Space-time Theory Research Articles

Electromagnetic and gravitational interactions from Lagrangian mechanics

Background fields of electromagnetic and gravitational type emerge in the low kinetic energy limit of any regular Lagrangian system and, in particular, in the corresponding limit of any spacetime theory in which the free motion of test particles is described by an unspecified regular Lagrangian. Electromagnetic and gravitational type interactions are therefore a universal feature of low kinetic energy Lagrangian systems. These background interactions can be consistently turned into dynamic Einstein–Maxwell fields by promoting the Lagrangian function to a dynamic scalar field on the tangent bundle of the configuration space. Accordingly, Einstein–Maxwell theory can be deduced from the assumption that the motion of elementary test particles in spacetime is described by Lagrangian mechanics. For higher kinetic energy-type values, identified with the square of the invariant mass of the particle, the Lagrangian induces higher rank interactions that seem however too weak to have been detected in spacetime physics, but which might prove relevant at the Planck scale.

Strict deformations of quantum field theory in de Sitter spacetime

We propose a new deformed Rieffel product for functions in de Sitter spacetimes and study the resulting deformation of quantum field theory in de Sitter using warped convolutions. This deformation is obtained by embedding de Sitter in a higher-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, deforming there using the action of translations and subsequently projecting back to de Sitter. We determine the two-point function of a deformed free scalar quantum field, which differs from the undeformed one, in contrast to the results in deformed Minkowski spacetime where they coincide. Nevertheless, we show that in the limit where the de Sitter spacetime becomes flat, we recover the well-known non-commutative Minkowski spacetime.

Gravitational energy in Van Stockum space-time

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the problem of energy and momentum distributions of Van Stockum space-time within the framework of two different theories of gravity, general relativity and teleparallel gravity. We have shown that for all homogeneous space-times with metric components $$g_{\mu \nu }$$ being functions of time variable, t, alone and independent of space variables the total gravitational energy for any finite volume is identically zero. By working with general relativity, we have calculated the energy-momentum density for Van Stockum space-time using double index complexes and in the framework teleparallel gravity, we used the energy-momentum complexes of Einstein, Bergmann–Thomson and Landau–Lifshitz. In our analysis, we sustained that general relativity and teleparallel gravity are equivalent theories of space-time under consideration. For space-time under consideration, we have shown that different complexes of energy-momentum density do not provide the same results neither in general relativity nor in teleparallel gravity.

Nothing but coincidences: the point-coincidence and Einstein’s struggle with the meaning of coordinates in physics

In his 1916 review paper on general relativity, Einstein made the often-quoted oracular remark that all physical measurements amount to a determination of coincidences, like the coincidence of a pointer with a mark on a scale. This argument, which was meant to express the requirement of general covariance, immediately gained great resonance. Philosophers such as Schlick found that it expressed the novelty of general relativity, but the mathematician Kretschmann deemed it as trivial and valid in all spacetime theories. With the relevant exception of the physicists of Leiden (Ehrenfest, Lorentz, de Sitter, and Nordström), who were in epistolary contact with Einstein, the motivations behind the point-coincidence remark were not fully understood. Only at the turn of the 1960s did Bergmann (Einstein’s former assistant in Princeton) start to use the term ‘coincidence’ in a way that was much closer to Einstein’s intentions. In the 1980s, Stachel, projecting Bergmann’s analysis onto his historical work on Einstein’s correspondence, was able to show that what he started to call ‘the point-coincidence argument’ was nothing but Einstein’s answer to the infamous ‘hole argument’. The latter has enjoyed enormous popularity in the following decades, reshaping the philosophical debate on spacetime theories. The point-coincidence argument did not receive comparable attention. By reconstructing the history of the argument and its reception, this paper argues that this disparity of treatment is not justified. This paper will also show that the notion that only coincidences are observable in physics marks every critical step of Einstein’s struggle with the meaning of coordinates in physics.

Can effective four-dimensional scalar theory be asymptotically free in a spacetime with extra dimensions?

We trace what happens with asymptotically free behavior of the running coupling in $\phi^{3}$ theory in six-dimensional space-time if to compactify two spatial dimensions on a 2D closed manifold. The result can be considered as an effective 4D theory of infinitely many KK-type scalar fields with triple interactions. The effective \emph{dimensional} coupling inherits running to zero at high mass scales in a modified form depending on the size of the compact manifold. Some physical implications are discussed.

Black holes in 4D Einstein\u2013Maxwell\u2013Gauss\u2013Bonnet gravity coupled with scalar fields

Einstein–Maxwell–Gauss–Bonnet-axion theory in 4-dimensional spacetime is investigated in this paper through a “Kaluza–Klein-like” process. Dual to systems at finite temperature with background magnetic field on three dimensions, the four-dimensional dyonic black hole solution coupled with higher derivative terms is obtained. After the tensor-type perturbation is added, the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio is calculated at high temperature and low temperature separately. The behaviour of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio of uncharged black holes is found to be similar with that in 5-dimensional spacetime, violating the Kovtun–Starinets–Son bound as well when temperature becomes lower. In addition, the main feature of this ratio remains almost unchanged in 4 dimensions, which is characterised by (T/varDelta )^2 at low temperature T, with varDelta proportional to the coefficient beta from scalar fields. The difficulty in causal analysis is also discussed, which is mainly caused by the vanishing momentum term in equations of motion.

Clock-dependent spacetime

Einstein’s theory of general relativity is based on the premise that the physical laws take the same form in all coordinate systems. However, it still presumes a preferred decomposition of the total kinematic Hilbert space into local kinematic Hilbert spaces. In this paper, we consider a theory of quantum gravity that does not come with a preferred partitioning of the kinematic Hilbert space. It is pointed out that, in such a theory, dimension, signature, topology and geometry of spacetime depend on how a collection of local clocks is chosen within the kinematic Hilbert space.

Superstrings in thermal anti-de Sitter space

We revisit the calculation of the thermal free energy for string theory in three-dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime with Neveu-Schwarz-Neveu-Schwarz flux. The path integral calculation is exploited to confirm the off-shell Hilbert space and we find that the Casimir of the discrete representations of the isometry group takes values in a half-open interval. We extend the free energy calculation to the case of superstrings, calculate the boundary toroidal twisted partition function in the Ramond-Ramond sector, and prove lower bounds on the boundary conformal dimension from the bulk perspective. We classify Ramond-Ramond ground states and construct their second quantized partition function. The partition function exhibits intriguing modular properties.

General Relativity Is the Wrong Theory

Using space-time ring we establish the mathematical theory of space-time with subluminal and superluminal coexistence(SASC) and ILS [1]. Using two methods we deduce the new gravitational formula. Tardyonic rotating motion produces the centrifugal force ,but tachyonic rotating motion produces the centripetal force, that is gravity. Using it we establish the expansion theory of the universe and suggest the new universe model. We prove that in the universe there are no dark matter and no dark energy. New gravitational formula changes all that. Multiverse and gravitational waves do not exist. Theory of everything has the two forces: (1) the subluminal force (electromagnetism and weak force) and (2) superluminal force(gravity and strong force).We prove that equivalence principle does not exist.Therefore we prove that general relativity is the biggest wrong theory [2]

Gravitational waves on Earth and their warming effects

The gravity or reactive bundle energy is the outlet of the morphogenetic impact, known as “BIG BANG”, creating a bounded ordered/structured universe along with the solar system, including the EARTH-world with its human race. Post-impact, the huge kinetic energy is spread into stellar bodies associated with the light flux under strong mutual connections or gravitational bundle. Einstein’s general relativity theory including the gravitational field can be expressed under a condensed tensor formulation as E  R − Rg =  T where E defines the geometry via a curved space-time structure (R) over the gravity field (1/2Rg), embedded in a matter distribution T The fundamental (ten non-linear partial differential) equations of the gravitational field are a kind of the space-time machine using the curvature of a four-dimensional space-time to engender the gravity field carrying away material structures. Gravity according to the curved space-time theory is not seen as a gravitational force, but it manifests itself in the relativistic form of the space-time curvature needing the constancy of the light speed. But the constant light velocity makes the tidal wave/pulsating energy, a characteristic of solar energy, impossible. The Einstein’s field equation, expressed in terms of tensor formulation along with the constant light speed postulate, needs two special space-time tensors (curvature and torsion) in 4 dimensions, where for the simplicity the torsion/twist tensor is less well approximated (Bianchi identity) leading to a constant/frozen gravity (twist-free gravity).The non-zero torsion tensor plays a significant physical role in the planetary dynamics as a finest gear of a planet, where its spinning rotation is directly connected to the own work and space-time structure (or clock), controlled by light fluctuations (or tidal effect of gravity). The spin correction of Einstein’s gravitational field refers to the curvature-torsion effect coupled with fluctuating light speed. The mutual curvature-torsion bundle self-sustained by the quantum fluctuations of light speed engenders helical gravitational wave fields of a quantum nature where bodies orbit freely in the light speed field (cosmic wind). In contrast to the Einstein’s field equation describing a gravitational frozen field, a quantum tidal gravity model is proposed in the paper.

Covariant phase space and soft factorization in non-Abelian gauge theories

We perform a careful study of the infrared sector of massless non-abelian gauge theories in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime using the covariant phase space formalism, taking into account the boundary contributions arising from the gauge sector of the theory. Upon quantization, we show that the boundary contributions lead to an infinite degeneracy of the vacua. The Hilbert space of the vacuum sector is not only shown to be remarkably simple, but also universal. We derive a Ward identity that relates the n-point amplitude between two generic in- and out-vacuum states to the one computed in standard QFT. In addition, we demonstrate that the familiar single soft gluon theorem and multiple consecutive soft gluon theorem are consequences of the Ward identity.

Frac{mathrm{SL}left(2,mathrm{mathbb{R}}right)times mathrm{U}(1)}{mathrm{U}(1)} CFT, NS5+F1 system and single trace Toverline{T}

In this paper we prove the equivalence among (i) the weakly coupled worldsheet string theory described by the coset sigma model frac{mathrm{SL}{left(2,mathrm{mathbb{R}}right)}_ktimes mathrm{U}(1)}{mathrm{U}(1)} × S3 × T4 with SL(2, ℝ) WZW level k ≥ 2, (ii) the full near horizon theory of the NS5 branes with k NS5 branes wrapping T4 × S1, p » 1 F1 strings wrapping S1 and n units of momentum along the S1 and (iii) the single trace Toverline{T} deformation of string theory in AdS3 × S3 × T4. As a check we compute the spectrum (continuous) of the spacetime theory by performing BRST quantization of the coset description of the worldsheet theory and show that it matches exactly with the one derived in the case of single trace Toverline{T} deformed string theory in AdS3. Secondly, we compute the two-point correlation function of local operators of the spacetime theory using the worldsheet coset approach and reproduce the same two-point function from the supergravity approach.

Interacting quantum fields in various charts of anti–de Sitter spacetime

The goal of the present note is to understand whether it is possible to define interacting quantum field theory in global anti de Sitter space-time with Lorentzian signature, in its covering space-time (whose time coordinate is not periodic) and in its Poincare patch. We show that in global anti de Sitter space-time there are certain problems to define quantum field theory properly. This is due to an additional UV singularity of the Feynman propagator which is sitting on the light-cone emanating from the antipodal point of the source. There is no such singularity in flat space-time. At the same time quantum field theory in Poincare region of the AdS space-time can be well defined and is related to the one in Euclidean AdS via the analytical continuation. In principle one can also define and analytically continue quantum field theory in the covering anti de Sitter space-time. However, to do that one has to use an unusual $i\epsilon$-prescription in the Feynman propagator, which cannot be used in loop calculations in non-stationary situations.

The Formation of the Electronic Tornado is the Basis of Superconductivity

The space-time ladder theory reveals that the formation of electronic tornadoes, or the formation of electronic dissipative structures, to be precise, the enhancement of electronic Energy Qi field is the basis of superconductivity. The surrounding area of the electronic tornado is expanding, which is the basis of the Meissner effect, and the center is contracting, which is the basis of the pinning force. When the attractive force of the Energy Qi field is greater than the Coulomb repulsive force, the electrons form a Cooper pair and release dark energy into virtual space-time. When the dark energy increases to a certain extent, the virtual space-time frees the Cooper pair and forms an electron-virtual space-time wave, which fluctuates freely in the superconducting material, which is the basis for the superconducting resistance to be zero. This is similar to the principle of a hot air balloon. The virtual space-time is hot air and the electron pair is a hot air balloon device. Conductor electrons are free and easy to emit dark energy, resulting in insufficient dark energy, and it is not easy to form electron-pair virtual space-time waves, so the superconducting critical temperature is very low. This is because the emission coefficient of the conductor is too high. Insulator electrons are not easy to emit dark energy and easily form electron-pair virtual space-time waves. Therefore, the superconducting critical temperature is slightly higher because of the low emission coefficient of the insulator. The solution of the Qi-space-time wave equation, that is, the coherence coefficient, is an important factor in superconductivity. In addition, the conditions under which tornadoes form are also an important basis for superconductivity. Finally, it is emphasized that the coherence coefficient and prevention of dark energy emission are the two most important elements for preparing superconducting materials.

A field theory in Randers-Finsler spacetime

Finsler geometry is a natural arena to investigate the physics of spacetimes with local Lorentz violation. The directional dependence of the Finsler metric provides a way to encode the Lorentz-violating effects into the geometric structure of the spacetime. Here, a classical field theory is proposed in a special Finsler geometry, the so-called Randers-Finsler spacetime, where the Lorentz violation is produced by a background vector field. By promoting the Randers-Finsler metric to a differential operator, a Finsler-invariant action for the scalar, gauge and fermions are proposed. The theory contains nonlocal terms, as in the Very Special Relativity based theories. By expanding the Lagrangian, minimal and nonminimal Standard Model Extension terms arise, revealing a perturbative Lorentz violation. For a CPT-even term, the Carrol-Field-Jackiw and derivative extensions are obtained.

Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction on Urban Traffic Network Using Automatic License Plate Recognition Data

Vehicle trajectory data are critical to urban active traffic management and simulation applications. Automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) data can provide partial vehicle trajectory information by matching the detected vehicle license plates through time series. However, the trajectory extracted from ALPR data tend to be sparse and incomplete due to technical and financial constraints. This paper deals with the problem of sparse trajectory reconstruction based on ALPR data. Firstly, the multiple travel activities of the vehicle are divided based on the reasonable travel time threshold, and the incomplete vehicle trajectory is identified. Then, candidate trajectories are generated by an improved K-shortest-path (KSP) algorithm based on space-time prism theory. Finally, the auto-encoder model is utilized to select the candidate trajectory with optimal decision indicators, which realizes the vehicle trajectory reconstruction. The proposed method was implemented on a realistic urban traffic network in Ningbo, China. The verification results show that the proposed method has a comprehensive accuracy of 85% and good robustness. From the comparison with the baseline algorithm, it can be seen that the proposed method still has high accuracy in low ALPR coverage rate, and there exists a minimum required ALPR coverage rate (50% in the test network) for reconstructing trajectories accurately.

CARTAN DECOMPOSITION OF THE DE SITTER GROUP SO(1,4). QUATERNION EULER ANGLES

Over the last twenty years, the de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces of various dimensions have become the focus of all theoretical high-energy physics. This is primarily due to the correspondence between supergravity in the five-dimensional anti-de Sitter space and supersymmetric field theory in four dimensions. The anti-de Sitter space turned out to be the most suitable manifold, on which nonperturbative results were obtained in the theory of superstrings and on which the theory of higher spin fields is naturally built. In turn, de Sitter's space is closely connected with the problems of modern cosmology, being essentially the theoretical basis of inflationary cosmology. On the other hand, de Sitter space-time and quantum field theory on this manifold are the subject of intensive study, mainly in connection with the task of constructing a quantum theory of gravitation in curved spaces. The central issue in the study of fields in the de Sitter space is a detailed analysis of a homogeneous group to this space — the de Sitter group. It is necessary to classify and describe homogeneous spaces of the group SO (1,4) up to subgroups SO (1,3) (Lorentz group), SO (4) (maximal compact subgroup of the group SO (1,4)), and SU (2). This problem is considered by determining all homogeneous spaces of the form M = SO (1,4) / H, where H is a stationary subgroup. The elements of the group are represented as the product of one-parameter matrices, which allows you to clearly see the relevance with the Euler angles in the classical three-dimensional case.

A FEW REMARKS ON THE CONCEPT OF PREGEOMETRY DEVELOPED BY YU.S. VLADIMIROV AND LAID BY HIM THE BASIS OF IDEAS ABOUT THE PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF SPACE-TIME

In the program of physical research, formulated by Yu.S. Vladimirov and close to those tasks that are called the geometrization of physics, the author presents an original view on the creative process in physics, which began with the concept of physical structures of Yu.I. Kulakov. Vladimirov used Kulakov’s meta- physical concept to create a geometric image of the world in order to move from it to the study of the structure of space-time with subsequent filling it with physical content. The result is a relational theory of space-time, which is based on axiomatic called pregeometry. In this article, this axiomatics is subjected to critical reflection, its positive and negative points are noted. Among the shortcomings, the author of the Remarks refers a one-sided approach to the concept of physical interaction, where any effect or influence of one physical object on another seems to be long-range in the sense that the action is transmitted without any intermediary and at infinite speed. Another point of view: long-range action should be supplemented by short-range action, because these are two necessary aspects of physical reality. The idea of complementarity of 1. Bohr extends to them: contraria sunt complementa (opposites are complementary).

Resolving Black Hole Information Paradox: Revisited

Blackhole remnants are one of the most exotic remnants in our universe, leaving behind several unsolved paradoxes. Resolving the black hole information paradox, in particular, can direct us to numerous engrossing discoveries and provide a decent understanding of the unsolved conventional theories. We readdress the notions underlying the paradox explicitly, beginning from the basic principles. Various theories, explanations, conclusions, their advantages and disadvantages in several works of literature regarding the information paradox and black hole entropy are discussed. Recent developments in the interpretation of the black hole information paradox are reviewed. A congenital solution to this contradiction involves the transition of classical physics to quantum physics. At the centre of the black hole, the space-time theory by Einstein’s general theory of relativity fails. The research suggests that the solution obtained from considering the principles of quantum gravity is quite plausible. This approach also gives a decent explanation towards the recondite hypothesis of tunnelling of black holes to white holes and the interior geometries of white holes.

Neutralization of radionuclides

Three cases are reviewed of radioactive material with anomalous decay after ultrasound irradiation. In the pure element thorium-228 in distilled water, the radioactivity decreased faster after cavitation than the natural decay. The more complex molecule of Nickel Nitrate, made of radioactive nickel-63, in solution of nitric acid and distilled water was investigated before and after ultrasound irradiation. The X-rays produced by Bremsstrahlung of the electrons from the beta decay of Ni-63 were recorded and a 13% decrease of intensity was measured after 100 s of sonication. A decrease of nickel and an increase of other elements was detected by mass spectrometry in the sonicated sample. The Cobalt-57 decay was investigated by detecting the gamma and X-ray intensity from the Iron-57 resulting after its beta emission. In this third case too, an anomalous decay was observed after sonication. These three cases of anomalous behavior can be explained at the light of the Deformed Space–Time theory. It assumes that a suitable sudden variation of energy density can induce a local deformation of space–time, thus violating the Local Lorentz Invariance. This variation can be created by the ultrasounds in the matter, thus, allowing reactions that cannot occur in a flat (Minkowskian) space–time. The “neutralization” of a radionuclide occurs when it undergoes a DST transformation changing the radionuclide into non-radioactive nuclides.