact on economic growth, taking into account the institutional shift of the financial market, as well as the connection between the «knowledge economy» and growth. The result of the study is the identified inhibitory role of financial investments in the implementation of the policy of lowering interest rates, as well as the low level of determination of the «knowledge economy» by expenses on scientific research and development, which for the Russian economic system creates further problems with providing technological growth factors in the field of achieving technological sovereignty. Conclusions/significance The conducted structural analysis of the growth of the Russian economy shows the absence of significant changes in the structural dynamics of GDP in 2022-2023, confirming the value of its own application of such analysis in justifying macroeconomic and structural policy measures in Russia, as well as the intensification of efforts in the field of growth policy. The prospect of the study comes down to modeling the influence of external and internal growth factors on its structural parameters and, on this basis, to justify measures of structural and general macroeconomic policy of economic changes that ensure the growth of Russia's GDP.

ВПЛИВ ДИВІДЕНДНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА РИНКОВУ КАПІТАЛІЗАЦІЮ КОМПАНІЙ

Dividend policy plays a leading role in the system of measures for managing the market value of a company. The main objective of developing a dividend policy is to strike a balance between the current consumption of profit by owners and its growth in the future, thereby maximizing the market value of the company and ensuring its strategic development. The article summarizes the types of dividend policy of companies with reference to three dividend payment methods: conservative, compromise and aggressive, and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. The conservative approach to forming the company's dividend policy includes a zero dividend policy, which means the termination of dividend payments. The compromise approach to the company's dividend policy provides for stable and guaranteed dividend payments at the minimum level expected, depending on the company's performance. The company's aggressive approach to dividend policy is complemented by a "100%" dividend policy, i.e. the allocation of the entire amount of the company's net profit to the payment of dividends. The article notes that, despite the various theories of dividend policy, financial managers usually try to maintain a balance between paying sufficient dividends (to maintain shareholder confidence) and reinvesting profits (to maintain a certain rate of corporate development). It is clear that every company, in its practical financial activities, seeks to achieve an optimal balance between paying sufficient dividends and reinvesting profits. The specific motivation of each of the participants and their interaction determine the peculiarities of the model of the company's dividend policy, which is an external implementation of corporate conflicts. At present, Ukrainian companies take a conservative approach to the formation of dividend policy, applying a zero dividend policy or a residual dividend policy. We believe that a steady increase in the market capitalization of companies, including through an effective dividend policy, should be seen as a criterion for the success of the corporate reform strategy.

Transformation of Iran's Foreign Policy Post-Ebrahim Raisi: Analysis of Nuclear Strategy, International Relations, and Middle Eastern Geopolitics

In the midst of constantly changing global political dynamics, foreign policy becomes a primary reflection of how a country navigates international challenges and opportunities. Under Raisi's leadership, Iran was known for its hardline and confrontational approach towards the West, while strengthening its relationships with Eastern powers such as China and Russia. Raisi's approach also focused on increasing economic self-sufficiency through resistance to international sanctions. Following Raisi's death, Iran is at a critical juncture in determining the direction of its foreign policy. Therefore, this research aims to analyze Iran's foreign policy after Raisi's leadership to understand whether Iran will continue the hardline strategy implemented by Raisi or adopt more moderate foreign policy reforms. This study focuses on the implications for nuclear strategy, relations with Western countries, and geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East. Using foreign policy theory and policy analysis approaches, this research is expected to provide an in-depth understanding of the direction of Iran's foreign policy post-Raisi's leadership, as well as the potential adoption of more moderate strategies in facing international challenges and opportunities. The research reveals that under President Masoud Pezeshkian, Iran's foreign policy blends pragmatism with traditional ideological principles. His administration is committed to alleviating economic pressures from Western sanctions through inclusive diplomacy and constructive dialogue, aiming to ease or remove these sanctions and revive the JCPOA to enhance economic stability. Regionally, Pezeshkian supports the Axis of Resistance, reinforcing Iran's influence in the Middle East by backing allied militias and fostering strategic alliances with global powers like Russia. Pezeshkian's approach balances military support for regional allies with economic diplomacy to secure Iran's strategic and economic interests.

Učenie a vzdelávanie

The development of educational sciences in recent decades following major UNESCO initiatives as well as the development of educational policy theory has led to discussions on possible further refinements also in the field of basic concepts, which include the terms learning and education. Although their content is often confused or overlapped, by focusing on education (formal, non-formal and informal) as the institutional side of organisation and on learning (intentional, incidental and functional) as the internal side of processes, it is possible to better classify a range of activities in a situation where education has gone beyond the school system and learning has become a lifelong process.

Cultural Diversity in Public Administration: Understanding the Implications of Government Science Theories for Multicultural Management

This article explores the implications of government science theory regarding cultural diversity in the context of public administration and multicultural management. Using a theoretical framework that includes organizational theory, policy theory, and collective action theory, this research in-depth understands the role and influence of cultural diversity on various aspects of public administration, including public policy, administration, and interactions between individuals. This article also explores how some public administration entities have successfully integrated multicultural management. The data analysis method involves a triangulation approach, combining qualitative data and interview data analyzed using the NVivo 12 application. The research results highlight challenges and opportunities in improving multicultural management, with a focus on cultural education, technology, community participation and cultural inclusion. The implications of government science theory in this context strengthen the urgency to address cultural diversity as an important element in modern and multicultural public administration.

1950~60년대 주석균의 농업정책론과 농정 관계 활동

Chu Sok-Kyun was a former colonial bureaucrat, and based on his career, he served as the president of the Irrigation Association and the vice minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry after liberation. Also from this experience, he acquired a distaste for administrative control of the economy and a conviction of the unworkability of controls. Based on this, in the 1950s, he organized the theory of agricultural policy into the three axes of democracy, free economy, and self-sustaining economy, while organizing the Agricultural Problem Research Group to criticize the government's agricultural policy. He considered rural democratization as a prerequisite for rural rehabilitation, saw that farmers should be organized into cooperatives for this purpose, and emphasized the principle of democratic operation of cooperatives. He also found the cause of the food policy confusion in the immaturity of the grain market, and saw that it should be resolved based on the principles of free economy, such as fostering wholesalers and establishing distribution order. On the other hand, his orientation toward self-sustaining economy moved from the position of ‘acceptance of aid based on the spirit of self-reliance’ in the early 1950s to the criticism of importing foreign grains as the side effects of aid deepened. He participated in the agricultural policy of the Democratic Party government after 4·19, and also participated in the agricultural policy formulation of the military government after 5·16. However, his fundamental points such as rural democratization, fostering of the grain market, and reduction of importing foreign grains were not accepted, so he criticized the Park Chung-hee government’s agricultural policies.

ФАКТОРЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРНЫМИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯМИ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ СИСТЕМ

The article analyzes the management of structural transformations in regional industrial systems. In the conditions of globalization and technological progress, regional industrial systems face the need to adapt to changing economic realities. The purpose of this article is to develop a comprehensive approach to the management of structural transformation of regional industrial systems, taking into account both theoretical foundations and practical aspects. The research analyzes modern theories of economic development and industrial policy; identifies key factors affecting the efficiency of structural change management; develops practical recommendations for managing these processes. The research focuses on the study of factors and methods that can contribute to the effective management of these transformations, taking into account the specifics of the regional context. The results of the study show that successful management of structural transformations requires an integrated approach that includes strategic planning, innovation, human resource development and active government regulation. Various strategies and mechanisms that can be applied to improve change management are discussed, including industrial modernization, improving competitiveness and stimulating economic growth. The article concludes that a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing structural transformation, as well as the development of effective strategies and policies, is key to successfully managing these processes in regional industrial systems. The need for further research to adapt these strategies to specific regional conditions and peculiarities is emphasized.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN APLIKASI GUNA BINAAN OLEH PENGAWAS SEKOLAH DAERAH PERBATASAN INDONESIA - MALAYSIA

Human life over time has been greatly influenced by technological advancements. With the progress of knowledge and technology, humans have been able to create various tools that make tasks more effective and efficient. This is especially evident in the field of education. Various technological developments are utilized in education to assist teachers and other stakeholders working in this domain. The rapidly evolving technology has made it easier for individuals to access specific information, a fact recognized by a school supervisor working in a border region between Indonesia and Malaysia. To aid all teachers under their supervision, the supervisor developed an Android-based application. This development prompted researchers to conduct a study to investigate the implementation of the Guna Binaan application policy, examining it within the theoretical framework of policy and exploring its benefits for teachers who implement this policy. The research methodology employed by the researchers is qualitative descriptive research. This type of research aims to describe the condition and status of a phenomenon using words or sentences, which are then categorized based on the data to draw conclusions. Based on the data collected through interviews with informants and policy implementation analysis conducted with reference to education policy experts' theories, it can be concluded that the Guna Binaan application policy has been successful. The policy was executed in line with policy theories, employing five key components of a well-designed education policy: goals, plans, programs, decisions, and impacts. These five components are interconnected and support one another

An evaluation of a special government’s legal structure for alleviating poverty: Role of local government in North Aceh, Indonesia

We examine the role of the North Aceh Government in implementing the Law on the Governing of Aceh (LoGA) as a legal structure in development policy. As a symbol of peace, the LoGA is a reference for accelerating development to alleviate poverty, including North Aceh as a conflict region. However, until now, the area remains the poorest in the province of Aceh. This research used descriptive qualitative methods, evaluating the local government’s performance as policymakers based on the Law by reconstructing policy theory (Easton) and legal system (Friedman). Our findings indicated that the local government needed help implementing LoGA to form development policies to solve poverty. This research suggested the importance of providing legal certainty in the distribution of authority, capacity building, and strengthening of political will for local government conducting its role.

Strategi Peningkatan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Indonesia Melalui Kebijakan Ekspor Impor Dalam Bisnis Internasional

A country's success can be reflected through its economic growth, which is measured from aspects such as the value of exports and imports which influence the trade balance. Success is achieved when industry is supported by solid economic strength, requiring the government's commitment to providing positive policies to encourage rapid and stable economic growth, especially in the context of international trade or business. With positive economic growth, national income will increase and create economic prosperity for society. Studies in the last decade show that exports drive economic growth by generating foreign exchange, which can be used to support domestic development and finance imports. The aim of this research is to determine strategies for increasing economic growth through export-import policies in Indonesia. This research uses a literature review approach in data collection and analysis. The research results show that exports in Indonesia are still low compared to other countries in the world, one of which is due to policies that are not in accordance with public policy theory.

PERSPEKTIF KEBIJAKAN BERBASIS BUKTI TERHADAP IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN OPEN DEFECATION FREE (ODF) DI DESA MERI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA

ODF (Open Defecation Free) or Stop Open Defecation is a condition when every individual in the community does not defecate openly. Open defecation (BABS) behavior is still common in Meri Village. Thus, this research will examine in more depth the government's efforts to achieve ODF in Meri Village. This study uses a qualitative approach to the implementation of the first pillar in evidence-based policy theory (Evidence Best Policy) in Meri Village. The research design used is a descriptive research design with a case study approach. The results of the study show that various efforts have been made by the government in realizing the achievement of Open Defecation Free (ODF) in Meri Village, Purbalingga Regency. So that in terms of compliance from the side of the village government as the program implementer it can be said to have complied, but on the community side as the program target has not fully complied. This is because in practice, the implementation of the ODF program in Meri Village still faces various obstacles, such as the large number of people who still defecate openly, and the conversion of the function of the river as an estuary for sewage disposal from residents' latrines because many residents do not yet have a septic tank.

Technological sovereignty and strategic dependencies: The case of the photovoltaic supply chain

This study investigates the international Photovoltaic Supply Chain (PVSC) from the perspective of the recent literature on Strategic Dependencies and Technological Sovereignty. In so doing, the paper fills existing literature gaps by providing: i) a fine-grained long-term analysis of the PVSC, considering all its segments and integrating production and technology dimensions; ii) detailed evidence of the changing hierarchical relationships within the supply chain; iii) an analysis of the drivers of strategic dependencies in the PVSC in different economic areas. Focusing on China, the EU, Japan, South Korea, and the US over the 2007–2021 period, the empirical evidence highlights the existence of strong strategic dependencies in the EU, especially in the mid and downstream segments of the PVSC. A similar, and in some cases even worse, situation is found in the US, although some diversification of the portfolio of suppliers, especially in the downstream, has been emerging in more recent years. These results have relevant implications in terms of policy theory with specific reference to EU and US initiatives in the field of industrial policies for sustainable transition.

COMPULSORY MADRASAH EARLY EDUCATION PROGRAM IN PASURUAN REGENCY: BETWEEN PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICAL ORDERS

Research on the madrasah diniyah compulsory education program in Pasuruan Regency was conducted to reveal the relationship between public policy and the power of a particular religious group. A qualitative approach was applied to this research, by presenting facts that had been collected through several reports and in-depth interviews. Furthermore, the fact findings are analyzed based on the principles, concepts and theories of public policy. Research also relies on the results of existing research, especially research with similar material objects and similar perspectives. The focus of this research is to analyze the background of policy making, the dynamics of policy making, and program implementation. The results of this study indicate that the purpose of establishing the madrasah diniyah compulsory education program is to instill religious values to build morality and overcome crime. This research also confirms that regulations related to compulsory education at madrasah diniyah in Pasuruan Regency were formed because of the closeness between policy makers and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) as a social organization. NU is the dominant force in social, cultural, and governmental politics. This research also clearly finds indications of policy exclusivity. The stipulated program only contains the interests of one group, thus reducing the power of other groups as elements that also live in the public sphere. Another implicative aspect is the increasing implementation of madrasah diniyah in Pasuruan district which is followed by an increase in the quality of teachers.

History of Gemeente Probolinggo 1918-1942

This thesis discusses the history of gemeente Probolinggo in 1918-1942. The problems in this thesis are (1) the reasons why the Dutch East Indies government made Probolinggo a gemeente (2) how was the process of forming gemeente Probolinggo (3) What was the impact of the determination of gemeente on the socio-economic status of Probolinggo. The theory used is public policy theory with a social sociology approach and the method used is the historical method. The factors that made Probolinggo a gemeente by the Dutch East Indies were the strategic location of Probolinggo surrounded by sugar factories, tobacco plantations, coffee and ports. Probolinggo got gemeente status on July 1, 1918 (based on Staatsblad van Nederland Indies 322-1918). The impact of the determination of the Probolinggo gemeente is the development of infrastructure facilities that occur in Probolinggo. the development of infrastructure facilities, among others, such as the development of car and bus transportation. In terms of education also experienced developments, namely initially in Probolinggo there were only two schools then in 1929-1930 in Probolinggo there were 7 schools. From the socio-economic point of view, the majority of the population of Probolinggo are Javanese and Madurese, while the Madurese migrated to Probolinggo due to the opening of plantations by the Dutch East Indies government.
 Keywords: Gemeente, Development, Infrastructure, Economy, Probolinggo