Historical Texts Research Articles

Zubaidah Bint Ja’far and Her Effects in Cultural, Artistic, and Social Life in Her Period

Baghdad emerged as a thriving city in the early era of the Abbasids and renowned for its affluence and cultural advancement during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid. Notably, women belonging to the upper echelons of society, including but not limited to the caliph's consorts and concubines, assumed active roles in both society and politics. Zubaidah bint Ja’far, the wife of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid, was an influential woman who utilized her position to engage in philanthropic activities and contribute to the development of society. Their love story has become famous and Zubaidah, with her intelligence and beauty, fascinated the Caliph and influenced his decisions. Zubaidah was also recognized for her generosity towards scholars and poets. Her life and contributions to the era are documented in historical texts and literary works of the time, such as the Thousand and One Nights Tales. This study aims to examine the life and achievements of Zubaidah bint Ja'far during the Abbasid era, focusing on her contributions to politics, society, and literature. She played a significant role in the administration of the state alongside her husband, and served as inspiration for poems and tales in Thousand and One Nights collection. The analysis of the Thousand and One Nights Tales involved using a descriptive method and historical research to present how her personality is perceived by people of her time and emphasize her lasting legacy.

Development of QR Code Based Historical Narrative Text Teaching Materials to Improve Students' Skills in Extracting Historical Information

Teachers have not integrated the technology that should be implemented to support the success of 21st century learning. The aim of this research is to develop and test the appropriateness of teaching materials for historical narrative texts based on QR Code Indonesian learning in grade V SDN Srondol Wetan and SDN Sendangmulyo 01 Semarang City. Development research model of Borg and Gall. The form of data collecting instrument, namely validation questionnaire. QR Code-based historical narrative text teaching materials are developed according to the needs of teachers and students to improve students' skills in extracting historical information. The development of QR Code-based historical narrative text teaching materials is designed with characteristics that specifically include (1) appropriateness of content/material, (2) eligibility percentage, (3) linguistic feasibility, and (4) graphic feasibility. QR Code-based historical narrative text teaching materials are developed based on the feasibility assessment of media experts, and material experts. Based on the feasibility assessment of media experts on teaching materials for historical narrative texts based on QR Codes, including in the criteria with an assessment percentage score of 90.83%. Meanwhile, material expert feasibility assessment on QR Code-based historical narrative text teaching materials includes criteria are very feasible with an assessment percetage score of 92.5%. As well as a recapitulation of 2 validators obtained an average score of 90% in the very good category so that it is suitable for use in learning activities. Keywords: Teaching Materials, QR Code, Indonesian, Historical Narrative

A Knight’s Thrust: Was the Use of a Codpiece for Protection or for Exertion of Masculinity? An Evaluation through History and its Reemergence in Modern Times

Objectives Medieval military history is marked by an evolution of armor design and protection that was driven by advances in weaponry. The codpiece was a 14th century innovation to provide a genital shield in battle but was used in civilian life as well. Our objective was to clarify whether the codpiece served as an essential component of a knight’s safe keeping or as a mere outward display of virility. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Primary historical texts, museum archives, scholarly works, popular media, documentaries, and artwork were reviewed. Results The armor used in the early Middle Ages was chain mail, which covered the neck, trunk, and upper arms and legs but failed to protect against blunt injury to the groin as weaponry became increasingly powerful. Full plate armor, developed by the 1300s, eventually included the codpiece, a small metal pouch to house the genitalia. In the late 1400s, however, codpieces appeared in civilian wear, modestly laced to men’s stockings as upper body shirts and tunics became shorter. Codpieces quickly became more ostentatious and bulkier in an ‘Arms Race’ of masculinity, were soon ridiculed in contemporary satires including works by Shakespeare and Rabelais and inspired royal edicts limiting their use. However, the codpiece was used in the management of genital disease as well, as the bulky wraps and ointments used to treat endemic syphilis were thus more easily concealed. The codpiece fell out of fashion by the late 16th century but its descendants, in sports and the performing arts, still have practical use today in genital protection and in men’s haute couture clothing design. Conclusions In the medieval battlefield, the codpiece was both protective and assertive of masculinity. Its military popularity eventually waned as armored battle proved no match for more modern weaponry, but the codpiece had a long influence on sartorial culture. The codpiece’s modern descendant, the athletic ‘cup’, has therefore a long and most unusual history in the pages of war and Renaissance clothing.

A Knight’s Thrust: Was the Use of a Codpiece for Protection or for Exertion of Masculinity? An Evaluation through History and its Reemergence in Modern Times

Objectives Medieval military history is marked by an evolution of armor design and protection that was driven by advances in weaponry. The codpiece was a 14th century innovation to provide a genital shield in battle but was used in civilian life as well. Our objective was to clarify whether the codpiece served as an essential component of a knight’s safe keeping or as a mere outward display of virility. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. Primary historical texts, museum archives, scholarly works, popular media, documentaries, and artwork were reviewed. Results The armor used in the early Middle Ages was chain mail, which covered the neck, trunk, and upper arms and legs but failed to protect against blunt injury to the groin as weaponry became increasingly powerful. Full plate armor, developed by the 1300s, eventually included the codpiece, a small metal pouch to house the genitalia. In the late 1400s, however, codpieces appeared in civilian wear, modestly laced to men’s stockings as upper body shirts and tunics became shorter. Codpieces quickly became more ostentatious and bulkier in an ‘Arms Race’ of masculinity, were soon ridiculed in contemporary satires including works by Shakespeare and Rabelais and inspired royal edicts limiting their use. However, the codpiece was used in the management of genital disease as well, as the bulky wraps and ointments used to treat endemic syphilis were thus more easily concealed. The codpiece fell out of fashion by the late 16th century but its descendants, in sports and the performing arts, still have practical use today in genital protection and in men’s haute couture clothing design. Conclusions In the medieval battlefield, the codpiece was both protective and assertive of masculinity. Its military popularity eventually waned as armored battle proved no match for more modern weaponry, but the codpiece had a long influence on sartorial culture. The codpiece’s modern descendant, the athletic ‘cup’, has therefore a long and most unusual history in the pages of war and Renaissance clothing.

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Czechoslovakia and the Holy See After the Creation of Czechoslovakia in the Fall of 1918

The present study deals with the establishment and development of diplomatic relations between Czechoslovakia and the Holy See immediately after the creation of Czechoslovakia in the fall of 1918 which underwent a dramatic and turbulent change. The most acute questions to discuss included the filling of Czech and Slovak bishopric thrones, the Church administration in Slovakia and the matters of Church education while the filling of the bishopric thrones in the Czech lands and Slovakia proved to be of crucial importance for the proper functioning of the Church administration in Czechoslovakia. The study is based on source material, mainly of diplomatic nature, from the Archive of the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Prague and the Vatican archives, the study reconstructs the character, form and transformation of diplomatic relations between the young Republic and the headquarters of the Catholic Church in Rome at the turn of the 1910s and 1920s. Extensive archival funds have been confronted with numerous literature sources, including contemporary history texts.

The influence of Pesian language on the Basrah Accent in the present and past

منذ القَدمِ تأثرتِ اللغة العربية والأدب العربي باللغة والثقافةِ الإيرانية، واستَمر هذا التأثر فِي العصور ولاسيّما في العصر العباسي، وظهر جلياً فِي النصوص التاريخية والعلمية والأدبية، ومن مظاهر هذا التأثير في الثقافة البصرية. والألفاظ المعرَّبة كثيرة تلفت الانتباه. موضوع هذا البحث هو التقصي وكشف معدل الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة والأكثر تأثيراً في هذه المدينة العريقة والمجاورة، لمدينة خرمشهر الإيرانية، ومعرفة أنواع هذه الألفاظ، وذلك بالاستعانة بالمنهج الفنيّ اللغويّ والإحصائيّ، ومراجعة تلك النصوص، واستخراج الألفاظ الفارسية منها. إنًّ أكثر هذه الألفاظ الفارسية المستعملة بسيطة بعيدة عن التعقيد اللفظيّ کما إنّ أكثرها تقرئ بألفاظ مرکبة

"Illness Calls for Stories": Care, Communication, and Community in the COVID-19 Patient Narrative.

This creative-critical piece reflects on the practices of recording, communicating, and caring that took place on social media and in digital spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using my own experience of contracting COVID-19 as a starting point, the piece looks at the ways in which epidemics have often been recorded in collaborative ways, with the personal, professional, and familial converging in historical texts that could be used as sources of medical authority. COVID-19 has similarly been immortalized across a variety of forms and by different communities. The piece particularly explores the ways in which collective epidemic experience has been represented online through autopathographical Tweets, TikTok cures, and group chat messages and the future purposes that such collaborative patient narratives can serve.

Humanizing History: Using Historical Fiction Texts to Develop Disciplinary and Racial Literacies

AbstractHistorical fiction is a powerful genre for inviting children into meaningful conversations centered on the lived experiences of others. Historical inquiry immerses readers in interdisciplinary research experiences and complements language arts Common Core State Standards that call for a balance of fiction and non‐fiction text. Antiracist lenses enhance inquiry conversations and help students articulate nuanced understandings of the fictionalized historical events while developing disciplinary and racial literacy knowledge necessary for humanizing history. This article highlights how we, as teacher educators, use historical fiction to engage teacher candidates in inquiry‐based social studies lessons to develop their disciplinary and racial literacy skills and practices. Then, we offer an example of how to integrate the C3 inquiry approach using Finding Langston (Cline‐Ransome, 2018), a historical fiction text set during the Great Migration, to engage elementary‐aged readers in explorations of history, sparking children’s agency and engagement in their own learning.

Un-Tainting Ars Erotica: The Orient’s Perspective

This study examines the evolution of the Kama Sutra within the context of Hinduism and its subsequent misrepresentation through colonial interpretations, particularly focusing on the impact of Western scholar Sir Richard Francis Burton. Within Hinduism, the concept of Purusarthas encapsulates the foundational pursuits of human existence: Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. While Dharma, Artha, and Moksha have historically held elevated positions, Kama's significance has been marginalized over time. Originally an autonomous pillar akin to the other three, Kama underwent censorship and degradation, notably evidenced in the Manu Shastra, attributing its decline to a deviation from righteous living. The translation of the Kama Sutra into English by Burton in the 19th century propelled its misinterpretation globally, transforming it from a comprehensive guide celebrating love and fulfilment to a sensationalized sex manual. This shift obscured the text's spiritual essence and cultural context, perpetuating Orientalist stereotypes and reinforcing Western sexual fantasies. Burton's translation, influenced by colonial agendas, not only erased the agency of women but also distorted the original intentions of the text, presenting a skewed narrative that catered to Victorian ideals and patriarchal norms. This paper examines the translation, portrayal through the lens of Orientalism, and the intricate gender dynamics the Kama Sutra embodies. Employing critical frameworks of translation theory, feminist analysis, and postcolonial perspectives, this study reveals how the Kama Sutra, as a historical and sexual text, underwent transformation under the influence of Western cultural impositions. Through the prism of translation theory, the paper unravels the colonial lens shaping the Western interpretation, thereby altering the original text to fit Eurocentric ideals. The feminist analysis exposes the erasure of female agency within the text, reinforcing patriarchal norms rather than liberating women. This analysis engages post-colonial theories, notably Edward Said's Orientalism, to illuminate the intricate power dynamics entrenched in the colonial interaction. It exposes how the Western perspective imposed its cultural prism upon Eastern texts, perpetuating a dichotomy between the Occident and the Orient. This division rendered the East a subject of both fascination and apprehension, leading to a reductive depiction that obscured the multifaceted and nuanced tapestry of Eastern cultures. Additionally, the paper integrates feminist and post-colonial theories to comprehensively investigate the profound impact of this representation.

NAVIGATING TRANSLATION CHALLENGES: A HOLISTIC EXAMINATION OF COMMON ISSUES FACED BY TRANSLATION LEARNER IN THE FIFTH SEMESTER IN PERTIWI UNIVERSITY

This study explores the challenges faced by fifth-semester translation students at Pertiwi University during the English-Indonesian translation process. Employing a descriptive research method, the investigation focuses on identifying and analyzing challenges encountered in translation. Participants, referred to as student translators, engaged in a translation test utilizing an English historical recount text. The test aimed to assess translation difficulties and was augmented by Translog, offering detailed insights into the process. Results reveal challenges encompassing lexical-semantic, grammatical, pragmatic, rhetorical, and cultural aspects. Lexical-semantic hurdles involve understanding word meanings and contextual relations, while grammatical challenges span handling idioms and addressing words with multiple meanings. Pragmatic issues delve into speaker intentions, contextual meanings, and socio-cultural considerations. Rhetorical challenges focus on translating figurative language, and cultural problems highlight expressing specific concepts in different cultures

Normalization of kinship relations to enrich family network analysis: case study on China biographical database

Abstract Kinship is an important issue in history studies. The kinship database is the key resource to analyze the structure, succession, and evolution of families. However, one kinship could be expressed by different words, and one kinship word may be vague and ambiguous in natural languages, especially in pre-modern Chinese. As in the well-known China Biographical Database, which contains 484,066 kinship instances, there are more than 400 kinship words. Thus, the relations extracted from history texts cannot be directly used to build family networks. In this article, we put forward a novel method to normalize kinship relations by three basic relations: father–descendant, mother–descendant, and husband–wife, as well as the gender of each person. All types of kinships are normalized to these three basic relations. In this way, we identified 178,390 basic kinship relations to fully describe the original 462,147 unambiguous kinship instances, while finding 3,989 inconsistencies and inferring 5,805 missing persons. Then, we generate 29,423 families by basic kinship relations and analyze the properties of families, such as their sizes, depths, and intermarriages across families. This type of family analysis had been almost impossible prior to normalizing kinship relations. Therefore, this technique enables improved family database construction and deeper quantitative analysis.

Training transformer architectures on few annotated data: an application to historical handwritten text recognition

Training transformer architectures on few annotated data: an application to historical handwritten text recognition

Предложные конструкции в резьянском микроязыке с частицами ta-/tu-/to-

The study is focused on prepositional constructions expressing spatial relations in the Resian microlanguage. Usually compound prepositions have two or three components based on simple prepositions (-w, -na, etc.), with an adverbial particle ta-/tu-/to- as the first component. The paper attempts to clarify the choice of the particles. The materials used are the works of Baudouin de Courtenay on the Resian dialect, historical and modern Resian texts, evidence of a native speaker informant. The result of the analysis shows that the choice of particles can be determined by phonetic and semantic motives.

Reexamining “Free Energy Rate Density” as a Complexity Metric

Cosmic Evolution, by Eric J. Chaisson is arguably one of the original “core” texts of big history. Despite being published over 20 years ago, it is still relevant for its explanation of the cosmological and thermodynamic underpinnings of the evolution of complex systems over the span of time. It was also a pioneering work because it proposed that we can quantify the degree of complexity of systems by determining the quantity of the “free energy rate density” or FERD (abbreviated as “Ωm” in Cosmic Evolution) that flows through a system. Although Chaisson advises that his correlations of FERD to complexity degree is subject to various limitations and generalizations, careful analysis of the arguments and examples used to support FERD indicates that it is even less likely to be as reliable and quantifiable than he purports for at least the following reasons:1. The author offers a relatively short list of criteria for a system to qualify being “complex” that in turn results in the inclusion of systems that are not classified as complex by usual criteria. 2. Free energy rate density is not compared against other complexity metrics and subsequently seems to serve as its own “gold standard.” The lack of comparisons results in a tautological argument and sometimes questionable conclusions.3. The argument for FERD sometimes deviates from the hypothesis that FERD is a good way to measure the degree of a system’s complexity to a claim that it also measures complex functions and structures as well. 4. The FERD that he reports are often actually for the total energy flow through a system. Hence, a much more efficient complexity might only appear to be less complex. 5. Complex systems have many variables that can confound attempts to make reliable and precise generalizations, including good metrics for their degree.

ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE STYLE IN THE NOVEL “ORANG ORANG BIASA” BY ANDREA HIRATA AS LITERATURE TEACHING MATERIAL IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study aims to delineate the language styles present in Andrea Hirata's novel "Orang-Orang Biasa" and ascertain its applicability as teaching material for historical story texts in Indonesian language learning. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the research analyzes the novel to discern the form and meaning of language styles within it. The data source is the novel itself, and data collection involves library research, reading techniques, and note-taking. The note technique records the analysis results of the novel. The research unfolds in three stages: planning, implementation, and data reporting. The novel exhibits various language styles, categorized as: 1) comparison styles, encompassing simile, personification, metaphor, pleonasm, periphrasis, antithesis, prolepsis; 2) opposition styles, including hyperbole, irony, litotes, oxymoron, zeugma, innuendo, satire, paradox, climax, anticlimax, hypocrisy, cynicism, and sarcasm; 3) linking styles, consisting of metonymy, synecdoche, euphemism, allusion, eponymy, epithet, antonomasia, ellipsis, asyndeton, and polysyndeton; and 4) repetition styles, such as alliteration, assonance, chiasmus, epizeuxis, anaphora, epistrophe, mesodiplosis, epanalepsis, and anadiplosis. These language styles contribute to the novel's aesthetic appeal, imparting an artistic and dramatic essence. The findings are applicable to Indonesian language learning in SMA class XII semester 2, particularly in historical story text materials covering language styles within basic competency 3.4 (analyzing the language of historical stories or novels) and basic competency 4.4 (writing personal historical stories with attention to language). The teaching materials developed for this study utilize a modular approach.

Unravelling Deconstruction: A Comprehensive Examination of its Qualitative Research Method and Application in Historical Texts

This research endeavors to delve into the qualitative research method of deconstruction and its profound application in deciphering the nuanced meanings within historical texts. Utilizing a review methodology, this study takes the form of a comprehensive review article. Deconstruction, as both a theory and practical approach to text reading, challenges the prevailing notion that language systems inherently establish coherence or unity in literary texts, aiming to uncover definitive meanings. The primary objective of deconstruction is to express concepts qualitatively and analytically. Research questions are tailored to the type of text under consideration, guided by the researcher's decisions. For instance, the groundbreaking concept of "explanatory and inquiry" emerged in the literary domain, maintaining its relevance within academic institutions and expanding to encompass various conceptual frameworks. Deconstruction extends its reach into social thinking and speeches, involving critical re-examination of historical texts to glean insights into historical facts. Essentially akin to metaphysical criticism, the deconstruction method was founded by Jacques Derrida, an Algerian philosopher of French origin, whose theories significantly influenced postmodern philosophy and literary criticism.

Post-Historicism and the End of the Historicist Project: Оn the Issue of Overcoming Historical Relativism in Analytical Philosophy

The article is devoted to consideration of theories of Post-Historicism in the analytical philosophy of history. It is emphasized that Post-Historicism initially performs a critical position to the linguistically oriented historical relativism. Theorists of Post-Historicism criticized discursive understanding of the subject of history, as well as the view of historian as author. They provide paradigmatic turn from the language of historians to the analysis of historical experience (understood as a special, ‘sublime’ experience). It is noted that in the center of the theories of Post-Historicism there are such categories as ‘narrative’, ‘past’, ‘memory’, ‘metaphor’, ‘representation’, etc. The narrativists approach involves the assumption that the historian does not work with events of the past, but only with the interpretations of it. Main historical method is the reconstruction of historical experience through productive reminiscence. There is a fundamentally new challenge: the creation of many local histories in the form of narratives, but without attempts to create ‘meta-narratives’. Retrospectivism in narrative approach is the desire of the historian to retell certain events of the past in the form of textual integrity. The integrity of the narrative as a historical text is based not according to linguistic but to the ‘aesthetic’ principle: it is rooted in describing some historical events in their unity as an experience of certain actors of those events, and considering historian as their interpreter. In the era of Post-Historicism, analytical philosophy of history seeks to design not discourse, but narrative, because the latter one initially appeals to empathize, not understand or build some linguistic kinship. The concept of metaphors is proposed, involving the symbolic interpretation of historical concepts and generalizations, according to which there is a possibility to establish ‘how’ was the past. From the author’s point of view, it is possible to base historical epistemology on the assumption of a symbolic interpretation of historical experience and narrative.

JEWISH CONCEPT OF SLAVERY AND THE 21ST CENTURY OF AFRICAN SOJOURNERS IN DIASPORAS: NIGERIAN’ BEST BRAINS IN DIASPORAS

This study explores the Jewish concept of slavery and compares it to the 21st Century African sojourners in Diasporas, with a focus on Nigerian professionals who have migrated to other countries in search of better opportunities. In contemporary affairs, Jews and African-Americans have cooperated in the Civil Rights Movement, motivated partially by the common background of slavery. The three types of slavery Africans have engaged in which are: 1. Colonial or force slavery by the European 2. Leadership slavery and, 3. Self slavery, (Talabi, 2021). Individual migrating in search of greener pastures shall be adequately discussed in this paper with empirical evidences. Drawing on historical and religious texts, the paper analyzes the Jewish understanding of slavery and the ethical considerations that arise from it. It also examines the experiences of Nigerian professionals in diasporas, highlighting their contributions to their host countries and the challenges they face as immigrants. Finally, this qualitative study discusses the implications of these experiences for contemporary discussions on migration and global citizenship, arguing that the Jewish concept of slavery offers a useful framework for re-thinking about the ethical dimensions of immigration policies and practices in the 21st Century due to the failures of African leaders in developing their respective societies and followership inability to lead peaceful protest that will propel rebuilding or happen African Governance.

НАИМЕНОВАНИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ, ДОБЫВАЮЩИХ САМОЦВЕТЫ, В УРАЛЬСКИХ ГОВОРАХ

The article examines both historical and modern names for people involved in the mining of Ural gemstones. The material for this analysis was obtained from dialectal and historical dictionaries. Besides that, the material was collected in the Urals through interviews with informants in 2020–2023, as well as through studying regional internet forums devoted to the topic and written sources, including historical documents. The article shows that in the 18th–19th centuries there was no organized gemstone mining taking place under the guidance and control of the government, which led to the absence of an ordered terminology in this sphere. The author concludes that people who mine for gemstones are usually named through lexemes denoting the key concepts of their worldview: gora (‘mountain’) and kamen’ (‘stone’). The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the words that are actively functioning today: gorshchik, kamen’shchik, khitnik. The author researches how these words and their meanings evolved along with the history of the concepts they denote. After analyzing historical and contemporary texts and interviewing the informants, the author identified the following meanings of the words. Gorshchik — ‘a person who extracts gemstones from bedrock’; kamen’shchik — ‘a person who extracts and/or processes gemstones, collects them’; khitnik — 1. (obsolete) ‘a person who mines for gemstones without a license’ 2. ‘a person who mines for gemstones unofficially’. In addition, the article determines the sociolinguistic status of the words under discussion and views their word-formational and axiological aspects. Some of these lexemes are not recorded in dictionaries and introduced into the scholarly discourse for the first time.

Keeping the Memory of the Past: Toponymic Space of Historical Circassia. Review of the book: Еmykova N. H. Istoricheskaia toponimiia Zapadnoi Cherkesii. Po materialam russkikh dokumentov XVIII–XIX vv. Chast’ pervaia: Abadzekhiia [Historical Toponymy of Western Circassia. Based on the Materials from Russian Documents of the 18th–19th Centuries. Part 1: Abadzekhia]. Maykop: Poligraph-Yug, 2021. 768 p.

The reviewed work represents the first instalment of a comprehensive project aimed at studying the historical toponymy of Western Circassia. This volume focuses on the geographical names of the Abadzekhia region. Since many of these toponyms have fallen out of use, their documentation, analysis, and interpretation rely primarily on the study of 18th and 19th-century Russian documents, including military maps, historical and ethnographic texts, and military and topographic descriptions of the area. Additionally, the author incorporates folklore references to geographical features of Abadzekhia. In total, approximately one thousand toponyms, encompassing both natural features and oikonyms, have been identified and mapped onto a modern representation of the North-West Caucasus. The dictionary entries, arranged alphabetically, consolidate all known spelling variants of each toponym, facilitating their semiotic reconstruction. Given the linguistic differences between Russian and Adyghe (Circassian), reconstructing the original pronunciation and etymology of the toponyms presents challenges. To address this, the author identified and utilised over five hundred Adyghe topographical elements frequently found in local place names. The work employs data and methodologies from various disciplines — linguistics, folklore, history, geography, ethnography, and archaeology — lending it an interdisciplinary nature. The scholarly apparatus of the publication, particularly the compilation of documents and literature, holds intrinsic value, offering a concise history of Circassian toponymy and providing a comprehensive overview of the book’s source material. This publication will undoubtedly be of significant interest to specialists in Adyghe toponymy as well as to local historians and guides.