Classification Theory Research Articles

Identification of Kuroshio meanderings south of Japan via a topological data analysis for sea surface height

This study proposes an algorithm to identify stable Kuroshio meanderings by extracting topological features from a sea surface height (SSH) gridded dataset in 1993–2020. Based on the mathematical theory of topological classifications for streamline patterns, the algorithm provides a unique symbolic representation and a discrete graph structure, which is referred to as the partially cyclically ordered rooted tree (COT) representation and the Reeb graph, respectively, to structurally stable Hamiltonian vector fields. We have confirmed that the temporal variations in the Kuroshio southernmost position south of the Tokai district captured by the algorithm are well consistent with the existing results by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The algorithm based on the topology detects five meandering periods: The three of them correspond to large meandering events detected by the JMA, while the two of them are offshore non-large meandering events. The topological data analysis reveals that a large cyclonic eddy inside of the meandering is split into two small eddies near the termination of the most meandering events.

Equivariant heat and Schrödinger flows from Euclidean space to complex projective space

We study the equivariant harmonic map heat flow, Schrödinger maps equation, and generalized Landau–Lifshitz equation from \mathbb{C}^n to \mathbb{CP}^n . By means of a careful geometric analysis, we determine a new, highly useful representation of the problem in terms of a PDE for radial functions from \mathbb{C}^n to \mathbb{S}^2 . Using this new representation, we are able to write explicit formulas for the harmonic maps in this context, and prove that they all have infinite energy.We show that the PDEs admit a family of self-similar solutions with smooth profiles; these solutions again have infinite energy, and give an example of regularity breakdown. Then, using a variant of the Hasimoto transformation applied to our new equation for the dynamics, we prove a small-data global well-posedness result when n=2 . This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first global well-posedness result for Schrödinger maps when the complex dimension of the target is greater than 1. In the final section we study a special case of the harmonic map heat flow corresponding to initial data valued in one great circle. We show that the n=2 case of this problem is a borderline case for the standard classification theory for PDEs of its type.

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EFEK RUMAH KACA’S SONG LYRICS: SINESTESIA 2015

Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer become clearer. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive was the method that used for this research. The results of this research show that 4 type of figurative languages were found, which were 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.

The Construction of Middle School Chemistry Efficient Classrooms Under the Background of New Curriculum Reform in China

From 1949 to the present, China's basic education has undergone eight curriculum reforms. The “Outline of China's Education Reform and Development ”issued in June 1994 clearly put forward the concept of quality education, and "quality education" has become the main theme of curriculum reform. In 2022, a new round of curriculum reform vigorously implemented the policy of "core literacy" and comprehensively cultivating high-quality talents. Quality education and high-efficiency classroom teaching research to comprehensively promote core literacy education have been paid more and more attention by the majority of researchers. The revised two-dimensional framework of the theory of Bloom's classification of educational objectives is helpful to build an efficient classroom and cultivate students' high-level thinking. In combination with the teaching practice under the background of basic education reform, this study discusses the construction methods and strategies of high-efficiency chemistry classroom in Middle School under the theory of Bloom's classification of educational objectives.

Desistance and Prison Culture: A Trifurcated Prisoner Classification Theory

Desistance and Prison Culture: A Trifurcated Prisoner Classification Theory

Knot topology of exceptional point and non-Hermitian no-go theorem

The authors formulate a homotopy classification and knot theory of exceptional points and present a non-Hermitian no-go theorem governing the possible configurations of exceptional points and their splitting rules on a two-dimensional lattice.

An Error Analysis on the Use of Preposition on Students’ Writing Descriptive Text

Students with different first languages will make an error when learning a second language or foreign language. It occurs in spoken or written form. Based on the researcher’s observation and interview with the English teacher at SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Alo’oa, the researcher found some students’ problems in using preposition in writing descriptive text. The purpose of the research is to analyze the type of errors that is made by the tenth grade of Agriculture Department in SMK Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli Alo’oa in using the preposition in writing descriptive text.. The research used Corder’s theory of error classification namely, omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. As the result, the students made a 57.14% error on misformation, 26.53% on omission, 10.21% on addition, and 6.12% on misordering.

Wrenching Torque

Wrenching Torque

Skew left braces and isomorphism problems for Hopf–Galois structures on Galois extensions

Given a finite group [Formula: see text], we study certain regular subgroups of the group of permutations of [Formula: see text], which occur in the classification theories of two types of algebraic objects: skew left braces with multiplicative group isomorphic to [Formula: see text] and Hopf–Galois structures admitted by a Galois extension of fields with Galois group isomorphic to [Formula: see text]. We study the questions of when two such subgroups yield isomorphic skew left braces or Hopf–Galois structures involving isomorphic Hopf algebras. In particular, we show that in some cases the isomorphism class of the Hopf algebra giving a Hopf–Galois structure is determined by the corresponding skew left brace. We investigate these questions in the context of a variety of existing constructions in the literature. As an application of our results we classify the isomorphically distinct Hopf algebras that give Hopf–Galois structures on a Galois extension of degree [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] prime numbers.

Mismeasuring Diversity: Popularizing Scientific Racism in the Romanian Principalities Around the Mid-Nineteenth Century

This study explores a neglected episode in the history of Romanian encounters with racial classification theories before and during the mid-nineteenth century. The study begins with a brief historiographic discussion and illustrates the recent debates concerning definitions of the origins of scientific racism, as portrayed by Stephen Jay Gould and Nicolaas Rupke. Accordingly, this paper identifies three suggestive case studies (Iacob Czihac, Iuliu Barasch, and Dimitrie Ananescu) that might shed some light on the intellectual roots of racial classifications in Romania. Placing this investigation amongst emerging studies of the popularization of science, this paper argues that naturalists and physicians alike, trained and influenced by the German tradition of Naturphilosophie , expressed their authority in reproducing and diffusing racial classifications and gendered concepts of reproduction.

Studying Mathematics Around Keraton Yogyakarta

Studying mathematics in elementary school using cultural richness can make the learning process more meaningful. Students can explore learning resources for mathematics at the Kraton Yogyakarta while getting to know the local culture. Learning resources that can be used for elementary school mathematics learning include Gunungan sekaten, batik, Sultan Agung calendar, Bangsal Manganti, Kraton stairs, etc. Based on the analysis carried out by the researcher, the identification of learning resources at the Kraton can be used for grades 1 to 6. From Ambrosio's theory of classification of ethnomathematics activities, there are 4 categories of learning resources in the Kraton including counting, weighing, measuring, and classifying which can be used. in elementary school mathematics learning.

The equivalence theory for infinite type hypersurfaces in ℂ²

We develop a classification theory for real-analytic hypersurfaces in C 2 \mathbb {C}^{2} in the case when the hypersurface is of infinite type at the reference point. This is the remaining, not yet understood case in C 2 \mathbb {C}^{2} in the Problème local, formulated by H. Poincaré in 1907 and asking for a complete biholomorphic classification of real hypersurfaces in complex space. One novel aspect of our results is a notion of smooth normal forms for real-analytic hypersurfaces. We rely fundamentally on the recently developed CR-DS technique in CR-geometry.

The difficulty of computing stable and accurate neural networks: On the barriers of deep learning and Smale’s 18th problem

Deep learning (DL) has had unprecedented success and is now entering scientific computing with full force. However, current DL methods typically suffer from instability, even when universal approximation properties guarantee the existence of stable neural networks (NNs). We address this paradox by demonstrating basic well-conditioned problems in scientific computing where one can prove the existence of NNs with great approximation qualities; however, there does not exist any algorithm, even randomized, that can train (or compute) such a NN. For any positive integers K>2 and L, there are cases where simultaneously 1) no randomized training algorithm can compute a NN correct to K digits with probability greater than 1/2; 2) there exists a deterministic training algorithm that computes a NN with K –1 correct digits, but any such (even randomized) algorithm needs arbitrarily many training data; and 3) there exists a deterministic training algorithm that computes a NN with K –2 correct digits using no more than L training samples. These results imply a classification theory describing conditions under which (stable) NNs with a given accuracy can be computed by an algorithm. We begin this theory by establishing sufficient conditions for the existence of algorithms that compute stable NNs in inverse problems. We introduce fast iterative restarted networks (FIRENETs), which we both prove and numerically verify are stable. Moreover, we prove that only O(|log (ϵ)|) layers are needed for an ϵ-accurate solution to the inverse problem.

The Translation Process of Machine Translation for Cultural Terms on Balinese Folktales

The goal of this study is to determine the capability of Google Translate in term of translating cultural terms. This study is conducted to analyze the translation performed by one of the well-known machine translation, Google Translate. The data is collected from the translation of seven traditional Balinese folktales chosen in random via online, namely Manik Angkeran, Kebo Iwa, Lubdaka, Tampaksiring, Origin of Bali, Origin of Singaraja, and Pan Balang Tamak. The data of the study is the translation on cultural terms translated by Google Translate. The cultural terms are classified with Cultural Term Classification Theory by Newmark. The analysis is conducted by comparing the translatied text and the original text to identify the translation method utilized by Google Translate in translating cultural term into English. The Translation Method Theory and Classification by Newmark is used to identify the method of translation utilized by Google Translate. The methods then is used in order to determine the tendency of Google Translate in the translation toward cultural terms.

A hybrid feature selection approach based on information theory and dynamic butterfly optimization algorithm for data classification

The ubiquitous usage of feature selection in search space optimization, information retrieval, data mining, signal processing, software fault prediction, and bioinformatics is paramount to expert and intelligent systems. Most of the conventional feature selection methods implemented are based on filter and wrapper approaches that suffer from poor classification accuracy, high computational cost, and selection of irrelevant and redundant features. This is due to the limitations of the employed objective functions leading to overestimation of the feature significance. On the contrary, hybrid feature selection methods formulated from information theory and nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms are preferred because of their high computational efficiency, scalability in avoiding redundant and less informative features, and independence from the classifier. However, these methods have three common drawbacks: (1) poor trade-off between exploration and exploitation phase, (2) getting stuck into an optimal local solution, and (3) avoiding irrelevancy and redundancy of selected features. The first and the second drawback is related to metaheuristic algorithm implementation, while the third is concerned with applied information-theoretic paradigms. To address the aforementioned problems, we developed a new hybrid feature selection method, namely, the Iterative Feature Selection using Dynamic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm based Interaction Maximization (IFS-DBOIM) that combines Dynamic Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (DBOA) with a mutual information-based Feature Interaction Maximization (FIM) scheme for selecting the optimal feature subset. There is evidence that DBOA performs better in exploration, exploitation, and avoidance of local optima entrapment, and FIM comparatively scores the maximum relevancy with minimum redundancy of the new features with previously selected ones. The performance of the proposed method is compared using twenty publicly available datasets with ten baseline feature selection approaches. The results revealed that IFS-DBOIM outperforms other approaches on most datasets, maximizing the percent classification accuracy with the least number of features. The nonparametric Wilcoxon rank test confirms the statistical significance of these outcomes. Moreover, this method realizes the best trade-off between accuracy and stability.

Metaphor as a means of constructing artistic reality (by the example of the analysis of the metaphor "centaur" in Meir Shalev's novel "Esav")

The article introduces a new interpretation of the concept of metaphor. The author examines the traditional concept of metaphor, which comes from Aristotle, the semiotic concept, which introduces metaphorical meaning along with the usual one, and the rather complex construction of metaphor proposed by K.I. Alekseev in the "Sketch of the Theory of Metaphor" (it is based on the methodology of L.S. Vygotsky, the concept of social relays by Mikhail Rozov, the theory of classification and the logical theory of definitions). The author suggests analyzing the metaphor, including it not in the psyche and relay races of Rozov, but in artistic reality; the latter is created in the space of artistic communication and creativity of the artist and the viewer. В Within the framework of this approach, a metaphor is characterized as a special scheme, a technique and an expressive means that allow, on the basis of two artistic contents (potential events), to create a new content (a new objectivity) in which they are fused ("removed") both of the original artistic contents and due to a kind of emergent effect, a fundamentally new content (objectivity) is for our consciousness. In order to make these general statements more understandable and to concretize them, the metaphor "centaur" in Meir Shalev's novel "Esav" is analyzed. In fact, this is a humanitarian reconstruction based on the author's theory of artistic reality. In the last part of the article, latent and revealed metaphors, metaphor and metaphorical discourse, metaphors and schemes are distinguished.

A NOTE ON ÉTALE REPRESENTATIONS FROM NILPOTENT ORBITS

AbstractA linear étale representation of a complex algebraic group G is given by a complex algebraic G-module V such that G has a Zariski-open orbit in V and $\dim G=\dim V$ . A current line of research investigates which reductive algebraic groups admit such étale representations, with a focus on understanding common features of étale representations. One source of new examples arises from the classification theory of nilpotent orbits in semisimple Lie algebras. We survey what is known about reductive algebraic groups with étale representations and then discuss two classical constructions for nilpotent orbit classifications due to Vinberg and to Bala and Carter. We determine which reductive groups and étale representations arise in these constructions and we work out in detail the relation between these two constructions.

A Gaussian Process Classification and Target Recognition Algorithm for SAR Images

Synthetic aperture Radar (SAR) uses the relative movement of the Radar and the target to pick up echoes of the detected area and image it. In contrast to optical imaging, SAR imaging systems are not affected by weather and time and can detect targets in harsh conditions. Therefore, the SAR image has important application value in military and civilian purposes. This paper introduces the classification of Gaussian process. Gaussian process classification is a probabilistic classification algorithm based on Bass frame. This is a complete probability expression. Based on Gaussian process and SAR data, Gaussian process classification algorithm for SAR images is studied in this paper. In this paper, we introduce the basic principle of Gaussian process, briefly analyze the basic theory of classification and the characteristics of SAR images, provide the evaluation index system of image classification, and give the SAR classification model of Gaussian process. Taking Laplace approximation as an example, several classification algorithms are introduced directly. Based on the two classifications, we propose an indirect multipurpose classification method and a multifunction classification method for two-pair two-Gaussian processes. The SAR image algorithm based on the two categories is relatively simple and achieves certain results.

Classification Method and Application of Rock Fracture Ability by Supercritical CO2 Blasting

In order to study the fracture ability classification of rock mass under the cracking action of supercritical CO2 phase transition, based on the classification theory of rock mass in blasting engineering, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight method (EWM) and the cloud model classification method for rock mass cracking under CO2 phase transformation are proposed. In this method, rock density, rock tensile strength, rock wave impedance, and rock mass integrity coefficient are used as the factors to determine the level of rock mass fracturing, and the evaluation index system of rock mass fracturing is established. Through this evaluation method, the rock mass in a reconstruction project section of Nyingchi, Tibet, is classified and evaluated. The results present that this new classification method of rock mass fracture ability uses AHP–EWM to carry out the weight distribution of the classification index. In addition, it is combined with the cloud model for the classification division, overcoming the traditional classification method fixed with appraisal pattern flaw. Therefore, it has validity and feasibility. According to the characteristics of fracture ability, the rock masses in the area to be rebuilt on the Tibet Highway are divided into grade II, grade III, and grade IV, which provides scientific guidance for the construction of the project.

How to Incorporate Non-Epistemic Values into a Theory of Classification

Non-epistemic values play important roles in classificatory practice, such that philosophical accounts of kinds and classification should be able to accommodate them. Available accounts fail to do so, however. Our aim is to fill this lacuna by showing how non-epistemic values feature in scientific classification, and how they can be incorporated into a philosophical theory of classification and kinds. To achieve this, we present a novel account of kinds and classification (the Grounded Functionality Account), discuss examples from biological classification where non-epistemic values play decisive roles, and show how this account accommodates the role of non-epistemic values.