Theory Of Solidarity Research Articles

What’s left unsaid? In-group solidarity and ethnic and racial differences in opposition to immigration in the United States

ABSTRACTDo racial and ethnic characteristics of non-immigrants play an important role in shaping attitudes toward immigrants in the U.S.? Using a 2010 survey experiment representative of the U.S. general population, this paper examines differences in opposition to immigration by the race or ethnicity of the respondent. By manipulating the amount of anonymity offered to respondents, the experiment allows explicit opposition to be distinguished from implicit opposition, which offers unique insight into the extent to which opposition is masked. Consistent with theories of in-group solidarity, we find that Hispanics, who comprise nearly half of all immigrants in the U.S., overtly express a less restrictive posture, which, relative to Black and White respondents, is not significantly masked. In contrast, White and Black respondents only overtly express more openness to immigration. When offered absolute anonymity, opposition is significantly and substantively greater. The implications are profound in that differences in the extent to which opposition is masked, rather than overtly expressed, fundamentally patterns racial and ethnic differences in opposition to immigration in the U.S.

Support Grandparents Give to Their Adult Grandchildren.

Many grandparents are involved in young grandchildren's lives, but we know little about grandparents' support of adult grandchildren. This study assessed frequency of different types of support that grandparents provided to adult grandchildren and examined potential explanations for such support (e.g., affection, grandchildren's needs, parents' support). Grandparents in The Family Exchanges Study Wave 2 (N = 198; Mage = 80.19) reported how often they provided six types of support to a focal adult grandchild. Multiple regressions revealed that grandparents' affective ties with an adult grandchild were associated with more frequent listening, emotional support, and companionship. Grandparents also provided more frequent emotional support to adult grandchildren when parents incurred life problems, and more frequent companionship and financial support when parents were not employed. Moreover, grandparents' listening, advice, and companionship with adult grandchildren were positively associated with the parents providing these types of support to grandchildren. Consistent with solidarity theory, grandparents experiencing greater affective ties with their grandchildren are invested in these ties regardless of family needs. Findings also offer limited evidence for the family watchdog model in that grandparents provide more support to grandchildren when parents incur problems, even though those parents may still provide support.

СОЦІАЛЬНА СОЛІДАРНІСТЬ У ЧОТИРЬОХ ОСНОВНИХ СОЦІОЛОГІЧНИХ ТРАДИЦІЯХ

This article includes definition analysis of social solidarity in structural and functional, conflict, utilitical and interactional sociological traditions. The Author uses methodological approaches for better understanding of the social solidarity category among the representatives of four sociological traditions and observes key sociological conceptions starting from the early 19th century. It is stated, that structional functionalists were first to introduce the category of social solidarity and added broad sense to it including analysis of society`s institutional structure. Conflict theory followers assume, that social solidarity includes conflict, which takes place when rebels unite to perform revolutionary change. Utilitical tradition has liberal views in its core, claiming that rational interests work in favor of each member inside the society. Followers of interactional tradition strengthen the aspect of peace as solidarity`s key feature, which could work out as strikes and meetings. Article also provides analysis and uncovering of the major similar and distinction features of social solidarity category in historical context. The Author summarized views and approaches, stating that violence and sociocultural factors are in core and should be highlighted in mechanism of reaching and maintenance of social solidarity in any society. Sociocultural factors could be used on their own for social solidarity maintenance. Article indicates weak points in social solidarity perception by each sociological tradition and rises again the question of creating the full and solid solidarity theory.

Residents’ support for festivals: integration of emotional solidarity

ABSTRACTThis study develops a conceptual model by integrating social exchange theory (SET), emotional solidarity theory, and community attachment. Empirically, the study tests the adequacy of the model in predicting residents’ perceptions of and their support for festival development in Macao. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used for data analysis. Results indicate that residents’ perceived positive festival impacts are influenced by emotional solidarity and community attachment; and their support for festival development can be influenced by their emotional solidarity, community attachment, and perceived festival impacts, both positive and negative. However, the relationship between emotional solidarity and perceived negative impacts is found to be not significant. While the results extend support for SET, as well as theory of emotional solidarity, the findings also show that community attachment is one important determinant of residents’ perceptions of and their support for festival development. The findings also shed light on practical implications for festival planers and organizers.

Toten Miyazaki and Sakuzo Yoshino: Thoughts on Asian Solidarity and Universalism in Pre-war Japan

This study focuses on the theory of Asian solidarity of another genealogy that did not support the fascist regime and World War II to understand more accurately the discussion on thoughts of Asian solidarity in the 21st century. These include the thoughts of Miyazaki Toten and Yoshino Sakuzo and are characterized by the following: (1) they involved universalism and Christianity, (2) they were critical to Japan leader theory (3) and they argued for universalism as a way to build Asia.

Intergenerational solidarity: the paradox of reciprocity imbalance in ageing welfare states.

In this article a new theoretical framework is applied to a research field that is somewhat fragmented, namely that of intergenerational solidarity in ageing welfare states. Inspired by utilitarian considerations many scholars tend to problematize the lack of reciprocity characterizing intergenerational exchanges. As some generations are longer old and more numerous they may receive excessive state-administered support of the younger generations, especially in a democratic setting. However, in reality there is limited empirical evidence of intergenerational conflict and theoretical explanations of this paradox are rare. An integrated and dynamical approach that incorporates Durkheim's solidarity theory, Honneth's intersubjective recognition theory, and the current work on reciprocal exchange is necessary in order to understand the survival of intergenerational solidarity in ageing welfare states. According to this model reciprocal recognition leading to the empathization of exchanges is the driving force of intergenerational solidarity in a prefigurative and democratized culture where the status of the young has risen dramatically. Hence, we come to the paradoxical conclusion that attempts to preserve intergenerational solidarity by openly denouncing excessive transfers and trying to bypass them institutionally sometimes might be counterproductive because they may erode their empathic underpinnings.

Reintegrating Science and Morality through Durkheim’s Theory of Organic Solidarity

‘두 문화’의 해소를 둘러싼 한국 학계의 지식통합 논쟁에서 가치중립적 사회과학의 이상(사실-가치 이분법)은 과학과 인문학의 경계를 강화하는 병목 지점으로 자리하고 있다고 보인다. 이 글은 19세기 말 과학과 도덕의 화해를 사회학의 핵심 과제로 상정했던 󰡔사회분업론󰡕(1893)의 도덕과학의 기획을 현대 지식통합 논쟁에 접목해보고자 하였다. 뒤르케임의 도덕과학은 자연주의적 관점을 전제함으로써 성립할 뿐 아니라 과학적 설명과 도덕 판단적 합리성이 통합될 수 있는 자연주의 윤리학의 경로를 보여준다. 첫째, 삶-과학, 목적-수단, 과학-기예의 관계설정에 대한 논의에서 뒤르케임의 ‘과학’ 개념이 도구적 합리성이나 기술적 합리성으로 환원되지 않음을 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 뒤르케임의 논증은 도덕적 사실 그 자체로부터 어떤 새로운 목표 -이상(the ideal)- 를 도출할 수 있다면 이것이 즉시 의무적인 행동규범으로 변화하고, 기존의 도덕적 사실을 변형하는 실천이자 다시 새롭게 설명되어야 할 이론적 대상으로 들어오는 과학과 기예의 변증법적 운동을 상정한다. 이를 통해 사실진술과 가치진술 사이에 메울 수 없는 논리적 간격을 설정하는 흄의 법칙은 기각되며, 가치판단은 사회과학 본연의 과제로 정당하게 자리매김 된다. 셋째, 이미 실현된 명시적 지식으로 환원되지 않는 ‘두 번째 과학’에 대한 뒤르케임의 강조는 설명의 교섭과 소통/협력이 이루어지는 과학활동의 사회적 차원이 공동체적 지식 형성의 본령임을 환기시킴으로써, 실현가능한 형태의 ‘과학의 유기적 연대’의 가능성을 열어놓는다. 결론적으로 뒤르케임의 자연주의 윤리학은 가치중립적 사회과학과 이에 대한 반향으로 등장한 반자연주의적 인문학의 대립을 해소하고 인문사회과학 내부의 패러다임의 재통합에 기여할 유의미한 참조점을 제공하고 있다.

Determinants of Support Exchange Between Grandparents and Grandchildren in Rural China: The Roles of Grandparent Caregiving, Patrilineal Heritage, and Emotional Bonds

Mutuality of support provision is a necessary precondition of family solidarity. However, the exchange of care between grandparents and grandchildren has largely been neglected. Using data from the fourth wave of the Anhui Study in China, this study investigated determinants of support exchange between grandparents and grandchildren. Results showed that more grandparents received support from than provided support to their grandchildren. A higher percentage of older adults exchanged support with the grandchildren of their eldest child if that child was male rather than female. Older adults who had strong emotional bonds with the middle generation, especially with sons, or had experience caring for grandchildren were much more likely to receive support from and provide support to their grandchildren. This study confirms the intergenerational solidarity theory and norms of kinship obligation in rural China, where social services are limited.

Loss of organizational solidarity in three kibbutz factories

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to study the loss of solidarity in three kibbutz factories as an outcome of the process of privatization in their kibbutz communities.Design/methodology/approach– The research was a qualitative investigation, including interviews in three factories.Findings– The research found high a sense of vertical and horizontal solidarity before the privatization. The solidarity stemmed from socialistic principles of the kibbutzim (plural of kibbutz) and their factories functioned as an extension of the kibbutz clan: close inter-personal relationships, a devotion to collective needs and democratic decision making in the kibbutz general assembly directly influencing the factories. After the privatization, the organizational solidarity decreased because of formal and procedural issues: the factory became hierarchical, work conditions deteriorated and the familiar spirit of the clan vanished.Research limitations/implications– There are more than 130 kibbutz factories, most of them in privatized kibbutzim. This paper presents only three of those factories, so it can only represent preliminary and partial findings. It is important to extend this research to examine other kibbutz factories.Practical implications– The research suggests how factories, in kibbutzim and throughout the world, could respond to weak organizational solidarity: to increase trust and cooperation between management, to create flexible working conditions and to achieve higher productivity.Originality/value– This is the first study to focus on kibbutz enterprises through the sociological lens of the solidarity theory. Previously, most post-privatization research has focussed on economic questions of profitability.

Благотворительность малого и среднего бизнеса в малом городе: эмпирический анализ

The paper presents the results of an empirical study on the charity of smalland medium-sized businesses in a small Russian town. The aim of this article is to reveal motivations and barriers for small- and medium-sized businesses to participate in charitable activities. By the charity of a business, we mean a non-systematic provision of financial support to those in need. Different theoretical approaches are applied to explain the motivations for charitable activity in business. Critical theory implies that charity is used as an ideological tool aiming for a positive public image. Theories of solidarity conceptualize charity as a moral obligation to conform to the norms of the community. In the model of patrimonial domination, the authority distributes privileges in exchange for loyalty. This study was conducted in 2015-2016 in a small Russian town; 21 semi-structured interviews were carried out with the owners of small- and medium-sized businesses. In addition, 13 interviews were conducted with recipients of business donations and experts in the field of charity (including leaders of non-profit organizations, schools, local media, and government representatives). The empirical results show that business charity is a result of the relationships between businesses, the local community, and local authorities. The local community sets a stable social order of charity in a small town. However, the most stable and significant charitable donations from businesses are possible only in the system of patrimonial exchanges.

Cosmopolitan law and time: Toward a theory of constitutionalism and solidarity in transition

AbstractThis article seeks to confront the contemporary condition in which cosmopolitan law – meant to resonate as something citizens across borders author and live together – instead is increasingly a source of detachment, confusion, and alienation. Taking the European Union’s twin crises of democratic legitimacy and social solidarity as its starting point, the article offers a critique of existing approaches to supranational constitutionalism that are insufficiently responsive to this disenchantment. The article’s purpose, in turn, is to present perspectives from philosophy and legal theory that might promisingly recast, in this new cosmopolitan frame, our thinking about law as a mode of social integration. Specifically, the article’s central claim is that time – as a seldom-examined, yet essential dimension of law – is closely linked to law’s cosmopolitan potential and, concurrently, to the motivational resources for cosmopolitan solidarity. It is through a sensitivity to time – our awareness of the past passing into the present in anticipation of a future – that citizens can meaningfully hold together cosmopolitan law’s dual, ostensibly divergent hopes: shared commitment and self-decentring plurality. Drawing on Seyla Benhabib’s ‘democratic iterations’ and its roots in the work of Jacques Derrida and Robert Cover, the article elaborates the following two concepts: ‘cosmopolitan promise-making’, a diachronic form of cosmopolitan political agency; and ‘cosmopolitan legal narrative’, a set of plural, evolving constitutional interpretations open to mutual engagement over time. These concepts, in temporalizing our understanding of political identity and constitutional law, together serve to underwrite a cosmopolitan legal order without also thinning solidarity’s social and democratic foundations. The article concludes with a critique of the contemporary role of European courts and a concrete vision for the cosmopolitan development of EU jurisprudence. Reinterpreting Article 4(2) TEU as the right to constitutional narrative, the article advances new modalities and normative aspirations for constitutional interpretation beyond the nation-state.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ СЕТЕВОЙ ПРОТЕСТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ: ОТ «УМНОЙ ТОЛПЫ» К СЛАКТИВИЗМУ

The article considers the basic methodological approaches towards online network protest activity in western and Russian sociology. Five theories are described: smart mob theory (H. Theingold), cost minimization theory (C. Shirky, A.B. Nevesenko), theory of networks and flows (M. Castells, S.V. Dokuka, A.E. Gapich, D.A. Lushnikov), theory of solidarity and social performance (J. Alexander, I.V. Ksenofontova), and slacktivism theory (E. Morozov, Z.Bauman). The way that online social networks shape public protest activity is ambivalent, according to researchers. On the one hand, information and telecommunications technologies open up new perspectives for expressing civil position, collective mobility, and actualization of the problem field of the social protest, etc. On the other hand, they estrange the users from the actual protest movement focusing them on online interactions; when preparing for the protest actions, the protest movement leaders are de-anonymized which causes stricter control carried out by the authorities and law enforcement bodies. At the same time, each theory considers online social networks as an effective resource for getting information, for mobilisation, solidarity and synchronization that minimizes time and financial and emotional costs. Structural difference in approaches refers to the impact of new information and telecommunications technologies on protest activity which can be positive, negative or neutral. The proposed theories describe the online protest activity in terms of new form of civil initiatives carried out through intensive online interactions (joining the group or community, participating in online discussions, dissemination and approval of certain information, etc.), engaging the public in protest discourse, and causing immediate reaction to the actual problems.

Emotional closeness to parents and grandparents: A moderated mediation model predicting adolescent adjustment.

Warm and emotionally close relationships with parents and grandparents have been found in previous studies to be linked with better adolescent adjustment. The present study, informed by Family Systems Theory and Intergenerational Solidarity Theory, uses a moderated mediation model analyzing the contribution of the dynamics of these intergenerational relationships to adolescent adjustment. Specifically, it examines the mediating role of emotional closeness to the closest grandparent in the relationship between emotional closeness to a parent (the offspring of the closest grandparent) and adolescent adjustment difficulties. The model also examines the moderating role of emotional closeness to parents in the relationship between emotional closeness to grandparents and adjustment difficulties. The study was based on a sample of 1,405 Jewish Israeli secondary school students (ages 12-18) who completed a structured questionnaire. It was found that emotional closeness to the closest grandparent was more strongly associated with reduced adjustment difficulties among adolescents with higher levels of emotional closeness to their parents. In addition, adolescent adjustment and emotional closeness to parents was partially mediated by emotional closeness to grandparents. Examining the family conditions under which adolescents' relationships with grandparents is stronger and more beneficial for them can help elucidate variations in grandparent-grandchild ties and expand our understanding of the mechanisms that shape child outcomes.

Intergenerational Transfers Between Parents and Their Multiple Adult Children in South Korea

Abstract Guided by the exchange model, altruistic model, intergenerational solidarity theory, and cultural contexts, this study explored the determinants of financial intergenerational transfers between older parents and adult children in South Korea. We examined 18,820 parent-child dyads by using random-effects models on the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) data. Findings showed that downward financial intergenerational transfers were consistent with the self-interest exchange model but upward transfers did not support microeconomic theories. Family solidarity theory was generally supported by downward transfers but geographical proximity was not positively associated with upward transfers. Lastly, cultural contextual variables such as marital status, birth order, and sex of a child were found to be significant. Parents tended to both provide and receive more financial support from unmarried children than from married children. Within the same marital status, the hierarchy existed in order of the first-born son, the second or later sons, and daughters when it came to downward financial transfers. Regarding upward financial transfers, the preference in order was more complicated. The findings of this study help in understanding the intergenerational financial transfers in the Korean context.

The Birth of the Gods

Emile Durkheim’s ideas on religion have long served as foundational blocks for sociological theories. Yet, a mystery remains over where Durkheim’s insights into religion came from and especially the event that opened his eyes to religion’s importance in social life. Durkheim never supplied details on this conversion, but he did credit Robertson Smith for his new understanding. Did Smith really play the key role in Durkheim’s turn to religion? This essay examines Durkheim’s revelation in 1895 by starting from a novel angle—the first edition of The Division of Labor and his original stage model with the “cult of nature” as the starting point for religion. Tracing the implications of his initial choice of naturism as the elementary religion, a choice he would later soundly reject as “the product of [a] delirious interpretation,” offers new insights into why Durkheim found Smith’s ideas so inspirational. It also sheds light on why Durkheim overhauled his theory of solidarity, discarding his famous distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity. In Robertson Smith’s work, Durkheim discovered a more inclusive and enduring basis of solidarity in the social universe.

Theory of Intergenerational Ambivalence: Is It the Perfect New Lens for Studying Intergenerational Relationships?

Existing dramatic demographic transitions occurring globally have inevitably induced the restructuring of intergenerational relationships. This requires a more sophisticated theoretical lens for explaining the change. The theory of intergenerational ambivalence as newly suggested by Luscher attempts to overcome the dichotomous logic behind theories of intergenerational solidarity and conflict, but is only partially successful. The theory of intergenerational ambivalence is a powerful perspective in that it synthesizes both the solidarity and conflict dimensions of intergenerational relations, but remains quite abstract when distilled to its core. However, the theory of intergenerational ambivalence has the potential to connect both structure and agency. Ultimately, the paper suggests that the resolution of abstractness and structure-agency issues should be developed through more sophisticated empirical studies.

Parental Involvement with College Students in Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States.

Rates of college attendance have increased throughout the world. This study asked whether students across nations experience high involvement with parents (frequent contact and support) and how satisfied they are with parental involvement. College students from four major Western and Asian economies participated: Germany (n = 458), Hong Kong (n = 276), Korea (n = 257), and the United States (n = 310). Consistent with solidarity theory, students across nations reported frequent contact with parents and receiving several forms of social support (e.g., practical, emotional, and advice) every month. Multilevel models revealed Asian students received more frequent parental support than German or US students, but were less satisfied with that support. Students in Hong Kong resided with parents more often and gave more support to parents than students in other cultures. Discussion focuses on cultural (i.e., filial obligation) and structural (i.e., coresidence) factors explaining parental involvement.

Why Do Asian Americans Identify as Democrats? Testing Theories of Social Exclusion and Intergroup Solidarity

Asian Americans are overwhelmingly likely to identify as Democrats. This is surprising given that (1) income and voting for the Republican Party are highly correlated, and (2) Asians are the most affluent ethnic group in the United States. We focus on two explanations to address this puzzle: social exclusion and intergroup solidarity. Social exclusion arises from Asians' perceptions that they are viewed as less "American," and associate these feelings with the Republican Party. Additionally, Asians exhibit intergroup solidarity; they believe they have common interests with other ethnic minorities that already support the Democratic Party. As a result, Asians align themselves politically with these groups rather than whites. Using a large-scale representative survey and two experimental studies, we find empirical support for both hypotheses. Our findings speak to identity-oriented explanations of political behavior in American electoral politics as well as conceptions of political parties as coalitions of groups.

Intergenerational solidarity: An investigation of attitudes towards the responsibility for formal and informal elder care in Australia

This paper sets out to explore the Australian instance of a significant international problem: Intergenerational solidarity and the willingness of younger generations to support the future care of older people. It draws on Bengston’s intergenerational solidarity theory, in particular his conception of normative solidarity relative to filial obligations, to analyse data from the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes. This data demonstrates evidence of intergenerational solidarity at the policy level and a need for a continued role for government in the provision of residential care, insurance schemes, and the payment of income to full time and occasional carers. At the family level there is less support for the role of adult children in the payment of formal care or the provision of informal care. There is also a significant difference between men and women concerning the direct provision of informal care to ageing parents. Suggestions for future research are highlighted.

Phatic Communication: How English Native Speakers Create Ties of Union

This research article is about phatic communication among English native speakers, about how the native speakers create ties of union. The article is based on the writer’s elaborative qualitative research on Malinowski’s theory of phatic communion [1], Jakobson’s theory of language functions [2], and Brown and Gilman’s theory of power and solidarity [3]. The primary data are obtained from the interviews to nine native speakers with different dialects of American English, British English, and Australian English. The research findings show the functions of phatic communication among English native speakers and the types of expressions they use for creating ties of union. The phatic communication among English native speakers is then related to politeness and is also verified by other significant theories in verbal human communication.