Actual scientific research and issues analysis. If a theory is not related to reality and does not contain any statements about laws, it cannot make predictions. In other words, the combinations of data obtained with the help of scientific theories should be neither arbitrary nor magical. With this restriction, a scientific theory can, of course, be viewed for purely practical purposes as a data factory. A physical theory must have some actual data as input and be able to produce a set of possible data as output in such a way that both input and output are consistent with the assumptions of the theory - laws, relationships, etc. The research objective. Consider the empirical component of physical theory, the representation of general physical theory and its model. The statement of basic materials. The article discusses some modern problems of the methodology of the fundamentals of physics, in particular the interdependence of theory and data.