Cumulative Theory Research Articles

Evaluation the feasibility of using ecosystem costs to control environmental losses at mining sites

• Environmental control mechanisms based on ecosystem loss can motivate mines to continuously improve production. • Mine environmental management institution require dynamic monitoring and evaluation indicators. • Cumulative availability curve theory is used to analyze the feasibility of environmental incentive mechanisms. Protecting ecosystems while simultaneously promoting economic growth are both goals of sustainable development. The mining sector has long lacked dynamic environmental regulation based on eco-efficiency, which limits the efforts of extractive industries to achieve sustainability. We combine cumulative availability curve theory and environmental economic incentive theory to construct a mechanism for controlling environmental losses in mines based on ecosystem costs. We used a dataset of 1115 non-metallic mines to verify the feasibility of the mine environmental loss control mechanism. We demonstrate the feasibility of using ecosystem loss costs to control environmental losses in mines by constructing environmental loss supply curves, production cumulative availability curves and reserve cumulative availability curves for extractive industries based on ecosystem costs in mines. Overall, this mechanism provides incentives for sustainable mining and gives government policy makers more flexibility in policy formulation.

Childhood Stressors, Relationship Quality, and Cognitive Health in Later Life.

The rising prevalence of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and related disorders signals the need for a better understanding of how social factors may affect cognitive health for millions of Americans. Drawing from cumulative inequality theory, we aim to understand the implications of a stressful childhood on social relationships and cognitive health in later life. This study utilizes longitudinal data (2006-2016) from the Health and Retirement Study to examine pathways, both direct and indirect through social relationships in adulthood, from childhood stressors to cognitive health trajectories over time. Respondents reporting a greater number of stressors in childhood had worse cognitive health over time, but those negative effects were not as steep as time progressed. Early-life stressors are also associated with less social support and more social strain in adulthood which, in turn, are associated with initial cognitive health. Finally, pathway analyses confirm that childhood stressors are indirectly associated with initial cognitive health through social strain and social support. Findings reveal that a stressful childhood creates chains of risks that have lifelong implications for cognitive health, both directly and indirectly by creating obstacles for developing healthy and supportive social relationships.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Urban Road Traffic Noise on Heart Rate Variability of Noise-Sensitive People.

Epidemiological studies have confirmed that long-term exposure to road traffic noise can cause cardiovascular diseases (CDs), and when noise exposure reaches a certain level, the risk of related CDs significantly increases. Currently, a large number of Chinese residents are exposed to high noise exposure, which could greatly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, relevant studies have found that people with high noise sensitivity are more susceptible to noise. And it is necessary to pay more attention to the high noise-sensitive people. This study investigated the acute physiological effect of different noise-sensitive groups by indoor-level noise stimulus experiments under laboratory conditions, by observing heart rate variability (HRV) indicators, including standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF), and heart rate (HR). The results showed that (a) there was no significant difference in HRV between the high-sensitive group and the low-sensitive group at the physiological baseline and the different stimulating noise levels. (b) Then, based on the theory of cumulative effect of noise proposed by WHO Regional Office for Europe, non-significant but observable differences between groups were further discussed. By analyzing differences of the variation trends and the within-group significant changes of SDNN and HR between the two groups, the results tended to show that the high-sensitive group is more affected by road traffic noise. In addition, the values of SDNN and HR showed observable between-group differences at 55 dB (A) and 65 dB (A) which corresponding to the SPL associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease concerned by epidemiological studies. According to the cumulative effect theory (WHO), these differences in HRV caused by short-term noise stimulation may have the potential to produce physiological response and lead to between-groups differences in prevalence after long-term recurrent effect, and deserve attention and further research.

Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Prediction Method of the Trailing Edge Holes in the Turbine Blade for Turboshaft Engine

In this paper, a thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life analysis method considering stress relaxation was established for turbine blade in a turboshaft engine. The nonlinear creep deformation of a superalloy is predicted by coupling creep damage in the framework of viscoplastic theory. The results revealed that the calculation error of the model for the elastic-plastic stress-strain curve was less than 5%, while the simulation accuracy for the creep curve is within the dispersion range of the inherent properties of material creep deformation. Based on the elastic-plastic creep analysis of a turbine blade, the creep damage and its evolution law of the leading edge and trailing edge of the blade are clarified, and a new method is provided for determining the local dangerous points on the blade. With the help of the linear damage cumulative life theory, the fatigue creep life of the trailing edge hole of a turbine blade considering the stress relaxation is obtained, which provides a more reasonable and better engineering application method for the blade life evaluation.

Cumulants as the variables of density cumulant theory: A path to Hermitian triples.

We study the combination of orbital-optimized density cumulant theory and a new parameterization of reduced density matrices in which the variables are the particle-hole cumulant elements. We call this combination OλDCT. We find that this new Ansatz solves problems identified in the previous unitary coupled cluster Ansatz for density cumulant theory: the theory is now free of near-zero denominators between occupied and virtual blocks, can correctly describe the dissociation of H2, and is rigorously size-extensive. In addition, the new Ansatz has fewer terms than the previous unitary Ansatz, and the optimal orbitals delivered by the exact theory are the natural orbitals. Numerical studies on systems amenable to full configuration interaction show that the amplitudes from the previous ODC-12 method approximate the exact amplitudes predicted by this Ansatz. Studies on equilibrium properties of diatomic molecules show that even with the new Ansatz, it is necessary to include triples to improve the accuracy of the method compared to orbital-optimized linearized coupled cluster doubles. With a simple iterative triples correction, OλDCT outperforms other orbital-optimized methods truncated at comparable levels in the amplitudes, as well as coupled cluster single and doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]. By adding four more terms to the cumulant parameterization, OλDCT outperforms CCSDT while having the same O(V5O3) scaling.

Intergenerational Socioeconomic Mobility and Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults: Does Gender Matter?

The prevalence of dementia among older adults in mainland China is projected to increase rapidly in the next few decades. This study aimed to examine the impact of intergenerational socioeconomic mobility on the risk of cognitive impairment in a cohort of Chinese older adults, with a focus on potential gender differences. Data were derived from the 2011 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Socioeconomic mobility in this study includes three dimensions: occupational mobility, educational mobility, and residential mobility. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination. The final sample included 6,233 older adults aged 80 years and above. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the impact of the three dimensions of socioeconomic mobility on the risk of cognitive impairment in older men and women. For men, those with stable high occupational status across generations had the lowest risk of cognitive impairment. For women, those who received no education and lived in rural areas across generations had the highest risk of cognitive impairment. These findings lend support to the cumulative risk theory, which highlights the accumulation of risk factors that places individuals in jeopardy for negative health consequences in later life. The findings have implications for advancing supportive policies and practices related to maximizing the benefits of education and occupation for cognition in later life, especially for women in rural China.

Evaluating The Economic Impact Of Marriage Versus Cohabitation In Same-Sex Couples Age 50+

Utilizing the first set of 5-year American Community Survey data available since the United States’ legalization of same-sex marriage in mid-2015, this poster investigates the economic security of older adults (age 50+) in same-sex marriages compared to those in same-sex partnerships who are cohabiting but not married. Viewed through the lens of cumulative disadvantage theory, we consider differences in the economic circumstances of same-sex couples by gender and by geographic location. Findings point to gender differences in economic well-being, but relatively few differences based on marital status. For example, rates of low income are somewhat higher among female couples than among their male counterparts, but marital status differences are not substantial. These findings suggest that the benefits of being married that have long been recognized among older adults may not extend equally to same-sex couples. Findings are discussed with respect to the emerging salience of marriage within the LGBTQ older community, future research opportunities, and important policy implications.

Evaluating The Economic Impact Of Marriage Versus Cohabitation In Same-Sex Couples Age 50+

Studies consistently show that Hispanics, especially first-generation Mexican immigrants, face lower mortality risks in mid-to-late life than US-born non-Hispanic whites. This extended lifespan defies expectations given Hispanics’ disadvantaged socioeconomic status relative to whites and thus is referred to as the Hispanic paradox. However, it remains an open question as to whether the Hispanic paradox in mortality mirrors a lower chronic disease burden. To address this gap, this study will combine and leverage two harmonized longitudinal population-based data sources of late-middle-aged and older adults in the United States and Mexico; the Health and Retirement Study and the Mexican Health and Aging Study. First, I evaluate differences in the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and mortality risk for older adults living in Mexico, first-generation Mexican immigrants to the US, US-born Mexican Americans, and US-born whites. Second, I explore the extent to which the proportion of deaths attributable to MetS in each of these groups can be explained by differences in socioeconomic and health/behavioral characteristics. This study uses Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the mortality risks of MetS across groups, as well as the associated population attributable fractions (PAFs) to investigate potential differences within a decomposition framework. Developing this detailed understanding of metabolic health and the associated mortality risks across multiple generations of older Mexican immigrants may help us identify modifiable lifestyle and behavioral factors to better manage these conditions and alleviate possible complications as current and future generations of Mexican immigrants age in the US.

Life Course Stressors and Functional Limitations in Later Life Among White, Black, and Hispanic Adults

Although striking racial and ethnic disparities in health are manifest during later life, they may be rooted in early-life exposures. Drawing from cumulative inequality theory, we investigate whether experiencing life course stressors increases the risk of later-life functional limitations and whether this relationship differs by race and ethnicity. This study utilizes longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to test whether six indicators of child stressors and eleven indicators of adult stressors predict trajectories of the onset and severity of functional limitations in later life among a diverse sample of adults. We find that child and adult stressors are associated with earlier onset and greater severity of functional limitations during later life. Mediation analyses reveal the indirect influence of child stressors via adult stressors on onset and severity of functional limitations; however, the indirect effects are slightly stronger for Black and Hispanic adults than their White counterparts (i.e., moderated mediation). In sum, child stressors, in and of themselves, do not increase functional limitations among Black and Hispanic people but are associated with greater adult stress exposure, leading to more functional limitations in later life. Disparities in functional limitations are also partly due to lower education and less wealth among Black and Hispanic adults.

Advance care planning among African Americans: A review and synthesis of theory application.

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks are often underutilized in research, which may diminish understanding of the phenomena and contribute to the under-development of interventions. The topic of low/disparate rates of Advance Care Planning (ACP) among African Americans has been researched extensively; however, the use of theoretical and/or conceptual frameworks has not been reported. The purpose of this review is to describe theoretical and/or conceptual frameworks utilized in studies that investigated factors affecting perceptions of ACP or ACP rates among African Americans. Utilizing a narrative, literature review process, themes were generated, applied, and described with frequencies across broad categories of study characteristics, framework categories and key constructs, mode of framework application, and quality of framework reporting. Four main types of frameworks were found with behavioral frameworks dominating the collection of studies. Complex, systems theoretical frameworks were less common. Framework use and reporting quality findings are described. The problem of disparate rates of ACP among African Americans is nuanced and varied, stemming from both internal (e.g., personal, behavioral) and external factors (e.g., living conditions). While important and necessary to focus on internal, psychological factors, it is also vital to incorporate systems' theories such as the Cumulative Disadvantage Theory to better understand and demonstrate inherent complexities. Recommendations for framework use are discussed for research and clinical application. Incorporating complexity science approaches and multi-systems theories may support multi-level modeling needed to understand this problem and reduce ACP disparities in this population.

Engineering existence?

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the connection between two recent trends in philosophy: higher-orderism and conceptual engineering. Higher-orderists use higher-order quantifiers (in particular quantifiers binding variables that occupy the syntactic positions of predicates) to express certain key metaphysical doctrines, such as the claim that there are properties. I argue that, on a natural construal, the higher-orderist approach involves an engineering project concerning, among others, the concept of existence. I distinguish between a modest construal of this project, on which it aims at engineering higher-order analogues of the familiar notion of first-order existence, and an ambitious construal, on which it additionally aims at engineering a broadened notion of existence that subsumes first-order and higher-order existence. After identifying a substantial problem for the ambitious project, I investigate a possible response which is based on adopting a cumulative type theory as the background higher-order logic. While effective against the problem at hand, this strategy turns out to undermine a major reason to embrace higher-orderism in the first place, namely the idea that higher-orderism dissolves a range of otherwise intractable debates in metaphysics. Higher-orderists are therefore best advised to pursue their engineering project on the modest variant and against the background of standard type theory.

A Systematic Literature Review on Studies for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Korea Applying the Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage Theory

본 연구는 한국의 중·고령자를 대상으로 누적적 이익 불이익 이론(Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage Theory, CAD)을 활용한연구에 대하여 체계적 문헌고찰을 수행하였다. RISS, KISS, e-article, KCI 4개의 데이터베이스에 ‘누적적 이익 불이익’, ‘마태 효과’등의관련 검색어를 조합하고 2020년 8월 31일까지 출판된 국내 학술지를 검색하여 총 2,063편의 논문을 획득하였다. 문헌 선정 과정의첫 단계에서 중복 문헌 제거와 그레이존(각종 보고서, 학술대회 발표논문, 학위논문) 및 국외문헌 중 한국인 대상이 아닌 문헌을 배제하였고, 두 번째 단계에서 질적 연구 및 누적적 이익 불이익 이론과 관련이 없는 문헌들은 제외하였다. 마지막 단계에서 전문검토과정을 거쳐연구목적에 부합하는 최종 14편의 문헌을 선정하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 누적적 이익 불이익 이론은 다양한 학문 분야에서소득불평등, 건강(정신적·신체적·주관적 건강) 등의 메커니즘을 규명하려는 시도에서 활용되었다. 또한 분석문헌은 모두 2차 자료(패널자료)를 활용하였으며, 이론의 특성상 횡단연구보다 종단연구로 설계하여 분석하고 있었다. 둘째, 누적적 이익 불이익 이론은 10개의다양한 용어로 혼용되어 왔으나 공통적으로 생애 초기과정에서 발생되는 이익 또는 불이익 현상들은 과거로부터 누적되어 생애전반에영향을 미치는 것을 기본과정으로 하고 있다. 셋째, 누적된 사건으로 사회경제적 요인이 가장 많이 사용되었으며 그 중 학력과 소득을측정한 빈도가 가장 높았다. 그리고 누적된 결과로 우울이 가장 많이 다루어졌다. 넷째, 누적된 사건(독립)과 누적된 결과(종속)의 영향관계를 살핀 결과, 우울에 유의미하게 미치는 영향 요인으로 소득, 본인학력, 생계곤란으로 학업중단 경험의 빈도순으로 나타났으며, 소득불평등 및 소득에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 본인학력이 가장 많이 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 누적적 이익 불이익이론을 적용한 후속연구에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.

Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life Course Economic Trajectories in a Social Democratic Welfare State

AbstractWe test a prediction of cumulative advantage theory about enduring life cycle effects of educational mobility on earnings. We identify four mobility groups by cross-classifying parental education (degree/no degree) by their offspring (degree/no degree) and study the long-term economic consequences of intergenerational educational mobility. Data for this study come from Swedish population registers covering birth cohorts between 1953 and 1955. We analyse earnings trajectories of Swedish men and women, in each educational mobility category, over most of their working-age life course. We find that the earnings trajectories cluster in two groups that reflect each’s educational destination, not their educational origin. These results suggest that mobility trajectories in the Swedish labour market do not follow any strong advantage pattern but instead are explained by the attainment of human capital. By contrast, complementary analyses of mid-life wealth, not necessarily derived in the labour market, suggest more support for cumulative advantage since those with high-educated parents have much higher levels of wealth. We argue that these contrasting results, between earnings and wealth, highlight the Swedish welfare regime’s effectiveness, particularly in regulating and suppressing inequality in the labour market.

Simulations and interpretations of cumulative trophic theory

Examining marine ecosystems in a distinct way can produce new ecological, theoretical and applied insights. The common “S” and “hockey stick” -shaped curves, which result from examining the cumulative biomass and trophic level and the cumulative production and cumulative biomass curves of marine ecosystems, have strong potential to elucidate the mechanisms of marine food webs. These curves are based on the cumulative trophic theory, which can be summarized as the integration of biomass and production across trophic level that results from the relatively simple trophic transfer equation. Here we test the behavior of this theory via modeled simulations of the transfer equation under a variety of common mechanisms that can influence marine ecosystems. The simulated scenarios we present and evaluate here explore bottom-up driven changes (production, growth), internal dynamics (transfer efficiency) or top-down driven changes (mortality, selectivity), as well as multi-mechanism scenarios (overfishing and eutrophication) that are commonly experienced in marine ecosystems. We explore these scenarios at high, medium or low levels of change for each feature to ascertain how they can result in major changes to the realized trophodynamics of a marine ecosystem. Our results lend credence to the generality of the cumulative trophic theory by predicting the empirically observed “S” and “hockey stick” -shaped curves under a wide range of possible mechanisms. Given that common, repeatable and predictable dynamics is a key hallmark of increasingly robust theories, the application of cumulative trophic theory in managing marine ecosystems enables more repeatable and predictable responses across a wide range of conditions.

Do Early-Life Social, Behavioral, and Health Exposures Increase Later-Life Arthritis Incidence?

This study investigates direct and indirect influences of childhood social, behavioral, and health exposures on later-life osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. Drawing from cumulative inequality theory and six waves of the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014), we estimate structural equation modeling-based discrete-time survival analysis of the association between six childhood exposure domains and both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis incidence for men (n = 2720) and women (n = 2974). Using the delta method to test for mediation, we examine indirect effects via selected health-related risks and resources. Risky adolescent behavior is associated with rheumatoid arthritis incidence for women (h.O.R. = 1.883, 95% C.I. [1.016, 3.490]), whereas several types of childhood exposures are associated with later-life osteoarthritis development for both men and women. Experiencing two or more childhood socioeconomic disadvantages is indirectly associated with osteoarthritis (men: coef. = 0.024, 95% C.I. [0.003, 0.045]; women: coef. = 0.111, 95% C.I. [0.071, 0.150]) and rheumatoid arthritis (men: coef. = 0.037, 95% C.I. [0.000, 0.074]; women: coef. = 0.097, 95% C.I. [0.035, 0.159]) development through adult body mass index. Findings highlight the importance of childhood contexts in understanding the development of later-life osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Cumulative disadvantage as a framework for understanding rural tobacco use disparities.

Traditional tobacco product (cigarettes and smokeless tobacco) and polytobacco use rates are significantly higher among rural adolescents and adults compared to their nonrural counterparts. Such disparities are due to several factors that promote tobacco use initiation and continuation, including individual-level psychopharmacological factors and structural-level factors such as fewer tobacco control efforts (e.g., fewer smoke-free policies and lower tobacco excise taxes), targeted tobacco marketing, less access to health-relevant resources, and more positive cultural norms surrounding tobacco use in rural communities. In this review, we use cumulative disadvantage theory as a framework for understanding how psychopharmacological and structural-level factors serve as drivers of tobacco use in rural areas. We start by describing how structural-level differences between rural-nonrural communities impact psychopharmacological influences and, when available, how these factors influence tobacco use. We conclude by discussing the interplay between factors, providing suggestions for ways to assess our application of cumulative disadvantage theory empirically and making recommendations for research and policy implementation in rural areas. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The Association between Multiple Chronic Conditions and Depressive Symptoms: Intersectional Distinctions by Race, Nativity, and Gender.

Using random coefficient growth curve analysis, this study utilizes 12 waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (1994-2016; person-waves = 145,177) to examine the association between multiple chronic conditions (MCC) and depressive symptoms among older adults. Applying cumulative disadvantage and intersectionality theories, we also test whether the association between MCC and depressive symptoms differs by race, nativity, and gender. Findings reveal that MCC prevalence is highest among U.S.-born black women, whereas depressive symptoms are highest among foreign-born Hispanic women. Compared to men, MCC has a stronger effect on women's depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the MCC-depressive symptoms association is strongest for foreign-born Hispanic women. Despite an increase in MCC in the transition from midlife to late life, all race-nativity-gender groups experience a decline in depressive symptoms as they age. The decline in depressive symptoms is steepest for U.S.-born black and foreign-born Hispanic women. Study implications are discussed.

Adverse childhood experiences, adult trauma, and depressive symptom trajectories

Objectives Associations among adverse childhood experiences prior to age 18 (ACEs), subjective reports of trauma during Hurricane Sandy, and trajectories of depressive symptoms reported by community-dwelling older people were examined. Methods We analyzed 6 waves of data from 5,688 people aged 50–74 recruited in 2006 and followed for 12-years using multilevel mixed effects models. Results We found that: (1) people who experienced ACEs had trajectories of depressive symptoms in late life that were higher than people not having these experiences, (2) people experiencing two or more ACEs were more likely to report fear and distress when Hurricane Sandy hit than people experiencing either one or no adverse childhood experiences, and (3) while both ACE exposure and peri-traumatic stress were associated with trajectories having higher levels of depressive symptoms, the risk associated with ACEs (especially multiple ACEs) was greater. Conclusion Findings support life course stress theories including the cumulative inequality theory and stress proliferation theory, suggesting that inequalities are manifested over the life course and that people experiencing adversity during childhood are at increased risk of experiencing adversity in late life. By studying the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and response to Hurricane Sandy our findings demonstrate that adverse childhood experiences can alter the way traumatic events in adulthood are experienced. This finding in turn, has important implications for clinical practice, as it identifies a group of people likely to be at risk for adult trauma.

AGAINST CUMULATIVE TYPE THEORY

AbstractStandard Type Theory,${\textrm {STT}}$, tells us that$b^n(a^m)$is well-formed iff$n=m+1$. However, Linnebo and Rayo [23] have advocated the use of Cumulative Type Theory,$\textrm {CTT}$, which has more relaxed type-restrictions: according to$\textrm {CTT}$,$b^\beta (a^\alpha )$is well-formed iff$\beta>\alpha $. In this paper, we set ourselves against$\textrm {CTT}$. We begin our case by arguing against Linnebo and Rayo’s claim that$\textrm {CTT}$sheds new philosophical light on set theory. We then argue that, while$\textrm {CTT}$’s type-restrictions are unjustifiable, the type-restrictions imposed by${\textrm {STT}}$are justified by a Fregean semantics. What is more, this Fregean semantics provides us with a principled way to resist Linnebo and Rayo’s Semantic Argument for$\textrm {CTT}$. We end by examining an alternative approach to cumulative types due to Florio and Jones [10]; we argue that their theory is best seen as a misleadingly formulated version of${\textrm {STT}}$.

China’s Belt and Road rail freight transport corridors – the economic geography of underdevelopment

Traffic volumes between China, Europe and Central Asia through China’s ‘CR Express’ intercontinental rail freight system remain intransparent. We sought new methods of data collection to better understand the significance of this novel trans-Eurasian transport mode. Cumulative causation economic theory can explain how positive industrial development can occur in both linear transport corridors and industrial cluster development in node cities. However on current economic metrics, it is difficult to accept the China narrative of structurally transformative economic development resulting from the intercontinental rail system policy. This paper expresses doubt as to the underlying institutional factors behind the intercontinental rail system being developed by China and its surrounding Eurasian transport policy. We detail the economic theory underpinning the development of the ‘CR Express’ policy through examination of China central level transport policy sources and their horizontal integration with other central-level spatial planning policies, and we examine the deployment of China’s model of intercontinental rail development in the ‘Middle Corridor’ between the Kazakhstan border and Eastern European ports. Both theory and practice point to supply-side development of greater containerised transport capacity resulting in complementarity-driven economic growth clusters. However, without adequate demand, industrial investment in Eurasian clusters, or transparent statistics with which to gauge either the rail freight logistics development or the economic development spill-over effects, we expect to find the initial practical economic results in the Eurasian economies underwhelming. We argue that China’s Eurasian transport policies are not multifaceted enough to result in future growth.