Distinct Theories Research Articles

Childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect are associated with theory of mind decoding accuracy in young adults with depression

The current study is the first to examine the relation of childhood abuse and neglect history to theory of mind decoding accuracy as moderated by depression. Fifty-five young adults with current or lifetime unipolar depression diagnosis and 70 never-depressed young adults completed the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes task,’ (RMET). Childhood emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect were assessed with a gold-standard contextual interview with standardized, independent ratings. Poorer RMET accuracy was associated with a history of emotional abuse in the depressed group and a history of physical abuse in the non-depressed group. In contrast, across both groups, those with a history of neglect showed significantly enhanced theory of mind decoding accuracy compared to those without. Further, differential accuracy across positive, negative, and neutral valenced stimuli in the RMET was observed in each model. These findings indicate that distinct theory of mind performance results from early experiences of threat versus deprivation, and suggest that early intervention may be most successful in preventing negative interpersonal outcomes of maltreatment by focusing on remediating theory of mind deficits resulting from abuse, and tempering heightened sensitivity in those exposed to neglect.

The Effects of Organizational Demographic Faultlines

In this study, we seek to understand the consequences of demographic faultlines at the organizational level of analysis. Drawing from Subgroup Theory and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, we suggest ...

Finding the “I” in “Team”: The Role of Teams in Clarifying and Optimizing Calling

Extant literature on the phenomenon of calling is primarily focused on individual factors. The role of others, particularly those within work teams, is largely unexplored despite the likelihood that individuals will perform their work in several teams throughout their careers. Since these experiences provide a context in which individuals make sense of their work and their identities, we highlight the important role teams have in providing clarification of an individual’s calling at various stages of the calling process. Our theoretical model draws on optimal distinctiveness theory to explore how and when the identity motives of distinctiveness and belonging within teams influences ‘calling clarification’, or heightened cognitive understanding of calling. We also explore the resultant behavioral manifestations of calling clarification, suggesting that individuals will seek to align themselves with teams that allow them to fulfill their callings through a process of ‘calling optimization’. We offer testable propositions and provide suggestions for future theory and research integrating teams with calling.

Relative Leader-Member Exchange and Multifoci Team-Level Differentiation in the Service Context

This study examines the mediating roles that self-efficacy and team commitment play in the relationship between relative leader-member exchange (RLMX) and customer service behaviors. Drawing on the optimal distinctiveness theory, this study also examines the moderating roles that team-level differentiations in leader-member exchange (LMX) and team-member exchange (TMX) play in the relationship between RLMX and customer service behaviors. Using data from 467 frontline employees in hotel restaurants, results show that self-efficacy and team-commitment both mediate the relationship between RLMX and customer service behaviors. The differentiations in LMX and TMX significantly interact with RLMX for self-efficacy and team commitment and also moderate the mediations of RLMX on customer service behaviors. Employees’ self-efficacy and team commitment depend more on RLMX when LMX differentiation was low or when TMX differentiation was high than when LMX differentiation was high or when TMX differentiation was low.

Balancing the Tradeoff or Stuck in the Middle? the Distinction of the Distinctiveness.

By integrating the competitive and institutional perspectives, optimal distinctiveness theory views differentiation and legitimacy as a tradeoff in strategic positioning, suggesting a moderate leve...

Do opposites attract? Assimilation and differentiation as relationship-building strategies

In addressing the call for the application of learning from other domains to the sales context, our work integrates the optimal distinctiveness theory with the study of buyer–seller relationships. We conceptualize two main buyer–seller relationship-building strategies – a value-added differentiation strategy and a compatibility-based assimilation strategy – and present an integrative theoretical framework explaining how these two strategies can be leveraged in the business and personal domains to meet customer needs and improve sales performance. Using the theory, we reconcile conflicting findings on the use of similarities and differences between salespeople and customers in buyer–seller relationships. Our theoretical framework helps salespeople address the dynamic nature of dyadic relationships strategically in a way that promotes customer satisfaction, improves the firm’s performance, and nurtures its competitive advantage.

La (des)legitimación cultural de las series de televisión

La legitimación cultural de las series de televisión se percibe de manera crítica por parte de algunos autores vinculados a los estudios televisuales. La desconfianza ante este proceso tiene que ver con la creencia de que ha provocado una consolidación de las jerarquías culturales, de clase y de género. Los argumentos empleados por los deslegitimadores culturales de las series de televisión son, en su mayoría, una aplicación de las teorías sociológicas de la distinción de Bourdieu y de los estudios culturales. Nuestro objetivo consistirá en revelar las debilidades de algunas de sus críticas contra este proceso de legitimación cultural, tales como sus ataques a las jerarquías culturales, su apología de lo popular o su malestar con la estética.

Novel results for kinklike structures and their connections to quantum mechanics

In this work we use the deformation procedure and explore the route to obtain distinct field theory models that present similar stability potentials. Starting from systems that interact polynomially or hyperbolically, we use a deformation function which allows to construct other theories having the feature of giving rise to the same stability potentials. Such deformation function leads to smooth potentials according to a specific choice of a single parameter. Among the results, one shows that for models with asymmetric topological sectors, the appearance of a new stability potential is also possible.

GRAMSCI'S REVOLUTIONS: PASSIVE AND PERMANENT

Antonio Gramsci's notion of “passive revolution” has often been understood as a distinctive historical narrative, political concept, or theory of state formation. This article proposes to consider it instead as a “heuristic formula” within the “lexical architecture” of thePrison Notebooks. Based upon a diachronic and contextualist analysis of the usage of the formula, I argue that Gramsci's research on passive revolution emerged as a critical element within the development of his own distinctive conception of the “sublation” and “actualization” of the slogan of “the revolution in permanence.” Attending to this dialectical relationship allows the political and strategic dimensions of passive revolution to be highlighted, and suggests new paths of research for the debate about its analytic fertility and contemporary relevance.

The interpretation of the mass-count distinction across languages and populations: Introduction

In this special collection we bring together experimental studies on the semantic and cognitive correlates of the syntactic mass-count distinction in different (learner) populations and typologically diverse languages. Although the theoretical distinction between mass and count has been investigated extensively in many different adult languages, experimental research on how this distinction is interpreted by different types of learners and speakers is far rarer. The aim of the current special collection is thus to provide a unique set of highly controlled cross-linguistic and cross-population data that helps us further examine various theories of the syntactic mass-count distinction and the interactions between language, cognition and the world.

What's Aristotelian about neo‐Aristotelian Virtue Ethics?

It is commonly assumed that Aristotle's ethical theory shares deep structural similarities with neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics. I argue that this assumption is a mistake, and that Aristotle's ethical theory is both importantly distinct from the theories his work has inspired, and independently compelling. I take neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics to be characterized by two central commitments: (i) virtues of character are defined as traits that reliably promote an agent's own flourishing, and (ii) virtuous actions are defined as the sorts of actions a virtuous agent reliably performs under the relevant circumstances. I argue that neither of these commitments are features of Aristotle's own view, and I sketch an alternative explanation for the relationship between virtue and happiness in the Nicomachean Ethics. Although, on the interpretation I defend, we do not find in Aristotle a distinctive normative theory alongside deontology and consequentialism, what we do find is a way of thinking about how prudential and moral reasons can come to be aligned through a certain conception of practical agency.

Adding Adequacy to Equity: The Evolving Legal Theory of School Finance Reform

The law of school finance reform is conventionally described as consisting of three waves, each associated with a distinctive legal theory - a first wave based on federal equal protection arguments, a second equity wave based on state equal protection clauses, and a third adequacy wave based on state constitutional education articles. The asserted shift from equity to adequacy has been credited with the increasing success of school finance reform plaintiffs. The wave metaphor and especially the differences between the second and third waves, however, have been sharply overstated - temporally, textually, in terms of litigation success, and as a matter of legal theory. State courts have repeatedly blurred adequacy and equity arguments and judicial analysis of adequacy often reflects equity concerns. Nor is there a clear or consistent judicial approach to the idea of adequacy. Rather, state courts have treated adequacy and the adequacy-equity relationship in three different ways. In one set of cases, courts have cited the adequacy of the educational system to mitigate or excuse a judicial finding that school financing does not violate equality. In a second set of equity minus cases, courts have used the concept of adequacy to require states to equalize the resources of the poorest districts to an adequate level without requiring that the poor be brought up to the level of the rich. Finally, some courts have held that adequacy actually requires more than simple interdistrict tax-base or per-pupil spending equalization. In these equity plus cases, that more can be more-than-equal resources for the poorest districts, or an across-the-board increase in state funding. The more can also mean greater state definition of the components and costs of an adequate education, and more state oversight of, and responsibility for improving, local performance. Some of these equity plus concepts have crossed over into equality litigation, further contributing to the blurring of adequacy and equity concerns. Although adequacy gives reformers another legal theory, it has not been a panacea. A number of state supreme courts have concluded that adequacy is nonjusticiable, and others have been locked in long-term conflicts with their legislatures, over remedies. Still, some state courts have been relatively successful in forcing the adoption of significant financial and administrative changes, and adequacy has contributed to a growing concern with education governance as part of the project of school finance reform.

Time reversal, [formula omitted] Yang–Mills and cobordisms: Interacting topological superconductors/insulators and quantum spin liquids in [formula omitted

We introduce a web of strongly correlated interacting 3+1D topological superconductors/insulators of 10 particular global symmetry groups of Cartan classes, realizable in electronic condensed matter systems, and their new SU(N) generalizations. The symmetries include SU(N), SU(2), U(1), fermion parity, time reversal and relate to each other through symmetry embeddings. We overview the lattice Hamiltonian formalism. We complete the list of field theories of bulk symmetry-protected topological invariants (SPT invariants/partition functions that exhibit boundary ’t Hooft anomalies) via cobordism calculations, matching their full classification. We also present explicit 4-manifolds that detect these SPTs. On the other hand, once we dynamically gauge part of their global symmetries, we arrive in various new phases of SU(N) Yang–Mills (YM) gauge theories, analogous to quantum spin liquids with emergent gauge fields. We discuss how coupling YM theories to time reversal-SPTs affects the strongly coupled theories at low energy. For example, we point out a possibility of having two deconfined gapless time-reversal symmetric SU(2) YM theories at θ=π as two distinct conformal field theories, which although are secretly indistinguishable by correlators of local operators on orientable spacetimes nor by gapped SPT states, can be distinguished on non-orientable spacetimes or potentially by correlators of extended operators.

Surface operators in 5d gauge theories and duality relations

We study half-BPS surface operators in 5d mathcal{N} = 1 gauge theories compactified on a circle. Using localization methods and the twisted chiral ring relations of coupled 3d/5d quiver gauge theories, we calculate the twisted chiral superpotential that governs the infrared properties of these surface operators. We make a detailed analysis of the localization integrand, and by comparing with the results from the twisted chiral ring equations, we obtain constraints on the 3d and 5d Chern-Simons levels so that the instanton partition function does not depend on the choice of integration contour. For these values of the Chern-Simons couplings, we comment on how the distinct quiver theories that realize the same surface operator are related to each other by Aharony-Seiberg dualities.

Pushing the limits of urban research: Urbanization, pipelines and counter-colonial politics

This article confronts debates about extended and concentrated urbanization with Indigenous claims to time and space. It does so in part by discussing the degree to which notions of extended and concentrated urbanization allow us to understand the dynamics of pipeline politics in Canada, notably Indigenous claims leveled at infrastructure projects. It argues that Lefebvre-inspired research is both promising and insufficient in this regard. Their promises can only be realized provided one considers urban research as mediation (between everyday life and the social order), contextualize urbanization as a product of non-linear histories through which ‘city’ and ‘non-city’ are transformed or reinstituted as socio-spatial forms, and take seriously imaginaries that may not only contest but also refuse the expansion of the urban field. Meeting these conditions is not possible without resorting to other, non-Lefebvrean approaches that help us understand the settler-colonial aspects of Canadian urban history and grasp the inter-national dimensions of Indigenous politics. Finally, opening up Lefebvre scholarship to considerations of settler colonialism is impossible without the distinct relational theories of time and space that inform radical Indigenous theories (and some pipeline struggles). Indigenous claims in or against urbanization thus represent a limit case of urban research.

A novel feature selection method using fuzzy rough sets

The fuzzy set theory and the rough set theory are two distinct but complementary theories that deal with uncertainty in data. The salient features of both the theories are encompassed in the domain of the fuzzy rough set theory so as to cope with the problems of vagueness and indiscernibility in real world data. This hybrid theory has been found to be a potential tool for data mining, particularly useful for feature selection. Most of the existing approaches to fuzzy rough sets are based on fuzzy relations. In this paper, a new definition for fuzzy rough sets in an information system based on the divergence measure of fuzzy sets is introduced. The properties of the fuzzy rough approximations are explored. Moreover, an algorithm for feature selection using the proposed approximations is presented and experimented using real data sets.

Shared Mental Models and Habitus Towards a Mentality-Driven Economics

Abstract The article shows that the work of Thorstein Veblen and Pierre Bourdieu builds a foundation of a mentality-driven contextual economics. In order to achieve this goal, it will be demonstrated that Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, and his concept of habitus, is a widely overlooked descendant of Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class and that both approaches highlight the necessity for including mental models into economic analysis. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to develop a comparative analysis of Veblen’s and Bourdieu’s theories of cultural capital and mental models to demonstrate the proximity of both concepts to contemporary economic thought. In short, I argue that Bourdieu’s habitus concept must be understood as a logical progression of Veblen’s theory of distinction, and that the findings from both approaches call for a turn towards mentality-driven economic analysis. JEL Codes: B15, B25, B41, B52, Z1, Z13

Who Voted for Hillary Clinton? Sexual Identities, Gender, and Family Influences

ABSTRACTSexual identities can influence political attitudes and actions. During political elections, gay men, lesbians, and bisexual individuals (GLB) have historically aligned with Democratic candidates. In the recent presidential election of 2016, this pattern persisted, as the vast majority of GLBs voted with the Democratic candidate for president in the 2016 elections (Hillary Clinton). This study tries to explain why lesbians and gay men overwhelmingly voted for candidate Clinton through Patrick Egan's (2012) theory of political distinctiveness. In using data the American National Election Survey of 2016 (N = 2,691), this analysis determines if the tendency of sexual minorities to vote Democratic was due to three sets of variables: (a) selection, or the characteristics associated with GLB identities are also associated with political liberalism; (b) embeddedness, or increased involvement in the LGB community leads to greater liberalism; and (c) conversion, or public disclosures of LGB identities causes major changes in political outlooks and actions. Special attention is also give to the intersectional concerns of gendered heterosexism, given that voting for Hillary Clinton was the highest among lesbian women and lowest among heterosexual men.

Grammatical versus lexical words in theory and aphasia: Integrating linguistics and neurolinguistics

The distinction between grammatical and lexical words is standardly dealt with in terms of a semantic distinction between function and content words or in terms of distributional distinctions between closed and open classes. This paper argues that such distinctions fall short in several respects, and that the grammar-lexicon distinction applies even within the same word class. The argument is based on a recent functional and usage-based theory of the grammar-lexicon distinction (Boye & Harder 2012) and on the assumption that aphasic speech data represent the ideal testing ground for theories and claims about this contrast. A theoretically-based distinction between grammatical and lexical instances of Dutch modal verb forms and the verb form hebben was confronted with agrammatic and fluent aphasic speech. A dissociation between the two aphasia types was predicted and confirmed.

Governance on a bumpy road from enfant terrible to mature paradigm

ABSTRACTThe governance paradigm has been travelling a bumpy road from an enfant terrible that challenged conventional ideas about how think of the way that society and the economy is governed to a relatively mature paradigm with distinctive theories and methods and empirical studies of scope conditions and causal impact of interactive forms of governance. This article reconsiders and seeks to clarify the conceptual confusion about how to define the concept of governance. It also highlights some of the recent achievements of governance research and points to new and emerging developments that aims to further consolidate the governance paradigm. The new items on the research agenda are briefly illustrated with an empirical example.